The document discusses process assessment and data flow diagrams. It defines processes and explains that process assessment examines whether software processes are effective and efficient. It outlines different approaches to process assessment including SPICE, ISO 9001:2000, CMMI, and CBA-IPI. Process patterns represent activities in a software development lifecycle. Data flow diagrams graphically show how data moves through a system and can be constructed at different levels of detail. An example creates a data flow diagram for an order processing system.

1. PROCESSASSESSMENT,PATTERNS&
DFD forOrderProcessingSystem
Presented by :
GaneshVadulekar

2. Overview
 What is Process ???
 Process Assessment
 Aim of ProcessAssessment
 DifferentApproaches ofAssessment
 Process Patterns
 Types Of Process Pattern
 Data Flow Diagram
 Creating DFD for Order Processing System

3. What is Process ?
 In computing, a process is an of
a computer program that is being executed. It
contains the program code and its current
activity.
 The existence of software process does not
guarantee the timely delivery of the software
and its ability to meet the user's expectations.

4. What is ProcessAssessment ???
 Software process assessment examines
whether the software processes are effective
and efficient in accomplishing the goals.
 Process assessment is useful to the
organization as it helps in improving the
existing processes.
 In addition, it determines the strengths,
weaknesses and the risks involved in the
processes.

5. Aim of ProcessAssessment
 The aim of process assessment is to
identify the areas for improvement and
suggest a plan for making that improvement.
 Obtaining guidance for improving software
development and test processes
 Obtaining an independent and unbiased
review of the process
 Obtaining a baseline for improving quality and
productivity of processes.

6. The process assessment leads to :-
 Process capability determination
 Process improvement.

7. The Processcapabilitydetermination
• It is an organized assessment, which
analyzes the software processes in an
organization . It also identifies risk involved
in it.
• In addition, process capability
determination identifies the capabilities of
a process and the risks involved in it.

8. The Process improvement
 The process improvement identifies the
changes to be made in the software
processes.The software capability
determination motivates the organization
to perform software process
improvement.

9. Different Approaches for Assessment
 SPICE (ISO/IEC15504)
 ISO 9001:2000
 Standard CMMI assessment method for
process improvement
 CMM-based appraisal for internal process
improvement

10. Software Process Improvement and
Capability Determination
 Software Process Improvement and
Capability Determination (SPICE), is a set
of technical standards documents for the
computer software development process
and related business management
functions.

11. It is applicable for all processes and
comprises following six levels.
1. Not performed: At this level, the processes are
unable to accomplish the required outcomes.
2.Performed informally: At this level, the
implemented process accomplishes the defined
outcomes.
3.Planned and tracked: At this level, the defined
process delivers products according to quality
requirements within a specified time.

12. 4.Well-defined: At this level, the processes
based on software engineering principles
which are capable of achieving defined
outcomes are used.
5.Quantitatively controlled: At this level, the
performance measures, prediction capability
and objective management are evaluated
quantitatively.
6.Continuously improved: At this level, the
existing processes adapt to meet future
business goals.

13. Reference Model forSPICE

14. ISO 9001:2000
 ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) established a standard
known as ISO 9001:2000 to determine the
requirements of quality management
systems.
 It is Activity which satisfies the quality related
expectations of customers.

15. This standard follows a plan-do-check-act
(PDCA) cycle, which includes a set of
activities that are listed below.
 Plan: Determines the processes and resources
which are required to develop a quality product
according to the user's satisfaction.
 Do: Performs activities according to the plan to
create the desired product.

16.  Check: It Monitors the processes and
takes corrective actions to improve
them.
 Act: Initiates activities which
constantly improve processes in the
organization.

17.  Check: Measures whether the
activities for establishing quality
management according to the
requirements are accomplished.
 Act: Initiates activities which
constantly improve processes in the
organization.

18.  Check: Measures whether the
activities for establishing quality
management according to the
requirements are accomplished.
 Act: Initiates activities which
constantly improve processes in the
organization.

20. StandardCMMI assessment method
for process improvement
 SCAMPI is used for process improvement by
gaining insight into the process capability in
the organization.
 The major advantage of SCAMPI is that it
supports process improvement and
establishes a consensus within the
organization.

21. The objectives of SCAMPI are listed
below.
 To identify strengths and weaknesses of
existing processes in the organization.
 To specify an integrated appraisal method
for internal process improvement.
 To act as a motivation for initiating and
focusing on software process
improvement.

22. CMM-basedappraisalfor internal
processimprovement
 CBA-IPI tool is used in an organization to gain
insight into the software development
capability.
 For this, the strengths and weaknesses of the
existing process are identified in order to
prioritize software improvement plans.
 They focus on software improvements, which
are beneficial to the organization.

23. Toachievethis,theassessmentteam
performsthefollowingfunctions
 Provides data as a baseline to the
organization in order to check its software
capability
 Identifies issues that have an impact on the
process improvement
 Provides sufficiently complete findings to the
organization.

24. Process Pattern
 Process patterns can be defined as the set of
activities, actions, work tasks or work
products and similar related behaviour
followed in a software development life cycle.
 Process Patterns can be best seen in software
design cycle which involves the common
Stages of development.

25.  Process patterns can be more easily
understood by dividing it into terms
 Process which means the steps followed
to achieve a task.
 Patterns which means the recurrence of
same basic features during the lifecycle
of a process.

26. Types of Process Pattern
 Task Pattern :- This type of process pattern
depicts the detailed steps to perform a
specific task, such as theTechnical Review
and Reuse First process patterns.
 Stage Pattern :- This type of process pattern
depicts the steps, which are often performed
iteratively, of a single project stage.

27.  Phase Pattern :- This type of process pattern
depicts the interactions between the stage
process patterns for a single project phase,
such as the Initiate and Delivery phases.

28. Data Flow Diagram
 A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical
representation of the "flow" of data through
an information system, modelling
its process aspects.
 A DFD shows what kind of information will be
input to and output from the system, where
the data will come from and go to, and where
the data will be stored.

29. Creating Data Flow Diagrams
1. Create a list of activities
2. Construct Context Level DFD
(identifies external entities and processes)
3. Construct Level 0 DFD
(identifies manageable sub process )
4. Construct Level 1- n DFD
(identifies actual data flows and data stores )
5. Check against rules of DFD

30. Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Order ProcessingSystem Example

31. 1.Create a list of activities
 Customer Order
 Serve Order
 Collect Payment
 Produce Product
 Store Product

32. 2.ConstructContext Level DFD

33. 3.Construct Level 0 DFD

34. 4.Construct Level 1- n DFD

35. 4.Construct Level 1 (continued)

36. 4.Construct Level 1 (continued)

37. Process Decomposition
Context Level Level 0 Level 1

38. Summary
 Concept of Process Assessment
 DifferentTypes of Approaches of Process
Assessment
 Concept of Process Pattern
 Types Of Patterns
 Creating Data Flow Diagram
 DFD for Order Processing System

40. THANK YOU