Production System Essay

Production System Essay
Production systems What is a production system? An apparel production system is an integration of material handling production process, personnel
and the equipment that directs work flow and generates finished products. Different types of production systems are Progressive bundle system Unit
production system Modular production system Each system requires an appropriate management philosophy, materials handling methods, floor layout,
and Employee training. Firms may combine or adapt these systems to meet their specific production needs. Firms may use only one system, a
combination of systems for one Product line, or different systems for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large quantities of work in process are often characteristic of this type of production system. This may lead to longer throughput time, poor quality
concealed by bundles, large inventory, extra handling, and difficulty in controlling inventory Unit production system A unit production system (UPS) is
a type of line layout that uses an overhead transporter system to move garment components from work station to work station for Assembly [pic] Work
flow of unit production All the parts for a single garment are advanced through the production line together by means of a hanging carrier that travels
along an overhead conveyor. The overhead rail system consists of the main conveyor and accumulating rails for each work station. The overhead
conveyor operates much like a railroad track. Carriers are moved along the main conveyor and switched to an accumulating rail at the work station
where an operation is to be performed. At the completion of an operation the operator presses a button, and the carrier moves on to the next operation.
Most unit production systems are linked to a computer control center that routes and tracks production and provides up–to–the–minute data for
management decisions. The automatic control of work flow sorts work, balances the line, and reduces claims of favouritism in bundle distribution.
Electronic data collection provides payroll and inventory data, immediate tracking of styles, and costing and performance data for prompt
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Toyota
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After studying the equipment maintenance, worker's training and supervision, logistics and materials handling, and process design and redesign it has
been discovered that the key to Toyota's Production System is understanding that they create a community of 'scientists.' Toyota uses a specific system
when trying something new out, where they create a hypothesis and then test it. Toyota chooses to follow a scientific strategy so that they are not just
doing random trial and error tests while trying to be innovative. All members of the team are encouraged to participate in the production process and it
is actually said to stimulate workers and managers to engage in their workplace learning more.
This scientific system grew naturally to what it is today over five decades of manufacturing. It has never been written down, it just happened. The
following steps explain the Toyota structure.
Rule 1: How People Work
Toyotas managers know that the details of their company are what's most important no matter what the job is. The first unstated rule of the Toyota
system is that every action is specified. Other companies feel that they are specifying their jobs, but they are actually leaving a great deal of room open
for variances in the way the operator does their job. Variations translate into poorer quality, lower productivity, and higher costs. Due to the fact that
Toyota operators all follow a well– defined sequence of steps for each particular job, deviation from the

Manufacturing Execution Systems Join The Cyber Physical...
Manufacturing becomes more and more complicated when production series are short, products are diversified and production technology is variable.
In the case of short–series production, Manufacturing Execution Systems join the cyber physical part of production with virtual manufacturing services
and business level operations. Unfortunately, most of the existing architectures follow the paradigm of hierarchical MES placed between the control
systems and business application level. They have fixed interfaces to production facilities and a predefined set of services. The main argument in favour
of such a solution is the global optimisation of manufacturing operations but in the case of highly dynamic, short–series production, it is ... Show more
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The traditional design of manufacturing control systems does not allow for rapidly expanding options in materials, processes, interfaces to product
models that have a number of variants. Holons allow the implementation of production variants and the rapid reconfiguration of the machines and
robots. Proposed MES architecture supports the capability of production systems. Demand chain management will allow for a significant reduction in
waste and will increase the profitability of production systems. Flexible production planning will effect in reducing the setup and changeover time and
costs. The strategic target of proposed MES solution is "one piece flow production" that means the feasibility of short series production (up to one
element) by using the production lines designed formerly for mass manufacturing.
Like all industrial solutions, the proposed MES also has to fit the existing standards accepted by industry. The authors define an MES functional model
that complies with the third part of the widely accepted ANSI/ISA–95 (IEC/ISO 62264) standard. Since ISA95 represents a hierarchical vision of MES,
this model has been adapted to the heterarchical agent–based architecture. ISA 95 defines the workflow and information exchange for Manufacturing
Operations Management. This includes the structure of manufacturing management functions and their interactions with business systems. ISA95
defines these

Analysis Of Toyota 's Production System
Toyota 's Production System (TPS) is based upon "lean" principles that includes focusing on the customer, constant and recurrent improvement, and
superiority through waste reduction, and combined upward and downward developments as part of a lean. "TPS is the foundation for what has become
a global movement to "think lean". Most manufacturing companies in the world have adopted some type of "lean initiative," and this concept is now
spreading to a diverse range of organizations, including the defense department, hospitals, financial institutions, and construction companies" (Liker &
Morgan, 2006). Unlike like TPS, Lean is a business improvement idea that focuses on the true needs of the customer to help the business prevent waste
from being built into the system. This paper will compare and contrast the concept of Lean and TPS used by Toyota.
TPS was based upon two concepts, the first concept is called jidoka and the second concept is called Just–in–Time. "Jidoka" (which can be loosely
translated as "automation with a human touch") which means that when a problem occurs, the equipment stops immediately, preventing defective
products from being produced. "Just–in–Time," in which each process produces only what is needed by the next process in a continuous flow Toyota
Manufacturing Company (TMC). "JIT was originally known as the "Toyota Production System," created by the founder of Toyota, Sakichi Toyoda, and
an engineer Taiichi Ohno" (Improving manufacturing flexibility,

Toyota Production System -Business and Marketing Strategy,...
{draw:g} Contents Executive Summary *"Toyota Service Management and Project Implementation Plan*" Report provides the complete analysis of
Toyota and its Production System. The report includes the brief history about organisation and consists of a comprehensive description about Toyota
Production System (TPS). Further we have analysed the Business and Marketing strategy of the Toyota and performed the "SWOT" analysis in order to
understand the strengths, weaknesses of the organisation and also threats to the organisation. The information that had been gathered via various means
of the overall Business functioning of Toyota has been transformed graphically into "Blueprint" that helps us to have a better picture of Toyota's
business. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
eople and processes Grow leaders who thoroughly understand the work, live the philosophy, and teach it to others 10.Develop exceptional people and
teams who follow your company's philosophy 11.Respect your extended network of partners and suppliers by challenging them and helping them
improve 12.Go and see for yourself to thoroughly understand the situation (genchi genbutsu) 13.Make decisions slowly by consensus, thoroughly
considering all options; implement decisions rapidly 14.Become a learning organization through relentless reflection and continuous improvement [2]
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The Toyota Production System For The Upholstery Furniture...
The first article that I have chosen is titled "The Toyota Production System Applied to the Upholstery Furniture Manufacturing Industry." In his article,
Hunter reported the applied research utilized to convert a U.S. furniture manufacturer into a Toyota Production System (TPS) factory. The company that
Hunter observed was Franklin Corporation, a furniture manufacturer. This company has been building recliner chairs and other upholstered furniture
since 1970 (Hunter, 2008, p.631). The main manufacturing facilities are located in central Mississippi, USA. The article stated that Franklin
Corporation manufactures a large variety of upholstered furniture while employing about 1100 people. Its factory processes all the company's frame
components through a dimension mill, while utilizing computer numerical controlled (CNC) cutting of foam, plywood components, fabric, and leather
(Hunter, 2008, p.631). To survive and thrive in the intense foreign and domestic competition, Franklin management decided to adopt a new way of
doing business, which is the TPS philosophies and methodologies. The second article that I chose is called "Sustainable Manufacturing–greening
Processes Using Specific Lean Production Tools: An Empirical Observation from European Motorcycle Component Manufacturers." As the title
suggests, this article focuses more on the sustainability advantages that are gained through implementing Lean Production practices. Chiarini observed
5

The Toyota Production System ( Tps )
The Toyota Production System (TPS) is built upon the practical expression of Toyota 's people and customer–oriented philosophy. TPS is a very
systematic, however, it is also flexible and adaptable. The system provides the customer with the highest quality vehicles, at lowest possible cost, in a
timely manner with the shortest possible lead times. It also provides members with work satisfaction, job security and fair treatment. TPS gives the
company flexibility to respond to the market and achieve profit through cost reduction activities and long–term prosperity. The Toyota Production
System has been heralded as the source of the company's outstanding performance as a manufacturer.
TPS attempts to elimination of waste, overburden and unevenness in all areas to allow members to work smoothly and efficiently. It has been the ideal
system for many other automakers. They have researched the methods, tools, and processes used by Toyota in an effort to improve their manufacturing
processes. Toyota has openly shared their process with other auto makers and other companies. With all of the effort put forth by other companies they
remain unsuccessful at recreating TPS so that it is as effective for their company. There could be several reasons for their failure.
The Toyota Production System follows very specific processes kaizen, just in time,
Jidoka, and supplier relationships. Kaizen focuses on daily improvements made by members and team leaders. Just in time allows the entire

Analysis Of Lean Production Delivery System
Executive summary The aim of this report is to carry out the in depth analysis of Lean production delivery system. Firstly the history of LPDS is
discussed followed by its principles, theory, processes and tools. The differences and similarities between current project management systems and
LPDS are observed. Observations are also made on the strengths and weaknesses of both the systems. How both the systems provide an end value to
the customers is also explained. Introduction to Lean Production Delivery System Initially the manufacturing companies around the world focused on
the output and carried out the production process where everyone worked on a single product and then moved to the other product which was time
consuming. The manufacturing companies could not meet the demands as time taken to produce is high. Henry Ford of the Ford car manufacturing
company introduced assembly line system and mass produced cars as the demand for cars at that point of time was high. This drastically reduced time
to produce them. He hired people and trained them to specialize in a single field. Thus different people worked on different fields according to their
specializations which improved the efficiency and speed of production. In the early 1900's Toyota Production System (TPS) of Japan tried to use the
same method but was not successful as the market demands were different. It then introduced Lean production system which focuses solely in
providing greater value to the customers and

Delta Rice Mill Essay example
Delta rice mill case study
[Pick the date] identify problems in operations
Delta rice mill case study
identify problems in operations
Looking at the operational system at Delta Rice Mill Operations, there are obviously some problems existing there.
Firstly, they are having problem in their equipment of production. As it is mentioned in the case study, the Delta Factory was acquired in 1976, it is a
long period of time and slowing down in capacity is an unavoidable thing. The old and unreliable equipment would lead to the breakdown in production
frequently. Moreover, the old system would cost the company high in maintaining. Hence, the old and unreliable equipment lead to inability of meeting
the demand, it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the arbitrary set of rules and corporate policy has been further modified at Delta Rice Mill due to old, unreliable equipment. For the next
reason, the problem bases on worker's willing to work on or dedicate one line to each size. Actually, it may decrease the productivity in some cases.
Last but not least, the Delta Rice Mill want to increase their sales and remain the product's quality as well as ensure to be on time for every shipments
all time of year. For those mentioned reason above, if Delta Rice Mill wants to rise their performance in production and reduce the cost, they have to
deal with those dilemmas as well.
Solutions:
In the first solution for up to date infrastructures, we found out that there are two ways to deal with. Replacing the production system is he first way. In
this case, we just replace the parking line but not processing line. However, as a result it will rocket the cost in investment and it may need a longtime to
get the money back. Thus it is just suitable for a long–term solution planning. The other key for this issue, we should make a comparison between the
total cost of the current production system with overtime work hours with the total cost of the regular work hours however Delta Rice Mill will tend to
produce a same amount of production for every months with no overtime work hours. On the other hand, the

Vision Statement Of Cagsan
Contents
Description of the Company 3
Mission 3
Vision 4
Company Information of Cagsan Ladder 5
Analysis of Manufacturing Techniques 5
Introduction 5
Manufacturing Techniques That Are Used In Cagsan Ladder 6
Machining (Chip Removal Process) 6
Machining Techniques used in Cağsan 6
Welding 10
Arc Welding 11
Press Work 13
Number of Machines and Machine Tools 14
Sample Work Pieces 16
Conclusions and Observations 19
Appendices 21
Description of the Company
CAGSAN was established in 1982 with aim of providing quality with the means of modern technology. After ten years, Cagsan moved to Dudullu
Organized Industrial Region and since from the beginning, Cagsan continues to be loyal to its principles and goals. 2013 was a milestone for Cagsan ...
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Figure 1. Inside wiew of Cagsan Merdiven
Vision
Cagsan's vision is supporting its own "Life Safety" concept which means offering best quality and safety with affordable prices.
Cagsan developed its own codes of conduct regarding to its vision. Below rules are taken from Cagsan's official website.
1– Developing current standards by systematic researches and developments.
2– Perpetuate the international standards in production and marketing area.
3– Instead of only product sales, supplying assistive special type poducts for comprehensive solutions.
4– Preserve its own leader position in domestic market with high quality products.
5– Open to foreign countries and take part among ten biggest foundations thanks to our constantly growing and progressive structure, underlies of our
vision understanding.
Company Information of Cagsan Ladder
Gebze – Main Factory
Dilovasi Organize Sanayi Bolgesi 3. Kisim Meric Cad. No:1 Muallim Koyu – Gebze – Kocaeli / TURKIYE
Balikesir Factory
Gaziosmanpasa OSB Mah. 17. Cad. No:11AAltieylul – Balikesir / TURKIYE
+90 262 759 18 08 (pbx) | +90 850 472 21

Toyota's Production System ( Tps )
Toyota Production System As part of Toyota Global, Toyota Australia inherited legendary Toyota Production System (TPS). TPS was created by the
founder of Toyota Motor Corporation as 'a set of principles that have been proven in day–to–day practice over many years' (Toyota Australia n.d.) TPS
has three desired outcomes: To provide the customer with the highest quality vehicles, at lowest possible cost, in a timely manner with the shortest
possible lead times. To provide members with work satisfaction, job security and fair treatment. It gives the company flexibility to respond to the
market, achieve profit through cost reduction activities and long–term prosperity. (Toyota Australia n.d.) TPS consists of Kaizen, Just In Time (JIT),
and Jidoka. Kaizen means never stop improving. Toyota encourages its employees to not only follow the rules, but also improve the rules to achieve
highest productivity. Just In Time means to produce necessary units in the necessary quantities at the necessary time. Jidoka means automation with a
human touch (Toyota Australia n.d.). Toyota Australia utilises its manufacturing plant in Althona, Victoria to produce cars in five departments. Firstly,
powertrain department produces engine components. Once the engine is finished, it is sent directly to assembly department. Secondly, Press plant
manufactures steel panels such as side panels, roof panels and bottom panels using press machine. Thirdly, welding shop department fastens and welds

Toyota Production System (Human Infrastructure) Essay
TOYOTA MOTOR MANUFACTURING USA Human Infrastructure Key Elements . Wayne N. Smith Quality Assurance Specialist Directorate of
Contracting 9/20/2012 9/20/2012 TOYOTA MOTOR MANUFACTURING USA Human Infrastructure Key Elements TOYOTA PRODUCTION
SYSTEM (TPS) The TPS model depends on its Human Infrastructure. The entire model is base on its PEOPLE & TEAMWORK being successful in
doing their job and there buy in to the Key Elements of the TPS culture, which are as follows;  Selection  Ringi decision making  Common Goals
 Cross–Trained TPS emphasize the point of its human infrastructure as a "COMMON GOAL" for all personnel in the corporation, which again is
emphasize that its employees are its greatest assets as shown by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Station Quality amplifies problem. It makes any production problem instantly self evident and stop producing whenever problems are detected.
Notice that problem are not only caught were they occur with this flow process but actually because of the pulled or downstream approach that any
station can find problems miss by an earlier team. This encompasses that the entire production line is responsible for each other work. To further insure
that the right part was available at the right time. TPS extended this process to its supplier by using another process step HEIJUNKA (Load Leveling).
This process was simply, even distribution of special products or special orders. This prevented, as quoted in the case study "...several production
runs..." each dedicated to just one model or one special order. TPS defined needs and value from the viewpoint of the next station down the line that is
the immediate customer. These two tools which will give the employee the ability to catch defects quickly and work to correct the problem. Shows TPS
complete faith in the employee and the team to solve most problems without a supervisor. In fact TPS development of these two principles and Load
Leveling exemplify the individual employee or the team ability to solve most if not all the problems in the production. These tools along with the team
concept instill a level of trust between the employee and management as the individual

Options for Production Systems Applicable to IAAS
There are four broad options for production systems applicable to IAAS, namely: farm dams; pond culture; tank culture, and cage–based culture.
Production system design for any one integrated farming model is likely to fit into one of the following three categories: Extensive systems:
characterized by ambient conditions, low stocking density and generally using existing infrastructure with little or no modification (e.g. farm dams) or
management intervention (e.g. no supplementary feeding). Semi–intensive systems: usually occurs in modified/constructed ponds, cages or tanks under
ambient conditions with moderate stocking densities requiring management of water exchange, water quality and feeding regimes. Intensive systems:
high stocking density, high levels of capital investment and reliant on complete control of water quality and feeding regimes under largely controlled
environmental conditions. Ponds can vary greatly in size and depth, depending on site characteristics, but are generally 0.1–2.0 ha in area, 0.5–2.0 m
deep and may have a sloping bottom from 0.5 m to 1.5–2.0m deep, draining to a harvesting sump (Ogburn et al. 1995). For this project the pond type
will be discussed, as the fish farm we selected is pond culture. There are different reasons affecting to the choice of the selection of farm. The main
reason for choosing the Charly's Angels culture is that as the main goal of this thesis is to utilize water use of fishponds the largest water user farms

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Gota...
These theories have been used by Nissan to improve their productivity. However JIT and Lean Combined together makes Toyota Production System.
For more clarity I am discussing each theory individually first is JIT is a continuous process and it forces problem by reduced inventory. With this
theory only material are called when they are needed according to the demand. The JIT is also broken down in to five segments which are JIT
Partnerships which exist when a supplier and a purchaser work together with open communication and a target of removing waste and lowering down
the cost. The second is JIT layouts which is designed to reduce the movements. JIT materials layout place material directly where they are needed. The
third is JIT inventory which works to overcome any hurdle if arises in the way. The fourth is JIT scheduling where effective schedules are
communicated both within the organization and to outside suppliers. By being able to utilize these methods Nissan would able to overhaul their process
and work to create a JIT environment to utilize all methods and start saving tremendous amount of overhead and expenditures. Like other theories there
are some advantages and disadvantages of JIT. Advantages include efficient replenishment systems, more free space, less manpower required to
maintain the inventory levels. The disadvantages are Vulnerable to any demand fluctuation caused by reason i.e. natural disaster, dependency on their
supplier is high because of the timely

In What Ways Can the Toyota Production System Be Seen as...
2.2. In what ways can the Toyota Production system be seen as rare and difficult to imitate? Toyota Production system is a system that was developed
initially to account for the specific issues facing one company. The revolutionary ideas and concepts pioneered at Toyota have been used in many other
organizations and industries throughout the world. TPS has evolved to help companies maximize value. In this system all activities relating to the
manufacturing process. Toyota Production system is an integrated socio–technical system that comprises its management philosophy and practices. It is
developed by Toyota. The Toyota Production system organizes manufacturing and logistics for the automobile manufacturer, including interaction ...
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It can avoid some problem about inventory for company. With less inventory in a system, it are quickly exposed in production that disrupting flow.
Some firms shy away problems, in Toyota however the opposite logic is applied. By reducing inventory you expose the real problem in production
process quickly and focus need for improvement. The second primary of system is Jidoka (build in quality). Using this system it can the Toyota
production system been as rare. Fourthly, the implementation of learn production plant prove to be one of the most influential developments in recent
manufacturing history. The technique within learn were developed by Toyota from the 1950s and first entered western business awareness in the late
1970s as "just–in–time". Learn production can achieve rare. There are truly changed the culture of the business, or even produced measurable, sustained
financial benefit across the business. The truth is that learn is much more than a rag–bag of tools and techniques. It amounts to a different way of
thinking about the business. Toyota's manufacturing techniques, the specifics of the Toyota production system have allowed the company to operate at a
greater level of efficiency than its competitors. The lastly is about that continuous improvement. Thus, Toyota has been able to sustain a competitive
advantage by utilizing a tangible resource that is rare and not easily imitable.
Reference:
[1] Strategos–International. Toyota Production System

Lean Production Delivery System Essay
The term 'lean production' came about to describe the Toyota production system in the late 1980's. This came to pass through a research group from
MIT who over five years analysed the automotive industry in fourteen countries. It was called 'lean manufacturing' rather than the Toyota production
system to make it easier for competitors and organizations to adopt this type of system.
The concept of lean production in a manufacturing organization basically means to try and maximise the use of materials to achieve optimum customer
value and at the same time reducing waste and ensuring the same standard of quality in the finished product. Reducing the resources means it will
cheaper for the organization to create the product plus also for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Takt time – The rate of production is aligned with the customer need.
* Error proofing – Error detection to reduce defects
* Kaizen – Having employees together to improve the manufacturing process.
* Just–in–time – Most effective way of reducing inventory levels as it creates products based on customer demands.
* Policy deployment – Focuses on having good communications through the whole structure of the organization.
Through this concept of 'lean' to reduce waste and the many tools of lean production there are plenty of advantages to observe such as:–
* It can reduce overhead fixed cost to 30%
* It reduces the operational cost within an organization
* It can also raise the competiveness of a manufacturing organization
* It is also believed that the implementation of 'lean' can reduce the manufacturing time
* It can also increase profit especially at the start and then helps maintain these earnings
* Plus as we know it can cut nearly all types of waste
* Since the manufacturing lead time is reduced it has a knock–on effect that reduces energy costs
* Implementing 'lean' has a keen view of making the workspace as efficient as possible which is a primary factor in keeping the organization running
effectively
* The required workspace is also reduced
* Productivity in a manufacturing organization can be increased as much as 80%
* Customer relations improvements means again reduced waste
* Frustration on the job is reduced

Toyota 's Production System And How It Works With The...
In this paper we will discuss Toyota's Production System and how it works with the strategy of their business. We will define their mission and visions
goals and their core principles as it applies to their company. This paper will also discuss their basic approaches and general practices. It is also
important to understand what the Toyota Production System entails and how Lean operations began.
For instance, according to Stevenson, lean operation is a flexible system of operations that uses considerably fewer resources than a traditional system.
For example, Lee's Transportation owned by Tony and Lisa Jones, can no longer operate due to several vehicle accidents caused by their drivers. This
has resulted in an increase in their insurance premiums with All State and the premiums are too expensive for them to maintain their business. This
unfortunate situation has caused a great hardship and Tony and Lisa have no other option than to discharge their employees. Eventually, they coordinate
with a business partner and financial advisor and are able to start their company again under a changed name, Loving Hands. They are now able to
obtain insurance coverage through State Farm.
The Jones' re–hire their previous employees but with new policies and procedures implemented. They have incorporated monthly staff meetings on
safety while driving, online training courses quarterly, in addition to driving classes being mandatory and held annually. Tony and Lisa executes strict
policies

Literature Review Of Literature About Poultry
Literature Review
A. Systems of Backyard Poultry Production
The raising of poultry mainly fulfills the purposes of meat,eggs and feather production, and sometimes for religious ceremonies (Scanes et al., 2004).
Poultry are efficient converters of feed to food. Food of poultry origin serves the highest nutritional values, with egg being not only delicious but
extremely nutritious and balance of all nutrients (Scanes et al., 2004).
Poultry plays very important role for mankind through food supply, income and employment generation, providing raw materials to some industries,
facilitating research works etc. Family poultry makes up to 80 percent of poultry stocks in low–income food–deficit countries (Pym et al., 2006) where
owners raise poultry in small numbers ranging from single birds up to a few hundred.
Backyard poultry rearing also finds an important role to raise indigenous birds free of stress and harmful residues (Khandekar 2003, Mandal et al.
2006). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Sonaiya and Swan (2004), 80% of farmers in Africa, Asia and Latin America keep poultry either in free–range extensive system or in
backyard extensive system. Many authors believed that poultry bringing under traditional backyard systems in rural households has become an integral
part of their livelihood (Branckaert and Guèye, 1999; Ahuja et al., 2008; SA PPLPP, 2009). Poultry farming in the rural areas have diverse functions
like rich source of animal proteins, cash income, manure, help control pests (Clarke, 2004; Copland and Alders, 2005; Alders and Pym 2009), sacrifices
for rituals, gifts and objects of exchange (Kondombo et al., 2003), and herald time of the

Decentralized Wealth Of The Future?
Cryptocurrency: Decentralized Wealth of the Future?
By Andrew Mayne
The bitcoin is a semi–recent advancement in economic technology, originally a program created by an anonymous internet user, which succeeds in
bringing about a decentralized and private currency, unaffiliated with any government. Usually, currencies are units of exchange produced by a
government for use in a local or even global economy. The availability of the currency is decided manually by the government, which may limit
production to keep the value of the currency from changing on the global market. Bitcoin is a so called cryptocurrency, which relies on its own program
to decide production, and gains value from the time being invested in its existence. For this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the beginning of bitcoin, 50 coins were rewarded for every block brokens, but this reward has since been reduced (Franco, 60). One thing of note as
well is how as the blocks are broken, even as net reward decreases, the math problems themselves get more complicated and take longer and are more
taxing on the computer to solve. It is based on this central design that the market of production can be controlled, as more efforts to increase bitcoin
value are met with artificial difficulties of production. Of course, this production system is not the only feature of bitcoin, as it also works as a virtual
currency network. After the mining process is finished, he coin is stored in the format of a wallet. As it is explained in "How is Bitcoin Money?", "Each
bitcoin consists of a unique chain of digital signatures that is stored in a digital wallet installed on the user's computer" (Bjerg, 55). This private chain
allows the bitcoins to be individually unique and to be tracked with transfer from wallet to wallet storage. This makes it so bitcoin may only be spent
once (Bjerg, 55). It is also of note that the system keeps track of all transfers from wallet to wallet, as inf of the transactions are stored in a giant public
database (Bjerg,

What better organization could I have chosen other than the one which practices Lean and is the maker of Lean principles in the manufacturing world? I
have selected the company "Toyota" as they are the ones who created the Toyota Production system (TPS) which is also known as "Lean" in the
manufacturing environment. They are known as the leading lean exemplar of the world. They are also the largest automakers in the world in terms of
overall sales. The whole organization runs on the Toyota production system and its principles, vision and philosophy.
Within the organization, four prominent gentlemen are credited with developing the system: Sakichi Toyoda, who founded the Toyoda Group in 1902;
Kiichiro Toyoda, son of Sakichi Toyoda, who headed the automobile manufacturing operation between 1936 and 1950; Eiji Toyoda, Managing Director
between 1950 and 1981 and Chairman between 1981 and 1994; and Taiichi Ohno, the Father of the Kanban System.
Since 1957, Toyota has expanded the scope of automobile sales across the entire globe. For over fifty years, Toyota vehicles have found their way to
over 170 countries and regions throughout the world. As their exports have continued to develop so has the localization of their production bases, in
line with a policy of "producing vehicles where the demand exists". Now there are 51 bases in 26 different countries and regions. In addition, there are
design and R&D bases in nine locations overseas, showing that "from development and design

Lean Manufacturing And The Production System
Definition
Lean manufacturing is the process of eliminating waste in every area such as production, supply chain, maintenance, quality control and factory
management.
The ultimate goal of lean manufacturing is to decrease the human effort, inventory and time to meet the customer demand in the most efficient and
possible economical manner.
Lean manufacturing is referred to the methods of manufacturing that gives maximum value and minimum waste in the process that is followed. Lean
manufacturing is also used to focus on the resources to maximize the value added features and eliminate the non–value added features.
There were different names for Lean over the years which was primarily developed from the Toyota Production System (TPS) it has ... Show more
In Ohno's book 'TPS – beyond large scale production' Ohno described how TPS evolved out of need, as the market place in post war Japan required
small quantities of cars to be produced in many varieties. This became very different ot the Ford principle of mass–production.
Although TPS began in 1950, Japanese firms noticed only in the 1973 where oil crisis took place. Since then the system has been studied, copied and
implemented across many industries.
Womack, Jones and Roos (1990) coined the phrase "Lean Manufacturing" in the MIT five–year study into the automotive industry that led to the book
"The Machine That Changed the World". This gives a pretty good insight into The History of Lean Manufacturing
Even with the massive amount of research that has taken place into the Toyota Production System, fifty one years after it was born, Slack et al still refer
to Lean Manufacturing as a 'radical departure from traditional operations practice'.
The Timeline of Lean Manufacturing:
1926 – Sakichi Toyoda sells foreign rights to loom and Sakichi Toyoda patents Toyoda Automatic Loom with Non–Stop Shuttle–change motion
1936 – Kiichiro Toyoda (Sakichi's son) starts Toyota (then called

Essay On Safety Health And Environment
2.8 PILLAR 8 – SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
In this area focus is on to create a safe workplace and a surrounding area that is not damaged by our process or procedures. This pillar will play an
active role in each of the other pillars on a regular basis.
A committee is constituted for this pillar which comprises representative of officers as well as workers. The committee is headed by Senior vice
President (Technical). Utmost importance to Safety is given in the plant. Manager (Safety) is looking after functions related to safety. To create
awareness among employees various competitions like safety slogans, Quiz, Drama, Posters, etc. related to safety can be organized at regular intervals.
3. OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVINESS
TPM ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.1 OEE CALCULATION
OEE=Availability x Performance x quality
Availability= (shift time–losses)/shift time
Performance= (Cycle time x No of product processed)/Availability Time
Quality = (No of parts production–Rejection x 100)/No of parts production
OEE measurement is made up of three underlying elements, each one expressed as a percentage and accounting for a different kind of waste in the
manufacturing process.
4. PROBLEM DEFINITION
a) Due to improper arrangements there is high fatigue to operator to operate the machines.
b) Due to insufficient training materials rejection is high.
c) Manual inspection takes more time to check the quality of component.
d) Early equipment management is very low.
e) Tool setting time is comparatively high.
f) Safety precautions to the workers need to improve.
5. OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
a) To reduce the operator fatigue.
b) To increase the productivity.
c) To minimize the rejection of materials.
d) To decrease the setting time.
e) To maximizes quality of inspection.
f) To give sufficient training to workers.
g) To ensure safety and health of workers.
h) To increase overall equipment effectiveness (OEE).
6. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
a) TPM implementation methodologies to be discussed step by step and systematic approach to understand the equipment's function, the equipment's
relationship to the product quality and the likely cause of failure of the critical equipment conditions is investigated.

Toyota 's Production System : A Global Model For Efficient...
Toyota Motor Company has risen to become the global model for efficient auto manufacturing through the use of operations management. Since the
late 1980's, The Toyota Production System has been employing several techniques such as hi–tech automation, line segmentation, and inter–segment
buffers to reach optimal efficiency.
The Toyota Production System is built around two key elements that maximize efficiency. The first, is that only items that will be sold are produced.
The second is the use of a 'Just–in–time' system that ensures smooth, uninterrupted processing. Toyota Production System regards work–in–progress
stockpiles as a waste of time and space that often times cover up inefficiencies in the production process. Problems with the just–in–time system
become more apparent when work–in–progress stocks are reduced, allowing for problems to be more easily identified and solved. To solve these
problems, Toyota embraces the philosophy of Kaizen, which means, 'continuous improvement', where employees on the production line are encouraged
to be the ones to come up with solutions.
In the early 1990's Toyota was having trouble retaining assembly line workers because of the stressful, physical nature of the job. A high–tech approach
was implemented at Tahara plant in 1991, but was deemed too costly to be used at all production plants. Instead, a system, pioneered through the
Kaizen philosophy, was devised to continue using humans as the primary workers, while introducing a

How Different Systems Of Production And Their Contributing...
This theory is used to explain how different systems of production and their accompanying socioeconomic institutions characterize different economic
periods (Blau, 2003). The SSA theory accepts crisis as a part of the capitalist cycle, and expects the market to collapse for new opportunities for growth
and capital gains.
At the end of the 19th century and in the early and mid–20th century, there have been three major economic collapses that shaped the structure and
operation of the USA. Reich (2009) notes the Depression of the1890s due to the devaluation of the dollar and agricultural crisis was resolved politically
in the election of 1896 and economically by the merger wave of 1897–1903. During this phase companies providing similar services merged to create
monopoly over their lines of production such as railroads and electricity. The Federal Reserve System conceptualized in 1908 was created in 1913 with
the purpose of maintaining the value of American currency and controlling bank credit. While created by the government the institution represents
ideology and theory in practice. Prior to Congress oversees the entire Federal Reserve System. The reserve must work within the objectives established
by Congress though the Federal Reserve maintains autonomy to carry out its responsibilities without political pressure. Each of the Reserves parts–the
Board of Governors, the regional Reserve Banks, and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) operates independently of the federal

Toyota Production System Theory Essay
Just in time is also referred to as just in time production. It is a method in which projected mainly at reducing flow times within production system of an
organization as well as response times from suppliers and to customers. The major advantage of utilizing this theory is that it moderates materials usage
as well as raw material wastage. This approach aids in customizing the vehicle as per the demand of the client and expectation. The main disadvantage
of applying just in time is that the clients may have certain expectations and they are unsure of how the appearance of the final product will look like.
This theory makes the customer wait for the final product to be delivered hence cannot be certain if the final product will be liked by the client
(Schmidt, & Simchi–Levi, 2013).
The Toyota Production System (TPS) theory is defined as an original manufacturing philosophy whose main aim is to eliminate waste and achieve the
best possible efficiency in an organization. Advantages of TPS is that this production system helps to improve the quality of the product at every stage
of the assembly line. The disadvantage of using TPS is that this process can be time–consuming, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The primary objective of lean is to produce more value for customers with fewer resources. The advantage of lean production is it helps in reducing the
cost of production by eliminating unnecessary materials used in production. Disadvantages of lean production are that it depends on the inventory the
supplier keeps in his hand of which the suppliers often prefer in keeping a small amount of stock which is not acceptable in a lean production system.
The material supply can delay being delivered to the production house due to unavoidable circumstances that may include transportation breakdown,
suppliers strike or specific product not available (Theory of Constraints

The Success Of The Toyota Production System
INTRODUCTION TO THE LEAN SYSTEMS The success of the Toyota Production System is the evidence that Lean Systems help manufacturing
companies in improving their operations and the process of manufacturing. Lean is an approach to eliminate waste and maximize the value for the
customers. Lean has made its place in today's market. Apart from Toyota, companies like John Deere one of the largest manufacturers of agricultural
machinery, Textron– leading systems which offers products and services to support the defense and the aerospace, Intel– the world's largest chip
makers, Nike–one of the leading super–cool clothing company have occupied their place in the success list of lean systems. HISTORY OF LEAN
Before we understand the need lean we must understand the need of the productions such as Craft Production and Mass Production. The craft
production was more about manufacturing the cars based on the specifications given by the customers. The term craft production refers to a
manufacturing technique applied in the hobbies of handicraft but was also the common method of manufacture in the pre–industrialized world. The cars
were modified according to the requirements of the customers which led to the limited number of models specific for each customer and relatively the
cost was high but the customer had the satisfaction of dealing directly with the manufacturer. Craft production comprise of skilled employees at design,
machining and fitting, usage of the general purpose machines

Production System : Production Systems
Production system:– Production systems is a collaboration of workers, equipment and processes working together to manufacture a product. This
system include the facilities where the factory and all the equipment in the company to manufacture a product comes under this category, the facilities
also include the plant layout equipment etc.. Manufacturing support systems is part of production systems which include product design, manufacturing
planning, manufacturing control and business functions. question 2) manufacturing systems is a system which include the integration and coordination
of manual and automated workstations of an industry which uses material handling techniques to have good impact on manufacturing. A good example
of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this variety the products differentiate substantially ex:– difference between sedan car and SUV car Soft product variety :– In this variety where there
will be some common parts, the proportion of common parts in assembled product will be in good number. ex:– the commonness between two different
models of same model line of automobile like BMW sports line and luxury line. question 5) Processing operation makes a work material from one stage
of completion to a more advanced stage that is close to final. It adds value by changing the dimensions, properties, or looks of the initial material.
Assembly operation joins two or more components to create a new product. it 's more like joining initial processing operation products. question 6) (i)
Qf = PQ = 100×1000 = 100,000 products/yr No of final assembly operations = 100,000 ops/yr No of processing operations Nof = PQnpnq =
100×1000×600×10 = 600,000,000 ops/yr (iii) Total processing operation time = (600 x 106 ops)(0.5 min./(60 min./hr)) = 5,000,000 hr/yr. Total
assembly operation time = (100 x 103 ops)(3 hr/product) = 300,000 hr/yr Total processing and assembly time = 5,300,000 hr/yr At 2000 hours/yr per
worker, w =(5,300,000 hr/yr)/(2000 hr/worker) = 2650 workers. (ii) With 1 worker per workstation for processing operations, n = w = 2500 = 2500
workstations. With 2 workers per stations for assembly, n = w/2 = 150/2 = 75 workstations. Total floor space A = (2575 stations)(200

Assembly Plant, Production, Inspection – Rome
The Toyota Production System (TPS) is one of the most efficient and comprehensive practice of managing the company's assembly line and overall
supply chain process. This incredible process was started by Sakichi Toyoda, the founder of Toyoda group. It consists of several management
techniques that mostly originated from Japan. It all started with the concept called Intelligent Automation or "Jidoka." Toyoda devised an automated
loom that revolutionized the weaving industry making it exponentially more efficient than hand weaving which then has been practiced for centuries.
As it relates to Toyota's production line today, the process of "Jidoka" is still being used and improved with the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It might not be universally known but Toyota Motor Inc. pioneered the "Just in Time" approach to production. In a nutshell, "Just in Time" is an
approach where a corporation depends on the natural flow of supply and demand to determine inventory level. The core principle of this approach is to
receive supplies and goods as they are needed thus reducing inventory costs. Toyota depends on its accurate forecasts and ability to make decisions real
time during production to make "Just in Time" approach be beneficial to both company efficiency and cost management. Toyota's assembly plant is one
of the key elements in Toyota's supply chain and is one of the focus of its Research and Development department. Toyota makes a yearly effort to
improve efficiency and product quality to make its car assembly efficient and technologically advanced. The assembly plant process begins with the
stamping shop. A process that utilizes heavy duty machinery to stamp out whole and individual parts of its cars in batches. Large presses are lined up in
a conveyor that progressively cut a car's section such as door panels and body into shape. These machines work like a team where specialized tasks are
assigned. For example, the first press would produce a basic shape for a door panel, afterwards, the conveyor will roll the newly shaped steel towards a
second press that would then create a curved appearance. From there, it would then be fed to another press that

Key Term : Just For Time Productions Or Systems
Key Term: "Just–in–time productions or systems"
Operational efficiency it 's significant across all levels of manufacturing goods. Making a profit is the fundamental principle for any business to
succeed. Reducing overhead cost and eliminating waste are key factors in driving down cost and maximizing profits. The challenge lies in the ability to
reduce product costs while simultaneously adding value, maintaining quality, and ensuring adequate availability of the production system. The idea of
manufacturing goods in a systemic process comprised of balancing inputs and outputs across the value chain involve Just–in–time productions or
systems. This production system incorporates a philosophical approach to integrated productions plans and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Major Article Summary
Kannan, V. R., & Tan, K. C. (2005). Just in time, total quality management, and supply chain management: Understanding their linkages and impact on
business performance. Omega, 33(2), 153–162. doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2004.03.012
In this article, Kannan and Tan examine three different philosophical approaches to improving operational efficiency. Just in time, supply chain
management, and total quality management are all considered separate effective methods to maximizing economic potential in the production and
supply of goods. The authors also study how these different strategies are interrelated and how they impact operational performance when they are
placed together as one unified system.
The authors noted that Just in time (JIT) and supply chain management (SCM) both look for quality improvements in the supply chain. JIT concentrates
on the production process and requires integration of productions schedules between the supplies and the deliveries to efficiently move only the volume
of production needed to meet the deliverables. SCM looks at development and production across the supply chain for opportunities to improve quality
and add value to the customer. While SCM would appear to need a coordinated effort between transportation, logistics, and purchasing aspects of the
manufacturing process, it has only focused on the oversight of transporting goods

Decision Analysis Task 1 Wgu
Decision Analysis
Task 1– Tara Johnson
A. In order to improve the current workflow in the plant, I recommend using the work stations layout tool whether through the Excel or POM program.
This will help to show a clearer picture of the work flow that is present at Shuzworld, with allotting equal times in each work station. This will enable
the company to find the shortest time to be used in each station for optimal performance and production of all shoes. Decision Analysis has been
established to advance theory, application, and teaching of all aspects of decision–making methods. 1. When it comes to beginning to make decisions
for any business, almost everyone can feel uncertainty and fear. The more information given, then the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B. 1. The impact of costs on the decision to move forward with the new Maui Sandal line is as follows: As the production continues, the hours needed
for each batch, or individual pair, will begin to decrease. By continuing to produce this line the total labor costs will continue to decrease, but most
likely, at a slower rate as more sandals are produced. This data can help the company decide employment levels, capacity, costs, and their pricing of this
particular merchandise in the open market. The company predicts that it will take 1,000 labor hours for production to complete for the first batch, with
50 total batches between month 1 and month 4. 2. It can be determined that it will take approximately 20,126 hours at a cost of $20,121.71, with the
given labor rate of $1.08 per hour, for the 4 month production run, with the breakdown of each month as below:
Labor Hours Cost Batches
Month 1– 3737.74 $4,036.76 5
Month 2– 4775.67 $5,154.62 10
Month 3– 5511.74 $5,950.10 15
Month 4– 6101.82 $6,589.97 20
Parameter Value
Display times given a learning coefficient
Unit number of base unit 1
Labor time for base unit,Y1 1000
Unit number of last unit,N 50
Learning coefficient .8
Time for last unit 283.8271
Unit Production Time Cumulative Time
1 1000 1000
2 800 1800
3 702.1037 2502.104
4

Value Chain Management
Introduction
The goal of this essay is to explain the various functions and strategies of value chain management and discuss how to implement them in a flat screen
display business, so as to improve the performance of the operating system which ultimately will increase the efficiency and quality of production
thereby helping them gain a competitive advantage over their competitors. Which will result in increased the profits for the business.
Value Chain Management: Development of a set of functional–level strategies that increase the performance of the operating system a company uses to
transform inputs into finished goods and services. (George and Jones, 2006:267)
Operating System: The different functional activities an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Introduce just–in–time (JIT) inventory systems.
 Work closely with suppliers.
 Design for ease of production.
 Break down barriers between functions.
(George and Jones, 2006: 275–277)
For the business, add making high quality products to the goals of the business which will make it a permanent commitment and the employees and the
business can strive to achieve the goals. Structure the business in such a way that the main focus is on the customers, this includes their needs and
wants and their overall satisfaction. Keep track of the quality of the screens by finding and making use of a method to measure the overall quality of the
product. Once a measure has been devised, set a challenging quality goal and create incentives for reaching the next goal. By doing so it will motivate
the workers and will improve the efficiency of which the screens are produced.
Employees can often provide important information as to the causes of poor quality, so form a strong communicating relationship with the workers.
This can be done by forming quality circles; these circles are groups of employees who meet regularly to discuss ways to increase quality

Peculiarities And Characteristics Of MTO Companies
MTO companies typically allow consumers to purchase products that are customized to their specifications. MTO strategy only manufactures the end
product after getting confirmation from the customers. Unlike mass production where a material is manufactured many times, in MTO production a
material is created only once though the production process that might be repeated at a later time. As a result, the consumer waiting time to receive the
product increases but it allows more flexibility in customization compared to purchasing from retailers' shelves (Zhang et al., 2012). According to Muda
et al. (2009), MTO companies can be classified by the following two types –
(a) Companies where a small quantity of products with a large number of different characteristics are manufactured.
(b) Companies where a product has to be assembled particularly for a sales order. As demand for specialized products increases, the MTO strategy
becomes more popular among the companies. Nowadays, even for standard products, manufacturers are willing to shift their production from
traditional concept to MTO or a hybrid production system to achieve shorter production cycle times (Su et al., 2010).
2.1.1 Peculiarities and characteristics of MTO companies
Peculiar characteristics of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is possible to point out 3 main distinctive characteristics to describe MTO companies. The first one is the product customization – i.e. very low
repetitiveness of production – (Kingsman and Mercer, 1997; White and Prybutock, 2001; Stevenson et al. 2005; Hendry et al., 2008; Slomp et al., 2009)
that implies "to order" production logics. The second one is the organization for technological competences, i.e. with a functional logic (Hendry et al.,
2008). The third characteristic is related with the company size, both in terms of number of employees and in annual turnover (Hendry et al., 2008) and
in terms of volumes produced every

A Report On Toyota 's Production System
Abstract
Toyota today is one of the leading lean example in today's manufacturing market. Starting back in the 1930's with the idea of Just–in–Time to cut down
cost in waste from overstocked storage rooms to a better efficient assembly lines who produced what was needed at a certain time. The Kanban system
is one of the most used methods that the Japanese found during the 1950's during a trip to United States in a super market.
Kanban Systems
Lean manufacturing originated long before Toyota and Ford, however the thought that it originated with Toyota is flattering since they are the ones who
perfected it. By creating the Toyota Production System (TPS), Toyota found a better way to produce large quantities of product efficiently with
eliminating the waste factor and while cutting down cost. Taiichi Ohno a former Toyota vice president promoted the idea of JIT (Just–in–Time) which
means "producing the necessary units in the necessary quantities at the necessary time." (Monden) Which leads to Toyota's ultimate goal in the TPS is
to improve productivity for better return in investment. To have continuous flow in a production system Toyota sought out to achieve the concept of JIT
and autonomation . Since the TPS is what creates the parts who monitors the JIT system? The kanban system which is an informational system that
controls quantities being produce in each process. As the discussion carries on throughout this paper about Toyota and their use of the kanban system
the topic

Current Project Managementand Lean Production Delivery...
1. Executive Summary:
The ultimate purpose of the report is to elaborate on the Current Project Managementand Lean Production Delivery System advantages and
disadvantages.
A comprehensive study of scholarly journals and books was carried out to gather information.
The report begins with introducing the lean then presents the theories associated with it further elaborates on the principles, tools, processes and
application.
It is evident that Current Project Managementare year old practices and hence are flexible, easy to adopt whereas LPDS find its use in companies which
have to handle complicated and large projects. By implementing LPDS, better production takes place where resources are properly used to it
advantages to produces high quality products that focuses on the client needs.
2. Introduction
EijiToyado post World War II aimed to augment Toyota worldwide. According to him the manufacturing systems in America would not satisfy his
goals. He established Toyota Production System to achieve good quality, flexible output while reducing waste.In today's world Toyota Production
System is known as 'Lean Production', a more improved theory and was first made known through The machine thatchanged the world (Womack et al.,
1990). 'Lean projects' are project's that delivers a maximum value while creating minimum waste.Lean production includes teams of worker who are
multi skilled and are present at all stages in addition use machines that are highly automated to

Incline Six Sigma And Toyota Production System
Incline Six Sigma and Toyota Production System (TPS) Toyota Motor Corporation;The Company that changed the world?! Toyota Motor Corporation
is a Japanese car Manufacturer organization headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. It was established by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his
dad 's organization Toyota Industries to make cars. Three years prior, in 1934, while still a branch of Toyota Industries, it made its first item, the Type A
motor, and, in 1936, its first traveler auto, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under 5 brands, including the Toyota brand,
Hino, Lexus, Ranz, and Scion. It likewise holds a 51.2% stake in Daihatsu, a 16.66% stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, a 5.9% stake in Isuzu, a 3.58%
stake in the Yamaha Motor Company, and a 0.27% stake in Tesla, and in addition joint–wanders with two in China (GAC Toyota and Sichuan FAW
Toyota Motor), one in India (Toyota Kirloskar), one in the Czech Republic (TPCA), alongside a few "nonautomotive" organizations. TMC is a piece of
the Toyota Group, one of the biggest aggregates on the planet. Toyota is the world 's first car maker to deliver more than 10 million vehicles every year
(in 2012 and 2013). Starting July 2014, Toyota was the biggest recorded organization in Japan by business sector capitalization. As of Feb, 2016 it is
the thirteenth biggest organization on the planet by income. All in all, how does Toyota accomplish this? One of the main impetuses is Lean Six Sigma
and

Zara Case Memo
To: Zara Management
From:
Subject: Zara 's US Expansion
Date: 2001
Background
Following is an analysis of Zara 's current expansion strategy into the US retail market and recommendations on future tactics to ensure a successful
expansion. Zara 's expansion strategy thus far has been quite successful; however, with every new store opened, its ability to maintain an efficient
centralized production system and a strong, unique culture will be diminished.
Analysis
Let us first consider Zara 's main competitive advantage before analyzing how current and potential future strategies will affect this competitive
advantage. Zara currently employs a "design–on–demand" retail model allowing the company to bring the latest fashion trends from ... Show more
(See Appendix and above)
It is recommended that Zara maintain full ownership of new stores rather than choosing to franchise. This will ensure the continuation of the strong
Zara culture.
Zara 's combination of cutting–edge fashions and culture lends itself well to a European–style, fashion–conscious consumer. While this type of
consumer can be found in New York, this is not representative of the entire US market. Retailers in small towns and urban sprawls rely more on a
shopping mall atmosphere. Adapting that strategy would undermine Zara 's image. It is therefore recommended that Zara target only major metropolitan
areas which would likely have higher concentrations of fashion–minded individuals.
Zara currently employs no advertising at all. As word of mouth is very important in retail, this low key approach is in line with Zara 's culture. A well
structured marketing campaign could, however, spread the word of Zara 's expansion across the US, while maintaining their mysterious boutique–type
image. Billboards or print ads with a "teaser" approach could accomplish this goal. Advertising will become important to increase Zara 's profile during
expansion. Due to its comfortable profit margins, a modest advertising budget could be afforded.
Zara 's US expansion will rely heavily upon continued emphasis on strong IT procedures both

Boeing Le Production System
BOEING LEAN: Boeing made use of lean techniques in their production system and increased its production by 50% and also reduced its floor space
by 40%. Assembling a Boeing 737 is a typical job. Workers should take 367,000 parts, an same number of bolts, rivets, other equipment and 36 miles
(58 kilometres) of electrical wire and then keep them all combined to make an airplane [2]. Engineers to machinists were involved in lean (reducing
waste) in the factory. By creating an assembly line, aircraft will pass through the workers were they going to concentrate on assembling. Allocating all
employees in the factory building and organising special teams helped a lot to solve the errors in the assembly line [2]. In the assembly line, there are
eight beacon lights which reflect the production status. If everything is good it shows green colour. If an error occurs, the worker will press a button and
the green light will changes to yellow and the panel board will shows the category of the problem(which category it is related to). The worker will pass
on to a computer and writes about the problem in a brief manner and the problem should be assigned to special team to solve it within 30 minutes if not,
the light turns to purple and the assembly line will shuts down. This moving assembly is the icon of factory's lean strategies. In case of tools handling,
the tools will be send to the respective assembly stations in the form of kits and the tool which requires for a particular job will

The Success Of The Toyota Production System
As one of the largest automotive manufacturers in the world Toyota has conceived and implemented many ideas and programs that have set themselves
apart from the competition and positioned the operation for success. We will discuss both the origins and recent implementations of these programs
such as Lean Manufacturing and the Toyota Production System, Just in Time, Kaizen and Kanban in detail to give insight into the streamlined and
efficient operations that make Toyota such a great competitor in the automotive industry.
The Toyota Production System is an integrated system developed by Toyota that essentially dictates how the entire operation is ran. The system was
developed between 1948 and 1975. The main goals of the Toyota production are to eliminate overburden, inconsistency, and waste. The tools and
processes used to accomplish these goals are the foundation of the Toyota Production System and are emulated and utilized by many other operations
worldwide.
Lean is a system that relies heavily on all aspects of the system running flawlessly and efficiently. To achieve this an operation must place extreme
emphasis on creating a culture of lean company wide. A popular misconception is that lean is suited only for manufacturing. Not true. Lean applies in
every business and every process. It is not a tactic or a cost reduction program, but a way of thinking and acting for an entire organization. Many
organizations choose not to use the word lean, but to label what they do

Jit Production System And Quality Control
Today a new production paradigm has emerged which can traced to various developments and innovations within the JIT production system and quality
control in Japan within the 1950s. Variously labelled 'world class manufacturing', 'lean production', 'new production system', 'JIT/TQC', 'time based
competition' has become a mainstream approach to production ideology by the major manufacturing companies in both the USA and within Europe.
This new ideology of production has already had some profound consequences in a range of diverse industries from car manufacturing to electronics.
Beyond this the techniques have spread into fields such as customized production, services, administration and product development. This new
philosophy has evolved ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In design, control and improvement of production systems, both aspects have to be considered. Herein lies the issue: traditionally managerial
philosophies have only considered conversions, either that or else all activity has been considered as adding value. The general disregard of flow
processes have led to a complex, confused and uncertain understanding of their operation as well an expansion of non–value adding activities and
hence a reduction of general output value. Nonetheless a range of flow process principles have evolved and there is good evidence that these principles
have produced an efficiency of flow processes and also one which may be considerably improved. These can be summarized thus: 1. Reduce the share
of non value–adding activities. 2. Increase output value through systematic consideration of customer requirements. 3. Reduce variability. 4. Reduce
cycle times. 5. Simplify by minimizing the number of steps, parts and linkages. 6. Increase output flexibility. 7. Increase process transparency. 8. Focus
control on the complete process. 9. Build continuous improvement into the process. 10. Balance flow improvement with conversion improvement. 11.
Benchmark. Various forms of analysis has demonstrated that, as with the manufacturing sector, the conceptual basis of construction

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