Transportation always plays an important role in economic growth and globalization for a country. Road transportation is one of the main transporting way in India. Therefore it requires connectivity of cities. Hence bridges and culverts are constructing to connect Roads.Box Culvert can be defined as a structure having box shape which is constructed below the embankment to drain water from one side of the bank to the other side of the bank. Failure reasons of a Box Culverts are maintenance failure, erosion and increase in scour depth, and Installation Failures. To improve the problems occurring in the Structure are described briefly. Box Culverts are normally constructed without RCC cut off and curtain walls. Due to which structure gets damaged easily. In previous researches Box Culvert are constructed with PCC cut off and curtain walls while taking various parameters in design. Movements of people and transportation will not be affected because structure will not be constructed number of times because life of structure will be very long. Seepage pressure is less in box culvert with RCC Cut off and curtain walls because the gripping in RCC structure is good as compare to PCC Structure, and Seepage pressure is directly proportional to voids that makes PCC structure unstable against seepage pressure. BM of PCC walls is also less than as compare to RCC walls. Life of structure will also increase around two times, and also Government planning will not be affected because project will be for long time period. In designing of structure the two major factors should be kept in mind i.e. economy and safety. If the load is overestimated than the structure will be uneconomical whereas if the load is underestimated the safety of structure will be compromised. Hence the calculation of load and their combination should be done very precisely The study included estimation of PCC and RCC Cut off and Curtain walls through comparative results in SOR 2017. Sandeep Salve | Prof. Afzal Khan "A Study on Design and Analysis of Precast Box for Road Bridge Construction using STAAD Pro: Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49938.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49938/a-study-on-design-and-analysis-of-precast-box-for-road-bridge-construction-using-staad-pro-review/sandeep-salve
Design and Analysis of Pre Cast Box Segment using Limit State Method Manually...ijtsrd
A level crossing or a grade crossing is a place where a railway line and a road intersect each other at the same level. In the Urban areas generally the level crossings are monitored by qualified railway staffs that monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to traffic jam in roads, causes loss of time to the road users and in some cases also leads to an accident. The best alternatives to eliminate the level crossing are Road under Bridge RUB and Road over Bridge ROB . There are 3 main methods of construction of road under bridge. Box pushing technique, Cut and cover method, rolling technique using RH girder. In this paper a design of Road under Bridge or Subway by Box Pushing Method is presented. The design is carried out as per Indian standards, particularly Indian railways standards, IRS Bridge Rules , IRS Code of Practice for design of substructures and foundations of Bridges. Vidya Bharti | Kapil Mandoli | Abhay Kumar Jha "Design & Analysis of Pre Cast Box Segment using Limit State Method Manually and Staadpro" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52702.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52702/design-and-analysis-of-pre-cast-box-segment-using-limit-state-method-manually-and-staadpro/vidya-bharti
Design and Analysis of Pre Stressed I Girders by Midas Civil Softwareijtsrd
Today the construction of bridges has gained worldwide importance. Bridges are an important feature of all road networks and the use of pre stressed bridges is increasingly popular in the construction of bridges due to their better stability, service friendliness, economy and durability, beauty and appearance of the building. Reinforced concrete construction, steel or steel construction using composite construction. In the case of high spaces, reinforced concrete construction makes no money due to the large space. cross section is used more effectively than cross section of reinforced concrete. Prefabricated concrete is used for long bridges with a length of more than 10 meters. Typically, when bridges are calculated, the superstructure and substructure are analyzed separately. The supernatural structure is usually a grid made of large strips, a shortcut membrane and a desk slab. vertical grid Columns of large girders with anchors. The superstructure is tested according to IRC 62014 and according to IRC 182000 with unimaginable gravity loads and loads of moving vehicles. Reduced stress and deviation rates compared to a straightforward tender profile. Rishabh Singh | A. K. Jha | R. S. Parihar "Design and Analysis of Pre-Stressed I-Girders by Midas Civil Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50694.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50694/design-and-analysis-of-prestressed-igirders-by-midas-civil-software/rishabh-singh
A Review Paper on Analysis and Design of Precast Box Culvert BridgeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on the analysis and design of precast box culvert bridges. It begins with an abstract stating that box culverts are monolithic structures used to bridge roads and waterways. The document then reviews different types of IRC live load considerations for design, including Class 70R, Class A, and Class B loads. It discusses design considerations for box culverts like earth pressure effects, cushion depth, and structural elements to withstand bending moments and shear stresses. The methodology section outlines the steps used in modeling and analyzing a box culvert in STAAD Pro software. It also compares results for monolithically cast and separately cast top slabs. The conclusion states that box culverts are a robust, rigid
Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures using SAP 2000ijtsrd
In this work, a comparison of two different bridge types—the deck type and the pre stressed deck type—using finite element analysis in SAP 2000 is complete, taking into account the same loading class 70 R according to I.R.C. loading. Using S.O.R. C.P.W.D. 2014, we will also prepare a price analysis of both structures during this investigation. When connecting to short distances, this type of bridge is more preferred. Therefore, its important to upgrade the analysis and styling techniques.In this work, an attempt is made to compare the maximum bending moment caused by the super load on a girder and slab bridge. An equivalent bridge is analysed as a three dimensional model in finite element software such as SAP2000, apply an equivalent loading finished conventional methods, and compare the results. The finite element model yields the maximum bending moment. Lekha Malviya | Dr. A. K. Jha | Dr. R. S. Parihar "Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures using SAP 2000" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51773.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/51773/design-and-analysis-of-a-girder-bridge-for-highway-structures-using-sap-2000/lekha-malviya
Comparative Analysis and Design of Voided Slab and RCC I Girder with Solid Sl...ijtsrd
This thesis is basically based on the comparison of the use of voided slab, RCC Solid slab and RCC Girder. In this study analysis and cost comparison of RCC Solid slab deck, RCC Voided slab deck and RCC Girder is done for superstructure spanning 20 m length. Solid slabs having greater span are uneconomical due to heavy dead load of concrete. To make it economical longitudinal beams are provided for spans greater than 10.0 m. Reinforced Concrete Girder is generally adopted for a fly over or road bridge, but in case of a river bridge with submersible superstructure, the longitudinal beams creates obstruction to the flow of water and results in additional stresses in cross direction on beams. To reduce the self weight of concrete without sacrificing its flexural strength, in solid slab voids are incorporated in concrete section. This technic offers many advantages over a conventional solid concrete slab like reduced material use, lower total cost of construction, and increased structural efficiency. This report also shows that the dead load of bridge superstructure can be reduced by providing voids in concrete where it is unnecessarily provided. Presence of voids within the concrete structure makes analysis of structure very complicated. The analysis of RCC Solid slab, RCC Girder and RCC voided slab deck for various loads as specified in IRC is done using staad pro software for span length of 20 m and width of 15.10 m. The analysis illustrates the behavior of bending moments, Shear Force, displacements, reactions for various load conditions. It is concluded that use of voided slab is more feasible for 20 m length and 15.10 m width. It is also economical as compared to solid slab and Reinforced concrete Girder. Kunal Songra | M. C. Paliwal "Comparative Analysis and Design of Voided Slab and RCC I Girder with Solid Slab in Bridge Structure" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47679.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47679/comparative-analysis-and-design-of-voided-slab-and-rcc-i-girder-with-solid-slab-in-bridge-structure/kunal-songra
Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures Using Sap 2000ijtsrd
In this study, a comparative study supported two differing types of bridges i.e. Deck type and Pre stressed deck type using finite element analysis in SAP 2000 is ready , considering same loading class 70 R as per I.R.C. loading. During this study well also prepare a price analysis of both the structures using S.O.R. C.P.W.D. 2014. This sort of bridges is more preferred when it involves connectivity to short distances. So, its necessary to update the analysis and style methods. Here, during this paper, theres an effort to review the comparison of maximum bending moment thanks to super load during a girder and slab bridge an equivalent bridge is analyzed as a three dimensional model in finite element software as SAP2000, apply an equivalent loading finished conventional methods and compared the results. The utmost bending moment results obtained from finite element model. Nitin Singh Raghuwanshi | Abhay Kumar Jha | Barun Kumar "Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures Using Sap 2000" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47575.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47575/design-and-analysis-of-a-girder-bridge-for-highway-structures-using-sap-2000/nitin-singh-raghuwanshi
Analysis of PSC Bridge for Highway Structures using Softwareijtsrd
Bridge is most useful structure for highway Structures and River and Canal structures in without any obstruction of water, traffic is flow out on structures. In Bridge structures many sort of vehicles like little vehicles, light vehicles and substantial vehicles are streaming in inevitably, so primary idea of bridge is the manner by which to end up a safe under different kinds of stacking state of vehicles in a single bearing. By and large the vehicles are stream in structure, the heap of vehicles are Both side scatter in 45 degree from edge of feel burnt out on vehicle in both longitudinal and parallel bearings implies ranges heading and length of Structure headings. So this scattering of load is specifically influenced to best of bridge Deck section and after that longitudinal support and in addition cross brace. After that the long individual from bridge superstructure like brace is transported the heap towards the substructure of Bridge and afterward establishment to soil. The plan of superstructure is by and large utilized with RCC, however nowa days in length range individual from Bridge utilizing with PSC, forget significantly more preferred standpoint and security of Structure. Nitin Singh Raghuwanshi | Abhay Kumar Jha | Barun Kumar "Analysis of PSC Bridge for Highway Structures using Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47576.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47576/analysis-of-psc-bridge-for-highway-structures-using-software/nitin-singh-raghuwanshi
Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Solid Slab Bridgeijtsrd
Structural planning and analysis is an art and science of designing with economy, elegance and sturdiness. Structural designing requires an in depth structural analysis on which the planning is predicted, to compete within the ever competitive market, the use of software can save many man hours and efforts in structural analysis and an effort was made in the present study to achieve this objective. The purpose of this study is to analyze and design the solid deck slab bridge by STAAD Pro and manual method under different loading conditions. And also, the analysis results in term of shear, bending moment, axial force and deflection were checked by STAAD Pro which is passes through many different load combinations. The maximum design moments resulting from the combinations of various loading cases.part 1 The study deals with the planning and analysis of Solid Deck Slab using Staad Pro software. In this study solid deck slab having 8.2 m long span and the thickness of slab 0.65 m and the slab is simply supported. The drafting and detailing work was completed using AutoCAD software and thereafter the entire design work was completed using “Staad Pro v8i ss6â€.Part 2 Manual analysis of load is compared preferably with the results of software and thus its concluded that Staad Pro is suitable tool that may save considerable time and gives sufficiently accurate results.Part 3 Comparison of Manual Calculation and also the analysis results in term of shear, bending moment, axial force and deflection were checked by STAAD Pro which is passes through many different load combinations. The maximum design moments resulting from the combinations of various loading cases. Singh Shubham Yashwant | A. K. Jha | R. S. Parihar "Analysis & Design of Reinforced Concrete Solid Slab Bridge" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50691.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50691/analysis-and-design-of-reinforced-concrete-solid-slab-bridge/singh-shubham-yashwant
Design and Analysis of Pre Cast Box Segment using Limit State Method Manually...ijtsrd
A level crossing or a grade crossing is a place where a railway line and a road intersect each other at the same level. In the Urban areas generally the level crossings are monitored by qualified railway staffs that monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to traffic jam in roads, causes loss of time to the road users and in some cases also leads to an accident. The best alternatives to eliminate the level crossing are Road under Bridge RUB and Road over Bridge ROB . There are 3 main methods of construction of road under bridge. Box pushing technique, Cut and cover method, rolling technique using RH girder. In this paper a design of Road under Bridge or Subway by Box Pushing Method is presented. The design is carried out as per Indian standards, particularly Indian railways standards, IRS Bridge Rules , IRS Code of Practice for design of substructures and foundations of Bridges. Vidya Bharti | Kapil Mandoli | Abhay Kumar Jha "Design & Analysis of Pre Cast Box Segment using Limit State Method Manually and Staadpro" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52702.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52702/design-and-analysis-of-pre-cast-box-segment-using-limit-state-method-manually-and-staadpro/vidya-bharti
Design and Analysis of Pre Stressed I Girders by Midas Civil Softwareijtsrd
Today the construction of bridges has gained worldwide importance. Bridges are an important feature of all road networks and the use of pre stressed bridges is increasingly popular in the construction of bridges due to their better stability, service friendliness, economy and durability, beauty and appearance of the building. Reinforced concrete construction, steel or steel construction using composite construction. In the case of high spaces, reinforced concrete construction makes no money due to the large space. cross section is used more effectively than cross section of reinforced concrete. Prefabricated concrete is used for long bridges with a length of more than 10 meters. Typically, when bridges are calculated, the superstructure and substructure are analyzed separately. The supernatural structure is usually a grid made of large strips, a shortcut membrane and a desk slab. vertical grid Columns of large girders with anchors. The superstructure is tested according to IRC 62014 and according to IRC 182000 with unimaginable gravity loads and loads of moving vehicles. Reduced stress and deviation rates compared to a straightforward tender profile. Rishabh Singh | A. K. Jha | R. S. Parihar "Design and Analysis of Pre-Stressed I-Girders by Midas Civil Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50694.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50694/design-and-analysis-of-prestressed-igirders-by-midas-civil-software/rishabh-singh
A Review Paper on Analysis and Design of Precast Box Culvert BridgeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on the analysis and design of precast box culvert bridges. It begins with an abstract stating that box culverts are monolithic structures used to bridge roads and waterways. The document then reviews different types of IRC live load considerations for design, including Class 70R, Class A, and Class B loads. It discusses design considerations for box culverts like earth pressure effects, cushion depth, and structural elements to withstand bending moments and shear stresses. The methodology section outlines the steps used in modeling and analyzing a box culvert in STAAD Pro software. It also compares results for monolithically cast and separately cast top slabs. The conclusion states that box culverts are a robust, rigid
Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures using SAP 2000ijtsrd
In this work, a comparison of two different bridge types—the deck type and the pre stressed deck type—using finite element analysis in SAP 2000 is complete, taking into account the same loading class 70 R according to I.R.C. loading. Using S.O.R. C.P.W.D. 2014, we will also prepare a price analysis of both structures during this investigation. When connecting to short distances, this type of bridge is more preferred. Therefore, its important to upgrade the analysis and styling techniques.In this work, an attempt is made to compare the maximum bending moment caused by the super load on a girder and slab bridge. An equivalent bridge is analysed as a three dimensional model in finite element software such as SAP2000, apply an equivalent loading finished conventional methods, and compare the results. The finite element model yields the maximum bending moment. Lekha Malviya | Dr. A. K. Jha | Dr. R. S. Parihar "Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures using SAP 2000" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51773.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/51773/design-and-analysis-of-a-girder-bridge-for-highway-structures-using-sap-2000/lekha-malviya
Comparative Analysis and Design of Voided Slab and RCC I Girder with Solid Sl...ijtsrd
This thesis is basically based on the comparison of the use of voided slab, RCC Solid slab and RCC Girder. In this study analysis and cost comparison of RCC Solid slab deck, RCC Voided slab deck and RCC Girder is done for superstructure spanning 20 m length. Solid slabs having greater span are uneconomical due to heavy dead load of concrete. To make it economical longitudinal beams are provided for spans greater than 10.0 m. Reinforced Concrete Girder is generally adopted for a fly over or road bridge, but in case of a river bridge with submersible superstructure, the longitudinal beams creates obstruction to the flow of water and results in additional stresses in cross direction on beams. To reduce the self weight of concrete without sacrificing its flexural strength, in solid slab voids are incorporated in concrete section. This technic offers many advantages over a conventional solid concrete slab like reduced material use, lower total cost of construction, and increased structural efficiency. This report also shows that the dead load of bridge superstructure can be reduced by providing voids in concrete where it is unnecessarily provided. Presence of voids within the concrete structure makes analysis of structure very complicated. The analysis of RCC Solid slab, RCC Girder and RCC voided slab deck for various loads as specified in IRC is done using staad pro software for span length of 20 m and width of 15.10 m. The analysis illustrates the behavior of bending moments, Shear Force, displacements, reactions for various load conditions. It is concluded that use of voided slab is more feasible for 20 m length and 15.10 m width. It is also economical as compared to solid slab and Reinforced concrete Girder. Kunal Songra | M. C. Paliwal "Comparative Analysis and Design of Voided Slab and RCC I Girder with Solid Slab in Bridge Structure" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47679.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47679/comparative-analysis-and-design-of-voided-slab-and-rcc-i-girder-with-solid-slab-in-bridge-structure/kunal-songra
Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures Using Sap 2000ijtsrd
In this study, a comparative study supported two differing types of bridges i.e. Deck type and Pre stressed deck type using finite element analysis in SAP 2000 is ready , considering same loading class 70 R as per I.R.C. loading. During this study well also prepare a price analysis of both the structures using S.O.R. C.P.W.D. 2014. This sort of bridges is more preferred when it involves connectivity to short distances. So, its necessary to update the analysis and style methods. Here, during this paper, theres an effort to review the comparison of maximum bending moment thanks to super load during a girder and slab bridge an equivalent bridge is analyzed as a three dimensional model in finite element software as SAP2000, apply an equivalent loading finished conventional methods and compared the results. The utmost bending moment results obtained from finite element model. Nitin Singh Raghuwanshi | Abhay Kumar Jha | Barun Kumar "Design and Analysis of a Girder Bridge for Highway Structures Using Sap 2000" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47575.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47575/design-and-analysis-of-a-girder-bridge-for-highway-structures-using-sap-2000/nitin-singh-raghuwanshi
Analysis of PSC Bridge for Highway Structures using Softwareijtsrd
Bridge is most useful structure for highway Structures and River and Canal structures in without any obstruction of water, traffic is flow out on structures. In Bridge structures many sort of vehicles like little vehicles, light vehicles and substantial vehicles are streaming in inevitably, so primary idea of bridge is the manner by which to end up a safe under different kinds of stacking state of vehicles in a single bearing. By and large the vehicles are stream in structure, the heap of vehicles are Both side scatter in 45 degree from edge of feel burnt out on vehicle in both longitudinal and parallel bearings implies ranges heading and length of Structure headings. So this scattering of load is specifically influenced to best of bridge Deck section and after that longitudinal support and in addition cross brace. After that the long individual from bridge superstructure like brace is transported the heap towards the substructure of Bridge and afterward establishment to soil. The plan of superstructure is by and large utilized with RCC, however nowa days in length range individual from Bridge utilizing with PSC, forget significantly more preferred standpoint and security of Structure. Nitin Singh Raghuwanshi | Abhay Kumar Jha | Barun Kumar "Analysis of PSC Bridge for Highway Structures using Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47576.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47576/analysis-of-psc-bridge-for-highway-structures-using-software/nitin-singh-raghuwanshi
Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Solid Slab Bridgeijtsrd
Structural planning and analysis is an art and science of designing with economy, elegance and sturdiness. Structural designing requires an in depth structural analysis on which the planning is predicted, to compete within the ever competitive market, the use of software can save many man hours and efforts in structural analysis and an effort was made in the present study to achieve this objective. The purpose of this study is to analyze and design the solid deck slab bridge by STAAD Pro and manual method under different loading conditions. And also, the analysis results in term of shear, bending moment, axial force and deflection were checked by STAAD Pro which is passes through many different load combinations. The maximum design moments resulting from the combinations of various loading cases.part 1 The study deals with the planning and analysis of Solid Deck Slab using Staad Pro software. In this study solid deck slab having 8.2 m long span and the thickness of slab 0.65 m and the slab is simply supported. The drafting and detailing work was completed using AutoCAD software and thereafter the entire design work was completed using “Staad Pro v8i ss6â€.Part 2 Manual analysis of load is compared preferably with the results of software and thus its concluded that Staad Pro is suitable tool that may save considerable time and gives sufficiently accurate results.Part 3 Comparison of Manual Calculation and also the analysis results in term of shear, bending moment, axial force and deflection were checked by STAAD Pro which is passes through many different load combinations. The maximum design moments resulting from the combinations of various loading cases. Singh Shubham Yashwant | A. K. Jha | R. S. Parihar "Analysis & Design of Reinforced Concrete Solid Slab Bridge" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50691.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50691/analysis-and-design-of-reinforced-concrete-solid-slab-bridge/singh-shubham-yashwant
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BRIDGE FOUNDATIONScott Donald
This document discusses the analysis and design of bridge foundations using structural engineering software. It begins by describing the importance of properly analyzing and designing bridge substructures. It then details the analysis of a bridge in India using Autodesk InfraWorks to model the structure and Staad Pro to analyze forces in the superstructure. Finally, it outlines the design of pile foundations in Staad Pro for the bridge based on relevant codes of practice. The document demonstrates how engineering software can help efficiently analyze and design complex bridge substructures.
Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Girder for Bridgesijtsrd
Today bridge building has gained worldwide importance. Bridges are the key elements in every road network and the use of pre stressed girder bridges is becoming more and more popular in bridge construction due to their better stability, service friendliness, economy and durability, aesthetic and structural appearance. Typically reinforced concrete construction, steel construction or steel composite construction is used. In the case of high spans, reinforced concrete construction is uneconomical due to the larger span. , the cross section is used more efficiently than the reinforced concrete cross section. Pre stressed concrete is used for long span bridges with a span of more than 10 m. Conventionally, when calculating bridges, the superstructure and substructure are analyzed separately. The superstructure is usually a grid made up of main girders, transverse membranes and a deck slab. a grid of linear elements The columns of the main girders are anchored. The superstructure is examined according to IRC 62014 and according to IRC 182000 for unconsidered gravitational loads and moving vehicle loads. Reduction of the stress level and also of the deflection compared to the straight tendon profile. Avinash Kumar Vidyarthi | Dr. P. K. Singhai | Rohit Sahu "Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Girder for Bridges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46362.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46362/analysis-of-prestressed-concrete-girder-for-bridges/avinash-kumar-vidyarthi
IRJET- Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Girder for BridgesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis of prestressed concrete girders used in bridge construction using MIDAS CIVIL software. It begins with an introduction to prestressed concrete and its advantages over reinforced concrete for long span bridges. The objectives are listed as analyzing prestressed concrete girders in MIDAS CIVIL, comparing straight and parabolic tendon profiles, and investigating the effects of eccentricity, prestressing force, and tendon profile on structural properties. Relevant codes and standards for loads, design, shear capacity, reinforcement, and end blocks are also summarized.
Retrofitting of Bridge with Voided Slab to raise the Deck LevelIRJET Journal
The document discusses retrofitting an existing bridge by casting a voided slab over the existing deck slab. A voided slab is lighter than a solid slab and can reduce the self-weight and cost of the structure. Polystyrene boxes are placed on the deck slab and filled with concrete to form voids above. This allows increasing the road level without overloading the bridge girders. The voided slab is modeled in STAAD Pro to analyze bending moments and check the design is adequate. The voided slab reduces the weight and cost of construction compared to a solid slab.
PLANNING DESIGNING AND ANALYSIS OF FLYOVEER BY USING STAAD PROIRJET Journal
This document discusses the planning, design, and analysis of a flyover using STAAD Pro software. It begins with an abstract that explains the purpose is to design a flyover at a junction in India to reduce traffic jams and accidents. It will design and analyze the flyover using STAAD Pro to study forces and displacements considering loads from codes. The document then provides details of the components of a flyover and explains the proposed system. It describes using STAAD Pro to model the flyover, apply loads from codes, and analyze results for bending moment, shear force, and displacements. The design of the longitudinal girders is then presented for Class A and Class AA loadings and reactions, bending
IRJET- A Review on Comparative Study between Girder Bridge and Extradosed...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and compares girder bridges and extradosed bridges. It first provides background on extradosed bridges, noting they are a hybrid of girder and cable-stayed bridges. The structural behavior of extradosed bridges differs from cable-stayed bridges. It then describes common girder bridge types like plate girder, box girder, I-beam, and T-beam bridges. The document reviews literature on bridge modeling and analysis, including a study comparing the response of extradosed and cable-stayed bridge decks. It concludes that extradosed bridges have lower towers, simpler cable anchoring, and lower construction costs than cable-stayed bridges, making them a competitive alternative when height
Sustainable Solution for Shoring Method of Cross-Creek Bridge in Ankeng MRT S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the Ankeng Light Rail MRT system (ALRMS) project, the U7 box girder passes crossing the Erbads creek and needs a temporary supporting system for the construction work. In this study, three temporary shoring system options were proposed to be the construction method. The D-B Contractor, New Asia construction and Development Corporation, evaluated and selected the optimal choice, The Steel truss frame with supporting beams, to serve as the temporary supporting system. Compare the deflection of Δmax and Δactual, which are 1.609 cm and 1.59 cm, respectively. This result presented that the shoring system composed of the H912*302*18*37 supporting beams and steel truss frame had achieved outstanding performance and work to construct the U7 box girder. This paper presents how the three options are evaluated and the detailed construction processes along with the survey verification for the method.
Analysis of Deck Bridge with Pre Stress Deck Bridge under IRC Loading Conditi...ijtsrd
A bridge deck is the portion of a bridge that acts as the roadway in the support of vehicular or pedestrian traffic. While deck parts like trusses, girders, rails, arches, posts and cantilevers assume a number of forms and types, there are relatively few bridge deck types given the utilitarian nature of the component. Deck types are defined by the materials from which they are made and the manner in which those materials are fit together. Yogesh Kanathe | Nitesh Kushwaha "Analysis of Deck Bridge with Pre-Stress Deck Bridge under IRC Loading Conditions a Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29636.pdf
https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29636/analysis-of-deck-bridge-with-pre-stress-deck-bridge-under-irc-loading-conditions-a-review/yogesh-kanathe
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The document discusses cracks in reinforced concrete bridge piers and abutments. It first provides background on the causes of cracking, including applied loads, restraint from volume changes, and drying shrinkage. It then presents a case study of a bridge exhibiting cracks in the abutments and approaches. The cracks are thought to be caused by movement of the abutments due to issues with surrounding soils. The document outlines various remedial measures that could address abutment movement and cracking, such as soil grouting, concrete jacketing, and epoxy injection. It concludes that abutment movement must be addressed to prevent further deterioration of the bridge structure.
This document analyzes the effect of skew on stress resultants in T-beam bridges under various Indian Road Congress (IRC) loading conditions. T-beam bridge models with spans of 14m and varying skew angles from 0-45 degrees were modeled and analyzed using CSi Bridge software. The results show that bending moment, shear force, and torsion increase with higher skew angles and heavier loadings. Specifically, IRC AA tracked loading produces 10-15% higher bending moments than IRC 70R loading. IRC AA tracked and wheeled loadings also produce significantly different stress responses, with up to 40% variation. The analysis provides guidance on the behavior of skewed T-beam bridges under IRC standard loadings.
Comparative Analysis of Box Culvert with Cushion and Without Cushion Usign St...ijtsrd
Bridges are essential for the efficient movement of trains and locomotives, as well as for crossing water courses such as streams across embankments as roads are not allowed to obstruct the natural flow of water. Culverts provide balance to the water flow on both sides of the road, as well as protecting and balancing the embankment in order to reduce flooding. Different types of bridges exist, such as arch, slab, and box. Masonry brick, stone, etc. or reinforced cement concrete can be used to build them. The bridges pass through the embankment and are therefore subject to the same traffic loads that the road carries, so they must be designed accordingly. Depending on where the bridge is located, the cushion will vary. Structures must be designed to take into account the loads empty, full, surcharge, etc. along with factors such as live loads, width, force of braking, load dispersion within the fill, impact factor, and earth pressure. Referrals are required for relevant IRCs. It is necessary to design structural elements that can withstand maximum bending moment and shear force. The culvert crosses over the earthen embankment, so it is subject to the same traffic load as the roads as a result, it has to be designed for such loads acting on the culvert surface. Shweta Singh Baghel | Kapil Mandaloi "Comparative Analysis of Box Culvert with Cushion and Without Cushion Usign Staad-Pro" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47678.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47678/comparative-analysis-of-box-culvert-with-cushion-and-without-cushion-usign-staadpro/shweta-singh-baghel
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Structural planning and analysis is an art and science of designing with economy, elegance and sturdiness. Structural designing requires an in depth structural analysis on which the planning is predicted, to compete within the ever competitive market, The use of software can save many man hours and efforts in structural analysis and an effort was made in the present study to achieve this objective. The purpose of this study is to analyze and design the solid deck slab bridge by STAAD Pro and manual method under different loading conditions. And also the analysis results in term of shear, bending moment, axial force and deflection were checked by STAAD Pro which is passes through many different load combinations. The maximum design moments resulting from the combinations of various loading cases.part 1 The study deals with the planning and analysis of Solid Deck Slab using Staad Pro software. In this study solid deck slab having 8.2 m long span and the thickness of slab 0.65 m and the slab is simply supported. The drafting and detailing work was completed using AutoCAD software and thereafter the entire design work was completed using “Staad Pro v8i ss6. Pooja Kumre | Abhay Kumar Jha | Barun Kumar "Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Solid Slab Bridge" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47524.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47524/analysis-and-design-of-reinforced-concrete-solid-slab-bridge/pooja-kumre
Procedure and construction of road under bridge by box pushing methodeSAT Journals
Abstract The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing are generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track. There are 3 main methods in construction of road under bridge. Box pushing method, Cut and cover method, Rolling technique using RH girder. In this we discuss about the implements, soil friction, effects required, capacity of jacks and there uses, skew angles and at square angles. Keywords: Road Under Bridge, Level Crossing, Box Pushing Method and RUB etc
IRJET- Parametric Study of RC Deck Slab Bridge with Varying Thickness: A Conc...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research by various authors on the parametric study and analysis of reinforced concrete deck slab bridges with varying thickness. It discusses research analyzing the behavior of T-beam bridges under different loadings and spans. The document reviews studies on integral bridges, box girder bridges, and the effects of parameters like skew angle, span length, and number of girders on bridge behavior. It identifies gaps in existing research and the need for further studies on the economic and safe design of bridges.
Fast construction of bridges using precast concrete elements provides benefits to both owner agencies and contractors. For owners, it reduces the duration of work zones, lowering traffic handling costs and accident risks while causing less inconvenience to the public. Contractors benefit from reduced hazards, the ability to accomplish more work in less time with fewer weather delays, and lower costs. Examples are given of bridges constructed rapidly using precast concrete piles, pile caps, piers, abutments, beams, and other elements.
As catastrophic bridge collapse accidents not only cause significant loss of property, but also have a severe social impact. Therefore, the structural health monitoring of bridges for damage detection by vibration analysis gets more attention. Reinforced concrete bridges are the most common and extended structures present in the worldwide. These structures are often characterized by Piers, Abutments, deck slabs. This paper looks on the work of modelling and analysis of bridge in STAAD.Pro software, and the specific bridge model is taken of a particular span. It is subjected to vary Young’s modulus (E) in the mid span of bridge deck slab to induce damage in order to obtain maximum bending moment, as the structural strength reduces. From the analysis Mu/bd2 values from SP 16 code is used to identify the damage on the bridge deck slab, then natural frequency of the bridge, mode shapes, variation of the deflection and node displacements of bridge deck slab under the action of static and dynamic load at different aspect ratios with original design parameters and at failure is carried out in this project.
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Structural Design and Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete StructureIJERA Editor
Effective rehabilitation scheme for failed structure demands methodical analysis of various
causes of failure and intended service loads and other functional details, The actual study under deliberation is
the best example of rehabilitation Structural element – Basement RCC raft, failed to sustain uplift due to ground
water table. This paper dealt with the rehabilitation of basement RCC raft foundation considering various design
aspects like uplift due to ground water table, sub-soil properties and restriction on depth of raft to suffice
available headroom for intended use.
IRJET- Study & Improvement of Design and Construction Methodology of Precast ...IRJET Journal
The document studies the design and construction methodology of precast concrete segmental box culverts. It analyzes 6 alternative design modules for single and double box cells using different end conditions. Finite element analysis is conducted to determine the optimal section dimensions that result in minimum bending moments, shear forces, and principal stresses. Transportation cost is found to be lowest for a double box cell design with hinge joints at the top and bottom.
Analysis and Design of Pre Cast Box for Road under Bridge and Road Over Bridg...ijtsrd
A level crossing or a grade crossing is a place where railroad line and a street meet each other at a similar level. In the Urban regions for the most part the level intersections are checked by qualified railroad staffs that screen the train development and close the level intersection door to stop the meddling street traffic yet such shutting of entryways prompts gridlock in streets, makes loss of time the street clients and now and again likewise prompts a mishap. The best choices to kill the level going across are Road under Bridge RUB and Road over Bridge ROB . There are 3 fundamental strategies for development of street under scaffold. Box pushing strategy, Cut and spread strategy, moving method utilizing RH brace. In this paper a plan of Road under Bridge or Subway by Box Pushing Method is introduced. During that time, traffic is continuing overhead typically, ignorant of the development beneath. The no problematic nature of the cycle along with its inalienable wellbeing, effortlessness and economy make box pushing a valuable apparatus for the rehearsing structural designer. This paper means to carry a more noteworthy experience with the crate pushing cycle to the peruser and afterward give a few contemplations and rules to help engineers in planning an undertaking that can be assembled utilizing the container pushing strategy. Box pushing is a settled methods for designing ducts or passages under rail banks or streams to oblige street or rail traffic. Oriz Khan | Prof. Kapil Mandloi "Analysis and Design of Pre Cast Box for Road under Bridge and Road Over Bridge by using Staad Pro" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35762.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/35762/analysis-and-design-of-pre-cast-box-for-road-under-bridge-and-road-over-bridge-by-using-staad-pro/oriz-khan
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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This document summarizes research by various authors on the parametric study and analysis of reinforced concrete deck slab bridges with varying thickness. It discusses research analyzing the behavior of T-beam bridges under different loadings and spans. The document reviews studies on integral bridges, box girder bridges, and the effects of parameters like skew angle, span length, and number of girders on bridge behavior. It identifies gaps in existing research and the need for further studies on the economic and safe design of bridges.
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
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2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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A. Road over Bridges (ROB’s) - Road over bridge are constructed to continue the roadway in the
presence of obstruction like railway tracks, valleys, rivers etc. to provide passage over the obstructions.
They are preferred when there is no other option of a vehicular pathway over the obstructions.
Figure 1.1 over Bridge
B. Road under Bridges (ROB’s) - A bridge that allows traffic to pass under a road, river,railway etc.
Figure 1.2 under Bridge
As the cities are well established, the land acquirement for construction of ROB is difficult and sometimes
not possible, so under such conditions engineers go for RUB’s. There are three main methods for
construction of road under bridge: Box pushing method, rolling technique using RH girder and cut & cover
method.
C. Box pushing method - In Box pushing method pre cast Box segments are used and pushedthrough the
heavy embankments of rail or road by Hydraulic Jacks and process is called Jacking. The required
thrust is generated through thrust bed and the line & level of precast boxes are also controlled by thrust
bed.
Figure 1.3 Box pushing technique
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D. Rolling technique using RH girder - This
technique is similar to cut and cover method
except in the sense that RH girder is inserted
because of less duration of availability of traffic
block and the boxes are inserted under running
traffic.
E. Cut and Cover method - In cut and cover
method, the structure is built inside an
excavation and covered over with backfill
material when construction of the structure is
completed. Cut and cover construction is used
when the tunnel profile is shallow and the
excavation from the surface is possible,
economical, and acceptable.
In this report a detailed analysis and design of RCC
Box, Thrust bed for RUB through an embankment
of a rail line is given.
1.2. TERMINOLOGY
A. Thrust Bed
The thrust bed mainly consists of thrust wall, thrust
bed with pin pockets on bed, keys for additional
resistance. The basic feature of the thrust bed is to
provide necessary resistance needed for the jacking
operation. For this purpose, a well-designed RCC
slab will beconstructed outside the bridge with its
top level being kept exactly at the proposed bottom
level of the RCC box.
B. Front Shield
It is a MS Plate which is made up of mild steel
material and used in the site for cutting the soil
surface under the railway track. It has cutting edges
in the front which helps to cut the soil and move the
box segment easily.
C. Rear Shield
It is made up of mild steel will be fixed on rear end
of the first unit of the box. This is connected to the
back side of the RCC box segment which helps the
box to move properly without and tilting under the
railway track.
D. Drag Sheets / Epoxy Coating
Drag sheets are provided at the top of box if
required or the top of the box is coated with epoxy
coating to reduce the friction between the box and
the soil.
E. Plumb Bob
This is a process to know that the box is moving in
the correct position or not. Axis lines are drawn on
the box slab which gives the information of box
moment.
F. Piston
It is a cylindrical machine which is used to push the
constructed box to its position in road under bridge.
The pressure which is applied to push the box is of
400kN to 600KN.
G. Pockets
Pockets are holes which are made at the
construction site and filled with red sand of 70cm
height before covering up with concrete. Pockets
are used for marking at the construction siteafter
RCC work.
1.3. TYPE OF LOADS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS
In designing of structure the two major factors
should be kept in mind i.e. economy and safety. If
the load is overestimated than the structure will be
uneconomical whereas if the load is underestimated
the safety of structure will be compromised. Hence
the calculation of load and their combination should
be done very precisely. The total loads acting on the
box are determined and the resulting bending
moments, shear forces and axial forces actingon the
box are calculated for each combination of loads
and then it is designed for the most adverse
combination of loads.
Various loads acting on a structure are given below:
1. Dead loads
2. Live loads
3. Dynamic effects
4. Longitudinal force
5. Earth pressure
6. Surcharge pressure
The various load combination used in analysis and
design of structure are as follows:
1. Dead Load + Earth pressure + Dead load
surcharge
DL + 1.7 EP + 1.7 DLS
2. Combination 1 + Live load intensity of BM +
Live loadsurcharge
DL + 1.7 EP + 1.7 DLS + 1.75 LLbm + 1.7LLS
3. Combination 1 + Live load intensity of BM +
Live load surcharge + longitudinalforce
DL + 1.7 EP + 1.7 DLS + 1.75 LLbm + 1.7
LLS + 1.75 LF
4. Combination 1 + Live load intensity of SF +
Live loadsurcharge
DL + 1.7 EP + 1.7 DLS + 1.75 LLsf + 1.7 LLS
5. Combination 1 + Live load intensity of SF +
Live load surcharge + longitudinal force
DL + 1.7 EP + 1.7 DLS + 1.75 LLsf + 1.7 LLS
+ 1.75LF
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
GENERAL
Box pushing technique is most widely used because
of its various advantages over the other
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conventional methods i.e. cut and cover method and
rolling technique using RH girder, box pushing
technique is easy and convenient to construct in an
active junction of rail and road over conventional
methods. In Box pushing technique, pre cast
R.C.C. box segments areused and pushed through
the heavy embankments of Rail or Road by
Jacking. The required thrust is generated through
thrust bed, as well as the line and level of precast
boxes is also controlled by the thrust bed. This
underpass RCC Bridge is pushed into embankment
by means of hydraulic jacks which is detailed
explained in this report, since the availability of
land in the city is less, such type of bridge utilizes
less space for its construction. Hence constructing
Underpass Bridge by Box pushing technique is a
better option where there is a constraint of space or
Land.
Mahto D et al. (2018) A Review on Bridge
Construction Technology: This paper describes the
details about the bridge construction technology.
This paper also review the existing various types of
bridges with the history of worldwide bridges and
their classification based on materials used in the
performance.
K. Asudullah Khan (2017) the study of problems
involved during execution of Railwayunder bridge
using box pushing technique and its remedies: This
paper gives attention towardsproblems that arises
during execution of RUB using box pushing
techniqueand itsremedies.Italso explains about the
methodology involving in application in subway
construction.
Manisha D. Bhise et al. (2015) Analysis of push
back Bridge: The design steps of RCC Box
explained in this paper. Design has been examined
by 2D frame with various load combinations and
soil stiffness. Importance of RCC box type
underpass also described.
Mohankar R. H. et al. (2015) Parametric Study
of Underpass Bridge: 3D model of boxbridge
structure has been analyzed in this paper. The
comparison of various conditions for the sheer
force, bending moment, stiffness and other factors
of design have been compared inthis paper.
G. Sampath Kumar (2015) Box pushingtechnique
on Railway under bridge for cross traffic works:
This is a case study of Railway under bridge (RUB)
construction by box pushing technology. The
design of pre-cast box prepared by using STAAD
pro software.
Jha et al, (2015) had done Comparative Study of
RCC Slab Bridge by Working Stress (IRC: 212000)
and Limit State (IRC: 112-2011) and found that the
thickness of slab was 500mm for WSM which was
reduced to 400mm for both carriageways still there
was about 20% saving in amount of concrete and 5-
10% saving in amount of reinforcement for LSM
i.e. LSM was considerably economical design
compared to WSM.
Lingampally Maithri Varun et al. (2015)
Analysis, design and technology that is pushing box
(Bridge): The pushing of RCC Box methodology
has been explained in detail. Tools and supporting
instruments/structures required for box pushing
technology, such as, thrust bed, front shield, rear
shield, pin box, jacks, etc. are also described.
Shivanand and Shreedhar (2015) had done
Comparative Study of Slab Culvert Design using
IRC 112:2011 and IRC 21:2000 and found that in
limit state method of design, the utilizationcapacity
of limiting moment increased with increasing the
span which was up to 65%.
A. Nagaraju and B. Vamsi Krishna (2015)
Analysis, Design and Execution of Cross Traffic
Works Using Box Pushing Technique for Railway
under Bridge: This paper describes the case study
of road widening while crossing through the
Railway track. It explains about the methodology
involve in execution of pushing technique and
detailed arrangement of thrust bed is explained.
Mali et al., (2014) studied some of the design
parameters of box culverts like angle of dispersion
or effective width of Live load, effect of Earth
pressure and depth of Cushion and without
provided on top and bottom slab of box culverts .
They concluded that box with zeroCushion have
low design moments and shear stress as compared
to the box having Cushion. So steel required was
less in the box with no Cushion case as compared to
box with Cushion.
Vinayak Demane et al. (2013) Soil Structure
Interaction of Underpass RCC Bridge: This paper
describes soil structure interaction of RCC box
Underpass Bridge. The study conducted by
comparing the structure in conditions of rigid
support and soil structureinteraction applied to base
and sidewalls.
Dina Mahmoud Mansour et al. (2013) Value
Engineering Analysis in the Construction of Box
Girder Bridges: This paper describe, a model which
is developed to determine the most appropriate box-
girder bridge construction method, using the Value
Engineering concepts, which is used for comparing
the different construction methods for achieving the
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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required basic function after considering the main
significant factors.
C. Lyons et al. (2012) Cardinia Road Railway
Station- Pedestrian Underpass Jacking: This paper
consist the case study of Cordinia Road Station
Pedestrian under pass. The analysis of structural
design construction, construction and planning a
beck analysis of the under pass jacking, analysis of
tolerances are discussed in this paper.
Mohankar R. H. et al. (2012) Analysis of
Underpass RCC Bridge: The design methodology
of under pass bridge analysis is in this paper. The
analysis is done on 2D model of box type structure.
The comparison of 2D frame of RCC Box with soil
stiffness and without soil
stiffness is also compared by the author.
Michael Peter et al. (2011) Railway Foundation
Design Principles: This study describes sub grade
failure under the Railway track and methods to
design safe thickness of safe track bed.This paper
describes various procedures and compares the
thickness of track bed layers proposed by each for a
number of hypothetical situations.
Geoff Casburn et al. (2009) Underpasses for
moving livestock under expressways: Case study of
under pass construction under expressway is
described in this paper. RCC Box culvert tunnel
constructed for crossing of livestock under the
expressways and motorways are used.
B.N. Sinha et al. (2009) had studied box culverts
made of RCC without and with the Cushion. In that
study, design of RCC box culvert was done
manually and by computer method using STAAD
Pro. The structural design involved consideration of
load Cases like box empty, full, surcharge load etc.
and factors like Live load, effective width, impact
force, coefficient of Earth pressure. Relevant IRC
codes were referred in their paper. The designs
were done to withstand maximum bending moment
and shear force. Effective width in Case of box
culvert played an important role without Cushion as
the Live load became the main load on the top slab.
They also told amount of required Steel
Reinforcement confirmed by therequired depth of
section.
A. Mouratidis (2008) the “Cut-and-Cover” and
“Cover and-Cut” Techniques in Highway
Engineering: The use of “Cut & Cover” and“Cover
and Cut” methods are studied in this paper for
construction of underground tunnels or subways. In
this paper, the overview of both the methods is
presented which includes describing main features,
advantages and field applications.
Douglas Allenby et al. (2006) Creating
underground space at shallow depth beneath our
cities using jacked box tunneling. This paper
describes the jack box tunnel method with
example, its use and detailed about the sensitivity.
Jack box tunnel is a method of construction that
enables Engineers to create underground space at
shallow depth in amanner that avoids disruption of
valuable infrastructure and reduces impact on
environment.
3. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION &
OBJECTIVES
3.1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
No detailed study on suitability of materials has been
done in past researches were conducted on different
materials including RCC, prestress foam concrete
however information on techno-economic feasibility
of materials to be used in construct the tunnels and
over-bridges using thebox culverts very rapid and the
cost of construction is less and there is less risk and
pushing technology.
3.2. OBJECTIVES
The aim of present study is to do the complete
analysis and design of Subway at levelcrossing by
box pushing technique. So the objective of present
work is as follows-
1. Detailed analysis of pre-cast box segment
using STAAD Pro.
2. Design of box segment using Limit state
method manually.
3. Design of Thrust bed and thrust wall using
Limit state method manually.
4. Design of shear key using Limit state method
manually.
4. METHODOLOGY
Some standard specifications and guidelines for
analysis of box segment are taken from Bridge
Rules and IRS code.
4.1. BRIDGE RULES
Bridge rules specifying the loads for design of
super-structure and sub-structure of bridges and for
assessment of the strength of existing bridges.
4.1.1. LOADS
For the purpose of computing stresses, the
following items shall, where applicable, be taken
into account:
A. Dead load
B. Live load
C. Dynamic effects
D. Longitudinal force
A. Dead load
Dead load is the weight of the structure itself
together with the permanent loads carried thereon.
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For design of ballasted deck bridges, a ballast
cushion of 400mm for BG and300mm for MG
shall be considered. However, ballasted deck
bridges shall also be checked for a ballast cushion
of 300mm on BG and 250mm on MG
B. Live load
Railway Bridges including combined rail and road
bridges shall be designed for one of the following
standards of railway loading:
For Broad Gauge - 1676mm – “25t Loading-2008”
with a maximum axle loads of 245.2 kN (25.0t) for
the locomotives and a train load of 91.53 kN/m
(9.33t/m) on both sides of the locomotives
(Appendix-XXII)
Note:
1. Provided the Equivalent Uniformly Distributed
Loads of a locomotive with any trailing load
are within the EUDL of the Standard loading
specified, a locomotive with axle loads heavier
than the Standard loading or average trailing
loads heavier than those specified in the
standard, may be considered as falling under
the corresponding standard for the particular
span or spans. In such cases, the actual stresses
are to be limited to the permissible stresses for
the design stress cycles.
2. Diagrams of Standard loading and Equivalent
Uniformly Distributed Loads on each track for
calculating Bending Moment and Shear Force
are shown in the accompanying Appendices
XXII, XXIII & XXIII (a) respectively.
3. The above standard should be adopted for BG
lines for all spans on routes as detailed below:
A. Rebuilding/Strengthening/Rehabilitation of
Bridges for all routes except Dedicated
Freight Corridor (DFC) feeder routes and
25t routes.
B. Rehabilitation/Strengthening of Bridges on
Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) feeder
routes and 25t routes.
In any special case where any loading other
than the standard is proposed, specific ordersof
the Railway Board must be obtained.
4. EUDLs shall be used for simply supported
spans. In case of continuous super-structures
over supports, the Bending Moments and Shear
Forces for design purposes at various sections
shall be computed for loadings shown in
Appendix-XXII.
For analysis and design of the new bridges, the
EUDL approach shall be used. However, exact
analysis for maximum Bending Moment and Shear
Forces can also be carried out with the help of
software "Moving Load" issued by RDSO.
4.1.2. LONGITUDINAL AND LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAILWAY LIVE LOAD
For the design of various types of bridges, the loads as given in the Table below should beconsidered.
Table 4.1 Longitudinal and Lateral Distribution of Railway Live load
S. No. Span and types Loading
1 Simply supported span – ballasted deck.
1.1
Spanning at right angle to the
direction oftraffic for all spans.
A single sleeper load equal to the heaviest axle of relevant
standard ofloading, allowing dispersal asindicated in Clause
2.3.4.2.
1.2 Spanning in the direction of traffic.
1.2.1
Spans up to and including 8m
for cushion up to and including
600mm under the sleeper.
EUDL for Bending Moment and Shearshall be as per values
given in Appendices IV (a), IV (b), IV(c), IV (d), XXIII (a)
and XXVI (a) for the relevant standard of loading.
1.2.2
Spans up to and including 8m
for cushionabove 600mm
under the sleeper.
EUDL for Bending Moment and Shearshall be as per the
values for 600mm cushion given in Appendices IV (a),IV
(b), IV(c), IV (d), XXIII (a) and XXVI (a) for the relevant
standardof loading.
1.2.3
Spans above 8m both for BG
and MG forall cushions.
EUDL for Bending Moment and Shearshall be as per the
values given in Appendices IV, XXIII and XXVI for the
relevant standard of loading.
4.1.3. DISPERSION OF RAILWAY LIVE LOADS SHALL BE AS FOLLOWS:
A. Distribution through sleepers and ballast: The sleeper may be assumed to distribute thelive load
uniformly on top of the ballast over the area of contact given below:
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Table 4.2 Area of contact
Type I Type II
Under each rail seat
BG 2745mm × 254mm 760mm × 330mm
MG 1830mm × 203mm 610mm × 270mm
The load under the sleeper shall be assumed to be dispersed by the fill including ballast at a slope not greater
than half horizontal to one vertical and all deck slabs shall be designed for both types of sleepers.
B. Distribution through R.C. Slab:
When there is effective lateral transmission of
Shear Force, the load may be further distributed in a
direction at right angles to the span of the slab equal
to the following:
i) ¼ span on each side of the loaded area in the
case of simply supported, fixed andcontinuous
spans.
ii) ¼ of loaded length on each side of the loaded
area in the case of cantilever slabs.
Note:
1. In no case shall the load be assumed to be
distributed over a width greater than the total
width of the decking for slabs spanning in the
longitudinal direction and minimum axle
spacing in the case of slabs spanning in
transversedirection.
2. No distribution through the slab may be
assumed in the direction of the span of the slab.
C. The distribution of wheel loads on steel
troughing or beams (steel or wooden) spanning
transversely to the track, and supporting the
rails directly shall be in accordance with
Appendix H of Steel Bridge Code and the
design shall be based on the continuous elastic
support theory.
D. Dynamic effect
4.1.4. RAILWAY BRIDGES (STEEL)
For Broad and Metre Gauge Railway: The
augmentation in load due to dynamic effects should
be considered by adding a load Equivalent to a
Coefficient of Dynamic Augment (CDA) multiplied
by the live load giving the maximum stress in the
member under consideration. The CDA should be
obtained as follows and shall be applicable up to
160 km/h on BG and 100 km/h on MG
For single track spans:
CDA = 0.15 +
Subject to maximum of 1.0 Where L is
A. The loaded length of span in metres for the
position of the train giving the maximum
B. 1.5 times the cross-girder spacing in the case of
stringers (rail bearers)and
C. 2.5 times the cross girder spacing in the case of
cross girders.
D. For main girders of double track spans with 2
girders, CDA as calculated above may be
multiplied by a factor of 0.72 and shall be
subject to a maximum of0.72.
E. For intermediate main girders of multiple track
spans, the CDA as calculated in Clause
2.4.1.1(a) may be multiplied by a factor of 0.6
and shall be subject to a maximum of 0.6.
F. For the outside main girders of multiple track
spans with intermediate girders, CDA shall be
that specified in Clause 2.4.1.1(a) or (b)
whichever applies.
G. For cross girders carrying two or more tracks,
CDA as calculated in Clause 2.4.1.1(a) may be
multiplied by a factor of 0.72 and shall be
subject to a maximum of0.72.
H. Where rails, with ordinary fish-plated joints, are
supported directly on transverse steeltroughing
or steel sleepers, the dynamic augment for
calculating stresses in such troughing or
sleepers shall be taken as
For BG &
For MG
Where B = the spacing of main girders in meters.
The same Coefficient of dynamic augment (CDA)
may be used for calculating the stresses in main
girders up to 7.5m effective span, stringers with
spans up to 7.5m and also chords of triangulated
girders supporting the steel troughing or steel
sleepers.
2.4.1.2 For Narrow Gauge Railways of 762mm and
610mm gauges, the Coefficient of
Dynamic Augment shall be
Where L = the loaded length of the span as defined
in Clause 2.4.1.1 (a).
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4.2. RAILWAY PIPE CULVERTS, ARCH
BRIDGES, CONCRETE SLABS AND
CONCRETE GIRDERS.
For all gauges
A. If the depth of fill is less than 900mm, the
Coefficient of Dynamic Augment shall beequal
to- [2-(d/0.9)] 1/2× CDA as obtained from
Clause 2.4.1.1(a) Where, d = depth of fill in
‘m’.
B. If the depth of fill is 900mm, the Coefficient of
Dynamic Augment shall be half of thatspecified
in clause 2.4.1.1(a) subject to a maximum of
0.5. Where depth of fill exceeds 900mm, the
Coefficient of Dynamic Augment shall be
uniformly decreased tozero within the next 3
meters.
C. In case of concrete girders of span of 25m and
larger, the CDA shall be as specifiedin Clause
2.4.1.1.
Note:
For spans less than 25m, the CDA shall be
computed as per sub-clause (a) or (b) as may be
applicable.
1. The “depth of fill” is the distance from the
underside of the sleeper to the crown of anarch
or the top of a slab or a pipe.
2. The above coefficients are applicable to both
single and multiple track bridges, subject to
Note 3.
3. On multiple track arch bridges of spans
exceeding 15m, 2/3rd of the above coefficient
shall be used.
4. In case of steel girders with ballasted concrete
slab decks, Coefficient of DynamicAugment for
the steel spans should be as specified in Clause
2.4.1.1.
D. Longitudinal Forces
Where a structure carries railway track, provision as
under shall be made for the longitudinal loads
arising from any one or more of the following
causes:
i) The tractive effort of the driving wheels of
locomotives;
ii) the braking force resulting from the application
of the brakes to all braked wheels;
iii) Resistance to the movement of the bearings due
to change of temperature and deformation of
the bridge girder. Roller, PTFE or elastomeric
bearings may preferably be provided to
minimize the longitudinal force arising on this
account.
iv) Forces due to continuation of LWR/CWR over
the bridges (Abeyance till further orders).
Total longitudinal force transferred to sub-structure
through any bearing due to causes mentioned in
Clause 2.8.1 shall not be more than the limiting
resistance at the bearing for the transfer of
longitudinal force.
For RailwayBridges, the value oflongitudinal force
due to either tractive effort or the brakingforce for a
given loaded length shall be obtained from the
Appendices VIII, VIII (a), XXIV and XXVII.
4.3. DISPERSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF
LONGITUDINAL FORCES
In case of bridges having open deck provided with
through welded rails, rail-free fastenings and
adequate anchorage of welded rails on approaches
(by providing adequate density of sleepers, ballast
cushion and its consolidation etc., but without any
switch expansion joints) the dispersion of
longitudinal force through track, away from the
loaded length, may be allowed to the extent of 25%
of the magnitude of longitudinal force and subject
to a minimum of 16t for BG and 12t for MMG or
MGML and 10t for MGBL. This shall also apply to
bridges having open deck with jointed track with
rail-free fastenings or ballasted deck, however
without any switch expansion or mitred joints in
either case. Where suitably designed elastomeric
bearings are provided the aforesaid dispersion may
be increased to 35% of the magnitude of
longitudinal force.
Note:
Length of approach for the above purpose shall be
taken as minimum 30m.
4.4. IRS BRIDGE SUB-STRUCTURE AND
FOUNDATION CODE
Guidelines for Earth pressure is taken from IRS
Bridge sub-structure and foundation code.
1. Earth pressure
All earth retaining structures shall be designed for
the active pressure due to earth fill behind the
structure. The general condition encountered is
illustrated in (Fig.4.1).
Figure 4.1 Active Earth pressure
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The active pressure due to earth fill shall be
calculated by the formula, based on Coulomb’s
theory for active earth pressure given below: -
Pa = ½ wh² Ka
Where:
Pa = Active earth pressure per unit length of wall.
W = Unit weight of soil. h = height of wall.
Ø = angle of internal friction of back fill soil.
δ = angle of friction between wall and earth fill
Where value of δ is not determined by actual tests,
the following values may be assumed.
1. δ = 1/3 ø for concrete structures.
2. δ = 2/3 ø for masonry structures. i = angle
which the earth surface makes with the
horizontal behind the earth retaining structure.
ka = Coefficient of static active earth pressure
condition.
ka
A. The point of application of the active earth
pressure due to earth fill shall be assumed to be
at a point on the earth face of the structure at a
height of h/3 above the section where stresses
are being investigated.
B. The direction of the active earth pressure shall
be assumed to be inclined at an angle δto the
normal to the back face of the structure.
C. The magnitude of active earth pressure can also
be determined graphically by well- known
graphical constructions such as Rebhann’s or
Culmanns constructionparticularly in case of
wing walls, where the profile of earthwork to be
supported is not easily susceptible to
analysis.(Fig.4.2)
D. Figure 4.2 Earth pressure
E. These formulae for active earth pressures are
based on the supposition that backfill behind
the structure is granular and there is effective
drainage. These conditions shall be ensured by
providing filter media and backfill behind the
structure as shown in Fig.2 and as described in
clause 5.7.1 and 5.7.2
F. In testing the stability of section of abutments
below the ground level, 1/3rd of the passive
pressure of the earth in front of the abutment
may be allowed for up to the level below which
the soil is not likely to be scoured.
The passive pressure Pp due to the soil shall be
calculated in accordance with the formula: Pp= ½
Wh²Kp
Where, Pp= Passive earth pressure per unit length
of wall
W = Unit weight of soil
h = height from the base of the wall to the top
surface of the soil.
Kp = Coefficient of static passive earth pressure.
Kp =
A. The point of application of passive earth
pressure due to earth fill shall be assumed to be
at a point on the front face of the abutment at a
height of h/3 above the level where stability is
being tested.
B. The direction of passive earth pressure shall be
assumed to be upwards and inclined atan angle
δ to normal to front face of the abutment.
2. Earth pressure due to surcharge
Earth pressure due to surcharge on account of live
load and dead loads (i.e. track, ballast etc.) shall be
considered as equivalent to loads placed at
formation level and extending uptothe front face of
ballast wall.
3. Earth Pressure Due To Surcharge on
Abutments
The horizontal active earth pressure P due to
surcharge, dead and live loads per unit lengthon
abutment will be worked out for the following two
cases.
Case-1: When depth of the section h is less than(L-
B). Case-2: When depth of the section h is more
than (L-B). Where:
L = Length of the abutment
B = Width of uniform distribution of surcharge load
at formation level; and h= Depth of the section
below formation level.
Case-1: h ≤ (L-B)
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The active earth pressure diagrams are asunder:
Whereas, S = Live load surcharge
per unit length V = Dead load surchargeper unit
length P1=Force due to active earth pressure on
‘abde’
P2 = Force due to active earth pressure on ‘bcd. P1
= h×ka acting at h/2 from sectionunder
Consideration P2 = acting at 2h/3 from section
underconsideration.
P1 = Force due to active earth pressure on ‘abdefg’
P2 = Force due to active earth pressureon ‘bcd’
P1= ka×h acting at h/2 from section under
consideration
P2 = acting at from
section underconsideration. Where,
S = Live load surcharge for unit length.
V= Dead load surcharge for unit length.
h = Height of fill.
This is assumed to act at a height of h/2 from base
of the section under consideration. Surcharge due
to live load and dead load may be assumed to
extend up to the front face of the ballast wall.
Case-1: h ≤ (L-B)
Case-2: h > (L-B)
Figure 4.3 Different cases
Conclusions
From the literature review, it is concluded that the
comparison to the years ago technology in
construction world was quite developed. So we
construct the tunnels and over-bridges using the box
culverts very rapid and the cost of construction is less
and there is less risk and pushing technology is
widely used nowadays and gives very good results of
work.
1. With the box pushing technique, there is no
interruption to the traffic moving around.
2. Better quality control due to the provision of
precast boxes.
3. Quantities will be less as compared to the
conventional method of construction.
4. The cost of construction is less as compared with
the conventional method.
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