Albania aims to achieve a rapid, balanced and sustainable economic development, which requires the possession of capable human resources to cope with different challenges. In this context, among others, the employment and training of young people remain challenges that the Albanian society is facing from many years. High unemployment rates along with low labor force participation and low employment rates characterize the Albanian youth labor market (ILO, 2014, Youth employment and migration, Country brief Albania, pg.2). Studies and research on this phenomenon are important in order to create effective policies to overcome this problem. In this article, is treated the subject of employment for the age group of 15-29 years old. The main data analyzed in this paper are those of INSTAT, taking into consideration are the reports and studies carried out in this sector. The purpose is to show what are the difficulties of young people to enter the labor market and the main factors that influence it.
Presentation on 23th September 2014 at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, by Tiraphap Fakthong, Faculty of Economics, Thammasat University, one of JuSNet's researcher.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
Youth Unemployment in India - Present ScenarioArul Edison
Young Indians face major barriers because of poverty and low levels of human capital. Though educational attainment has risen quickly in recent years, gaining a foothold in the labour market remains elusive for many young Indians. In rural and urban areas, young males are usually employed in casual jobs, while their female counterparts tend to be self-employed. Although a large proportion of young rural women are employed in agriculture, rural males are increasingly turning to the non-farm sector. In comparison, young urban males are largely working in the services sector. This paper highlights youth unemployment in India - present scenario.
Presentation on 23th September 2014 at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, by Tiraphap Fakthong, Faculty of Economics, Thammasat University, one of JuSNet's researcher.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
Youth Unemployment in India - Present ScenarioArul Edison
Young Indians face major barriers because of poverty and low levels of human capital. Though educational attainment has risen quickly in recent years, gaining a foothold in the labour market remains elusive for many young Indians. In rural and urban areas, young males are usually employed in casual jobs, while their female counterparts tend to be self-employed. Although a large proportion of young rural women are employed in agriculture, rural males are increasingly turning to the non-farm sector. In comparison, young urban males are largely working in the services sector. This paper highlights youth unemployment in India - present scenario.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIAIJM Journal
A number of policy intermediations in Nigeria that were targeted at inspiring and stimulating entrepreneurship development through small and medium scale enterprises have botched. In its place of creating in-country entrepreneurial capacity, entrepreneurs have been converted and become distribution agents of imported goods. This paper argues the development of entrepreneurship and stressed that it has been instrumental in economic growth, balanced regional development and job creation in most vibrant economies, where technology is changing at a faster rate and the product lifetime cycle is dwindling. This paper also looks at Nigeria’s growing unemployment situation and how it increasingly deteriorates the potentials of the country. It emphasizes the prominence and significance of entrepreneurship as realistic machinery for sustainable economic growth and employment generation in Nigeria seeing the experiences of developed nations like Australia, the United States and vibrant economies like China and India.
The Impact of Foreign Labour on the Unskilled Labour Demand in MalaysiaDrBiz Arikrishnan
www.qaasoo.com
In order to stay compete in the market and globalization pressure; firms tend to combine the best input to produce goods and services in an efficient and effective manner. There are three major input combinations that will boost production in Malaysia, which are labour inputs, capital inputs, and total factor productivity.
Probing into English and Chinese Oral Interpretation Instruction from the Cul...inventionjournals
After reviewing the related literature, this paper summarizes studies about oral interpretation on the base of culture and pragmatics. Then the paper illustrates the function of culture and pragmatics in oral interpretation teaching and analyzes the relationship between culture and oral interpretation as well as the relationship between pragmatics and oral interpretation. And then it discusses about cultural and pragmatic oral interpretation teaching, and points out pragmatics has a significant guiding to oral interpretation teaching. Finally, it suggests that culture and pragmatics should help to facilitate oral interpretation instruction, including the following aspects: increasing pragmatic awareness, implementing teaching in context, emphasizing cultural teaching and employing authentic teaching materials.
Environment In Context : A Perspective From Environment Behavior Relationinventionjournals
Researchers in a wide variety of fields – study of environment - behaviour relations – have increasingly emphasized the role context in human functioning. It may be worth-while for those of us interested in environment behaviour research to review some systematic approaches to context as a means for identifying new research problems and for advancing our theoretical perspectives ,which may have practical implications for improving the functioning of human beings in their everyday life environments through environmental education .Socio-ecological models contribute to the understanding of how context influences human development and construction of worldviews. However, the claim that socio-ecological models represent the “true” influencers of an individual might be a misrepresentation of the complexity of whole eco-logical systems. This article explores the possibility of adapting the use of the “socio-ecological model” to better represent the ecological influencers, rather than the primary focus of human and social factors.
Cronic Energy Deficiency And Body Mass Index of Bhotia Tribal Children of Gar...inventionjournals
In the present study, an attempt has been made to use age and sex specific Body Mass Index thresholds for Bhotia tribal children of Garhwal Himalayas. BMI cut-off points for thinness grades 1, 2, 3 age and sex wise percentile curves passing through BMI of 16, 17, and 18.5 and for normal range of BMI of 18.5 to 23 kg/m2 have been used to evaluate the status of children as normal, overweight and obese. A total of 643 children (336 boys and 307 girls) aged 6 – 18 years had participated in the present study. Bhotia tribe is one of the oldest inhabitants of mountains region of Garhwal and Kumaun, Central Himalaya. Rice and millets is the staple food of Bhotias and salty butter tea or namkeen chai (Jya) is also consumed very frequently by them wild herbs and medicinal plants also contribute to their diet. Present study revealed that prevalence cronic energy deficency of grade-one thinness was 13.02 percent among girls and 6.84 percent among boys, Boys also having grade two and three (0.29%) thinness, 88.69 percent boys and 75.24 percent girls were having their BMI normal. The frequency of overweight individuals was 3.86 percent among the boys and 11.72 percent among girls, No child has been identified as obese. This is probably because the Bhotias lived in high altitude mountainous region where supplies of nutritious and surplus food through out the year is a difficult task, girls makes a better use of their provided food and manage to put subcutaneous fat on their body whereas boys merely maintained normal health, this may be because of the advantageous double x-gene in the case of girls.
A New Gate Way of Promoting Handloom Industry in Phuliainventionjournals
Phulia is developed after setting up handloom cooperatives and became a well developed township in Santipur Community Development Block and in future it would become a big weaving hub. Here the study mainly focuses on the identification of socio-economic and cultural transformation due to modern cooperatives based handloom practices like as weaving. It is one of the heavily prospering handloom cluster part of Santipur handloom cluster. It becomes a well developing handloom centre. The Indian handloom fabrics have been known for times immemorial for their beauty, excellence in design; texture and durability. The Cooperative Societies have a major role in the movement of revival and development of Tangail Industry in Phulia.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIAIJM Journal
A number of policy intermediations in Nigeria that were targeted at inspiring and stimulating entrepreneurship development through small and medium scale enterprises have botched. In its place of creating in-country entrepreneurial capacity, entrepreneurs have been converted and become distribution agents of imported goods. This paper argues the development of entrepreneurship and stressed that it has been instrumental in economic growth, balanced regional development and job creation in most vibrant economies, where technology is changing at a faster rate and the product lifetime cycle is dwindling. This paper also looks at Nigeria’s growing unemployment situation and how it increasingly deteriorates the potentials of the country. It emphasizes the prominence and significance of entrepreneurship as realistic machinery for sustainable economic growth and employment generation in Nigeria seeing the experiences of developed nations like Australia, the United States and vibrant economies like China and India.
The Impact of Foreign Labour on the Unskilled Labour Demand in MalaysiaDrBiz Arikrishnan
www.qaasoo.com
In order to stay compete in the market and globalization pressure; firms tend to combine the best input to produce goods and services in an efficient and effective manner. There are three major input combinations that will boost production in Malaysia, which are labour inputs, capital inputs, and total factor productivity.
Probing into English and Chinese Oral Interpretation Instruction from the Cul...inventionjournals
After reviewing the related literature, this paper summarizes studies about oral interpretation on the base of culture and pragmatics. Then the paper illustrates the function of culture and pragmatics in oral interpretation teaching and analyzes the relationship between culture and oral interpretation as well as the relationship between pragmatics and oral interpretation. And then it discusses about cultural and pragmatic oral interpretation teaching, and points out pragmatics has a significant guiding to oral interpretation teaching. Finally, it suggests that culture and pragmatics should help to facilitate oral interpretation instruction, including the following aspects: increasing pragmatic awareness, implementing teaching in context, emphasizing cultural teaching and employing authentic teaching materials.
Environment In Context : A Perspective From Environment Behavior Relationinventionjournals
Researchers in a wide variety of fields – study of environment - behaviour relations – have increasingly emphasized the role context in human functioning. It may be worth-while for those of us interested in environment behaviour research to review some systematic approaches to context as a means for identifying new research problems and for advancing our theoretical perspectives ,which may have practical implications for improving the functioning of human beings in their everyday life environments through environmental education .Socio-ecological models contribute to the understanding of how context influences human development and construction of worldviews. However, the claim that socio-ecological models represent the “true” influencers of an individual might be a misrepresentation of the complexity of whole eco-logical systems. This article explores the possibility of adapting the use of the “socio-ecological model” to better represent the ecological influencers, rather than the primary focus of human and social factors.
Cronic Energy Deficiency And Body Mass Index of Bhotia Tribal Children of Gar...inventionjournals
In the present study, an attempt has been made to use age and sex specific Body Mass Index thresholds for Bhotia tribal children of Garhwal Himalayas. BMI cut-off points for thinness grades 1, 2, 3 age and sex wise percentile curves passing through BMI of 16, 17, and 18.5 and for normal range of BMI of 18.5 to 23 kg/m2 have been used to evaluate the status of children as normal, overweight and obese. A total of 643 children (336 boys and 307 girls) aged 6 – 18 years had participated in the present study. Bhotia tribe is one of the oldest inhabitants of mountains region of Garhwal and Kumaun, Central Himalaya. Rice and millets is the staple food of Bhotias and salty butter tea or namkeen chai (Jya) is also consumed very frequently by them wild herbs and medicinal plants also contribute to their diet. Present study revealed that prevalence cronic energy deficency of grade-one thinness was 13.02 percent among girls and 6.84 percent among boys, Boys also having grade two and three (0.29%) thinness, 88.69 percent boys and 75.24 percent girls were having their BMI normal. The frequency of overweight individuals was 3.86 percent among the boys and 11.72 percent among girls, No child has been identified as obese. This is probably because the Bhotias lived in high altitude mountainous region where supplies of nutritious and surplus food through out the year is a difficult task, girls makes a better use of their provided food and manage to put subcutaneous fat on their body whereas boys merely maintained normal health, this may be because of the advantageous double x-gene in the case of girls.
A New Gate Way of Promoting Handloom Industry in Phuliainventionjournals
Phulia is developed after setting up handloom cooperatives and became a well developed township in Santipur Community Development Block and in future it would become a big weaving hub. Here the study mainly focuses on the identification of socio-economic and cultural transformation due to modern cooperatives based handloom practices like as weaving. It is one of the heavily prospering handloom cluster part of Santipur handloom cluster. It becomes a well developing handloom centre. The Indian handloom fabrics have been known for times immemorial for their beauty, excellence in design; texture and durability. The Cooperative Societies have a major role in the movement of revival and development of Tangail Industry in Phulia.
Citizen Satisfaction with Police: A Pillar of Law Enforcement Governanceinventionjournals
Increasing use of governance practices in public administration have had broad repercussions in law enforcement and policing. As a result, law enforcement services have witnessed significant changes that shifted police from a bureaucratic, incident driven force to a proactive service oriented organization. Among other governance indicators, citizen satisfaction and confidence in law enforcement services has increasingly been one of the central tenets of the governance structures in the contemporary world.In this new era of policing, enhancing community relations and improving the satisfaction of citizens have become the main objective of police departments. This study first explains the governance approach to law enforcement and policing and then focuses on citizen satisfaction with police. It explores the general determinants of citizen satisfaction, and assesses the impact of police citizen encounters on citizen satisfaction with police. Based on the literature and research studies, this article shows that socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, race, gender, and income independently determine the attitudes toward police. Police contact also has a significant effect on satisfaction level. Favorable contacts with police improve citizens’ satisfaction regardless of the type of contact. Residential location of an individual and physical police presence in the neighborhood also affects attitudes toward police.
Analysis of the Relationship between Quality of Life with Youth Delinquency (...inventionjournals
Youth delinquency with its negative psychological, economic and social effects is one of the most important social issues of Iran; because Iran is a country with young and teen population structurally. In this regard, the quality of youth life can have a large impact on delinquency. The aim of this study is to study the quality of life and its relation to youth delinquency of Zahedan. The research method is descriptive and analytic based on library, documentary and field studies. The sample population in this study is purposive sampling which ultimately 250 teens of Zahedan have been selected. The questionnaire has been used as the tools of the research and SPSS software has been used for data analysis. The results of the research showed that 0.000 is obtained for the significant level of all proposed indices which represents positive and significant effect of improving of quality of life in reducing youth delinquency. In fact, whatever the improvement of the quality of life be increased, the delinquency among teenagers will be reduced.
Methods of Developing Material Information and Measurement Techniques in Rest...inventionjournals
: Informed restoration is very important in our country, which is quite rich in terms of historical artifacts. In order to preserve our cultural assets for next generations, the Relief studies, which will be presented to the Board for Protection of Cultural Assets in the region where respective artifacts are located, should be conducted in the most correct way using current technologies. In addition, materials used in restoration works while protecting cultural assets should be correctly distinguished and analyzed. The study touches upon details of the summer workshop conducted for purposes of creating awareness about protecting cultural assets, correctly recognizing materials used, conducting correct relieve works and learning restoration techniques, and the inferences made by students from these works.
An Appraisal of the Impact of the Dearth of Pre-Hospital Emergency Medical Se...inventionjournals
The significant role of pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) cannot be over emphasized as it encompasses minimizing the consequences of accidents and provides rapid response and relieve materials to victims of road traffic accidents at the scene of the crash. The paper therefore tries to analytically x-ray the relationship between income GDP per capital and the rate of road traffic death to determine the effect of absences of pre-hospital emergency medical services to road traffic victims in Nigeria. The paper makes use of regression as a tool of analysis, with the aid of variables such as record of road traffic accident death and indices on income GDP per capita of the country in focus to draw conclusion or the relationship or otherwise of the argument above. the correlation between the calculated data on death rate from road traffic accident per 10000 population and GDP per capita resulted in a negative strong significant relationship as, r (19) = –0.79,P = < 0.0001, ß= 0.79. The coefficient of the predictor GDP per capita is Significant. (P=0.0001<p>< 0.05). Hence rejecting the null hypotheses and accepting the alternative hypotheses. There is a negative significant correlation between income GNI and Road Traffic rate. The paper concludes that there is a significant correlation between the country’s income GDP per capita and the rate of death in road traffic accident due to the absences of pre-emergency medical services at the accident scene. It there recommends amongst others that; government must take pro-active measures to abate the occurrences of road crashes and equip the agency responsible for meting out pre-hospital emergency medical services with the requisite tools to function.
Towards Indian Agricultural Information: A Need Based Information Flow Modelinventionjournals
Information is crucial for agriculture and rural development. ICT based services in agriculture is gaining importance day by day. Paper proposes to study the nature of agricultural information its uniqueness and problems of handling and organization. Agri informatics and use of different web portals for agriculture also discussed. Paper also highlighted the ICAR and IARIs contribution towards development of NARS (National Agricultural Research System) and models showing Information flow and strategic plan for organization of agricultural information. Some recommendations for proper organization and dissemination of agricultural information have been made to reach grass root level with desired agricultural information.
Climate Change and Climate-Induced Disasters in Odisha, Eastern India: Impact...inventionjournals
There is no doubt that climate change and climate induced-disasters pose a significant challenge to poverty reduction, health and development in many developing countries, including India. Odisha’s geographic location on the east coast of India and its climatic condition have meant that the state has historically been highly prone to climate change and multiple hazards, mainly cyclones, droughts and floods. Its fluctuating weather conditions suggest that Odisha is stumbling under climatic chaos. The state has been declared disaster-affected for 95 years of the last 105 years: floods have occurred for 50 years, droughts for 32 years and cyclones have struck the state for 11 years. After independence less importance has been given to the state as well as the development strategies of the state have tended to overlook the climate change, health, poverty related issues. The findings of the study highlight that there is a scarcity of research which can focus on different climatic induced calamity issues. Strong political will, strengthen infrastructures, public private partnership and community involvement and better planning can go beyond risk management to look at actions that address climate change and deliver benefits for growth and development. There is an urgent need to focus on the climate change, disasters and their vulnerability, and adaptation and coping mechanisms among the people in the state. The study recommends for future research and policy advocacy for better solutions and development strategies in the state.
Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management on Small and Medium Sized Enter...inventionjournals
The study investigated the impact of Strategic Human Resource management on small and medium enterprises in some selected local government areas in Abia State, Nigeria. 126 respondents were selected from 235 population of businessmen and women in the fourlocal government areas of Abia State. The general objective of the study is to investigate the place of Strategic Human Resource Management in improving corporate performance among SMEs in Abia State Nigeria. The study used descriptive statistics (frequencies, means and percentages) to answer the three research questions posed for the study. The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient was used to test the three hypotheses that guided the study. The results obtain from the analysis showed that there is a strong positive correlation between strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and performance level of competition in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs). The major finding of the research work is that SHRM is an important and indispensable tool for any organizations performance and for any organization that wants to gain competitive advantage over others. The study therefore recommends that further studies be carried out in Nigeria to investigate the causes of non-adoption of Strategic HRM in Abia state in particular. The causes of this when known and curbed, small and medium scale industries in Nigeria might become more competitive in boosting the development of Nigerian economy.
An Analysis on the Attitudes of Academic Staff towards Distance Educationinventionjournals
In this study, the attitudes of the academic staff working in NamıkKemal University (NKU) towards distance education were examined according to different variables. Within this scope, the distance education attitude scale developed by Ağır et al. was used. 283 out of 955 academic staff working in NKU participated in this research in 2015. The data obtained from the research were analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 22.0 program. In the evaluation of the data; numbers, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used as the descriptive statistical methods. T-test was used in the comparison of the quantitative continuous data between two independent groups, while One-Way ANOVA was used in the comparison of the quantitative continuous data between more than two independent groups. In order to determine the differences after the ANOVA, Scheffe’s test was used as the complementary post-hoc analysis. The obtained findings were evaluated at the confidence interval of 95% and at the significance level of 5%. It was determined in the study that the attitude level of the participants as to “the positive aspects of distance education” proved to be moderate (2,851 ± 0,716); whereas the attitude level as to “the negative aspects of distance education” proved to be weak (2,430 ± 0,757); and the attitude level as to “the advantages of distance education” proved to be high (3,618 ± 0,713).While age and gender were seen to have not affected the attitudes towards distance education, the academic title was seen to have affected these attitudes. The obtained statistical data and findings contributed to the studies regarding the foundation and constitution of Distance Education Center (DEC) as well as raising awareness for DEC
Competency Mapping: A Strategic Hr Tool towards Effective Skill Mapping In Gl...inventionjournals
Today most business are characterized by operations of business,transition, paradigm shifts, competition pressure, wealth creation, creation of value, customerfocus,value& culture based products & context approach, management in diversity, culture &value driven & what not. The organizationalsuccessearlier depends on physical & financial asset, in today the success is dependent on the intangible ability & capability that lies in the capital and manifest in the form of competency. The buzz-word in the Indian IT industry circle is competency of employee that acts as catalyst to be competitive and attain sustainable competitive advantage of the firm in the face of variousdifficulties that day in-out squeezes and shatters its existence on the less competency is developed& retained. The crux of the organizationin its survival in knowledge era depends upon competency of employees, that lies underground same as seed unless somebody explores it, nourishes & nurturethem for achieving competitive advantage for the company of India. Employee’s competences are always an intangible resources & it is the only resource that can take an organization forward & not its physical & financial asset. Global organizations after the lapse of considerable time span have realized that it is the competencies of employees, which can guarantee all the miss-match & odds in the business world. In the difficult oceanic current the vessel may be sunk or capsized, if the captain & the crew were to be competent they will foresee thefutureand reducethe risksthrough strategic planning& execution & navigate the vessel to the sea shore, thus the competencies of the captain of the ship & his crew is therefore the trump card for the safe landing of the ship. Similarly the organizations in the complex & ever changing environment are subject to constant change & it is the employee competency, whichcreates andsustainscompetitiveadvantage for the firms. Thus the paper aims to highlight the importance of effective competency mapping for strategic HR implementation.
Phasic pattern of dry matter production and accumulation in different parts o...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted at farming system research unit of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandhamal as a part of ongoing effort to collect the data in connection to dry matter accumulation and partitioning in three cultivars of cow pea during growth and development stages in two consecutive Summer and Kharif season of the year 2012-13 and 2013-14. The dry matter partitioning had been worked out at 30, 45 and 60 DAS from the stem, leaves and at only 60 DAS from the pods. Results revealed that total dry matter production were higher in the summer season as compare to the rainy season and it increased gradually with the age of the plant. The accumulation of dry matter was more in the pod as compared to leaves and stem. Among the three varieties tested, Maharani showed significant higher accretion of dry matter in the stem (3.38 g plant-1 ) as compared to Lafa (3.28 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (3.13 g plant-1 ) during summer season. In the rainy season Lafa (1.98 g plant-1 ) yielded highest followed by Maharani (1.09 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (0.99 g plant-1 ). Varieties showed the similar trends in the accrual of the dry matter in the leaves and pods, but the amount varies. Maharani accumulate highest during summer season in both leaves and pods 4.60 g plant-1 and 25.26 g plant-1 respectively and lafa performed better in rainy season where accrual of dry matter was 3.01 g plant-1 in the leaves and 19.81 g plant-1 on the pods.
A Critical Analyses of the Constitutional Provisions for the Welfare and Deve...inventionjournals
The Constitution of India guaranteed different provisions for socio -economic and political development of all sections of people by enjoying all their potential and rights as a citizen. There is no distinction or difference among the people of the country in terms of law under the Constitution in India. But how far these provisions of the constitution are implemented or in what way these provisions are enjoying by the Indian citizen or what are the factors that disturbed to the fulfillment of these provisions etc are the questions that need to be studied in an academic way and that will have to transmit to the civil populac. This small paper is a humble attempt to discuss about the policies and programmes of the Government of India for the welfare and development of women, and the real position of women, who are facing different problems in the name of different customs, cultures, traditions etc.
An Analogical Study of the Narrative Techniques Used In the Film Paradesi (20...inventionjournals
Narrations in films have always taken the primary place. Understanding the narrative culture of a medium becomes the prime motive of the narrator while working on adaptations. There is a strong connection between the verbal and visual representation is sequence, since literary and filmic signs are apprehended consecutively through time. The success and acceptability of a film is based on the narration style and techniques. This is very much true in Tamil cinema narrative patterns. While trying to adapt the story from a medium the director of the film Bala, has focused on trying to maintain the narrative syntax of the original, but has also closely followed the semantics of visual design. The Tamil film Paradesi is an adaptation of the Tamil translation Yerium Panikkadu of the novel ‘Red Tea’, which was has been an inspiration for the director.
Collaborative Innovation-Based General Elementary School Teachers Traininginventionjournals
Based on the analysis of necessity of all-disciplined primary teachers, this paper examines the connotation of the collaborative innovation, and then it introduces the collaborative innovation of general elementary school teachers. Finally, it discusses about the training based on collaborative innovation of primary school general teachers
The Effects of Rhythmical Articulation Skills of Primary School Teacher Candi...inventionjournals
The aim of the research was to determine the effects of rhythmical articulation skills of primary school teacher candidates, who will be responsible from carrying out music courses as well as other domains in teaching, on playing instrument in instrument supported music courses. This study was an ex post facto research which has investıgated the effects of rhythmical articulation skills on ınstrument playing skills. In the research design Teacher Candidates were grouped according the rhythmical articulation and instrument playing examination timing. Firstly, the rhythmical articulation skills of teacher candidates were evaluated shortly after instrument playing skills. The correlation coefficient between two measurements was found to be R=0,73 and prediction coefficient R²=0,53 was found as middle level and significant. It meant that %53 of instrument playing skills were explained by rhythmical articulation skills. There were significant differences in rhythmical articulation skills and instrument playing skills in terms of gender in the second group. Female candidates’ rhythmical articulation and ınstrument playing skills means were found higher and meaningful than the male candidates’. But according to instrument types there were no meaningful differences. Based on this research, it can be suggested frequently skills of playing an instrument is supported by rhythmical articulation skills in general music course implementations and evaluations. Similar researches should be done to develop music and teaching music course in the primary school teacher education program. As a conclusion ıt can be said that rhythmical articulation skills has supply important clue for retention of melody before playing an instrument.
Assessment of Health Professionals’ Views and Beliefs about Mental Illnesses:...inventionjournals
Negative beliefs and prejudices might lead to stigmatization, violation of basic human rights and discriminatory behaviors. To determine health professionals’ views and beliefs about mental illnesses. The sample of this descriptive study comprised 317 health professionals working in Sivas Numune Hospital. Data were collected with the Personal Information Form, Stigma Assessment Questionnaire and Beliefs toward Mental Illness (BMI) Scale. For the statistical analysis, percentage distribution, t-test, ANOVA and Tukey test were used. Of the participants, 18.6% had a relative with a mental illness, and 63.7% stated that people with a mental illness. Whereas half of the health professionals stated favorable opinion about patients with schizophrenia, 41% of them said that patients with schizophrenia might be dangerous and cause other people harm. The mean scores obtained from the subscales of the BMI scale were as follows: 23.74±6.66 (min-max:6- 40) for the dangerousness subscale, 29.55±9.88 (min-max:0-55) for the helplessness and poor interpersonal relationships subscale, and 1.76±2.30 (min-max: 0-10) for the shame subscale. The mean total score of the BMI scale was 55.06±16.06 (min-max: 6-100). Of the health care professionals, the nurses/midwives, high school graduates, those with income equal to expenditure and those who had negative opinions about patients with schizophrenia obtained significantly higher total scores from the BMI Scale (p<0.05). Although the majority of the health care professionals had positive opinions of patients with schizophrenia, nearly, half of them thought that patients with schizophrenia could be dangerous and cause harm to other people.
Culture, which is utilized to hand down material and spiritual values created in the process of social development to next generations, serves as a communication system within and among societies. As for culinary culture, it is included as a sub-category of culture and varies from region to region. Today, tourists may come to a destination within the scope of gastronomy tourism to taste foods belonging to that specific region and taste different flavors, and also to get to know various cuisines. Gastronomy activities need to be carried out and also within this context culinary museums need to be established in these destinations both to develop gastronomy tourism and to introduce cuisine, local foods and the history of these local foods apart from culinary culture. This study has been carried out with the purpose of introducing gastronomy and culinary museums founded in our country to introduce and sustain regional and traditional culinarycultures.
Employability and Professional Integration: Analysis of the Constraints Linke...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :
Purpose- This article examines the state of affairs in regard to the contribution of the Youth Employment
Agency (AEJ) of Yopougon to the professional integration of young people. It raises the question of professional
integration and employment in one of the largest suburbs of Abidjan the capital city of the Ivory Coast. Like in
most countries of the world, the history of professional integration in the Ivory Coast naturally begins with the
history of education and training. De François Syngly (2000) observed that "social integration is considered asa
prerequisite for professional integration" and "integration must also be viewed in a multidimensional way. This
view was effectively shared by Stone Madeleine (1999).
Design/Methodology/Approach –The approach taken is a combination of textual analysis and field study.
Indeed the empirical research has weight significantly in this research as the personnel of the Agency and other
stakeholders have been contacted for their input.
Findings –This research found that despite the apparent willingness of the state to provide for training and
employment of the youth through the AEJ there are inadequacies in terms of the tax burden on companies,
unfair competition and significant lack of employment for the youth.
Originality/ Values -The value of this paper rest on the idea that the Ivorian government, through the Ministry
of Youth[romotion and Youth ployment, has not been able to achieve its goals in terms of tackling the alarming
youth unemployment. This is appealing in that it demandsa strategic approach to the whole question of training,
integration and youth unemployment in the Ivory Coast.
Keywords: Professional Integration, Youth Unemployment, Employability
Project abstract or effective unemployment of somaliaMohamedAli47986
This project is written by Mohamed Ali from Somalia, in my idea I would be very grateful you to share with you the main causes of Somali youth unemployment.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa...StatsCommunications
HLEG thematic workshop on Measurement of Well Being and Development in Africa, 12-14 November 2015, Durban, South Africa, More information at: www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-economic-social-progress
Abstract: Discouraged Youth’ is defined as those youth who are not working even though they have expressed a desire to work, but due to the fact that they felt that undertaking a job search would be a futile effort, have not continued with the effort to seek a job . The magnitude of this crisis is a cause for concern for Mauritius; hence this study was conducted with the objective of creating a deeper understanding of discouraged youth. Primary data is used for this study, and the survey covers a sample of 500 unemployed youth across the island. The probit regression model is used to analyse the determinants affecting discouraged youth. The findings of the study found that age, age2, marital status, gender and tertiary education, area of study based on friend’s opinion, length of unemployment less than 12 months and prior experience have an impact on discouraged youth. From the analysis it was noted that education and training systems should be revisited to bridge the skills gap.
Keywords: Labour Force, Unemployment, Discouraged Youth, Probit Regression Analysis, Mauritius.
The disconnect of growth and employmentSteven Tobin
On March 7th 2017 I presented my team's research on the disconnect of growth and employment, discussing data on unemployment, labour demands and skills mismatch. I also highlighted key policy considerations regarding these issues.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
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Problems of Youth Employment in Albania
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 8||August. 2016 || PP.04-08
www.ijhssi.org 4 | Page
Problems of Youth Employment in Albania
Ermira Sela
University of Tirana/Albania
Abstract: Albania aims to achieve a rapid, balanced and sustainable economic development, which requires
the possession of capable human resources to cope with different challenges. In this context, among others, the
employment and training of young people remain challenges that the Albanian society is facing from many
years. High unemployment rates along with low labor force participation and low employment rates
characterize the Albanian youth labor market (ILO, 2014, Youth employment and migration, Country brief
Albania, pg.2). Studies and research on this phenomenon are important in order to create effective policies to
overcome this problem. In this article, is treated the subject of employment for the age group of 15-29 years old.
The main data analyzed in this paper are those of INSTAT, taking into consideration are the reports and studies
carried out in this sector. The purpose is to show what are the difficulties of young people to enter the labor
market and the main factors that influence it.
Keywords: labor market; employment policies; unemployment; labor force; qualification.
I. Introduction
For the Albanian economy, the high unemployment rate among young people is a concern that requires a
solution. Multiple are the studies conducted, but the analysis of this phenomenon is difficult due to the high
informality that characterizes the labor market. It indicates that the labor market in Albania lacks the necessary
capacity to attract and employ all this category. However, it should be noted that unemployment for the age
group of 15-24 years is a serious problem for many countries. According to ILO nearly every region of the
world is currently facing the worsening of employment among young people, who are threatened three times
more from unemployment than adults. Since 1995, the youth unemployment rate has been consistently close to
three times that of the adult. After a period of rapid increase between 2007 and 2011, the global rate of youth
unemployment for the period 2012 to 2015 was settled at 13.1 percent (Source ILO, Global employment trends
for youth 2015, pg.15). Also, according to ILO, youth labor force participation shows significant declines in
most regions over the long-term.
Even with regard to Albania, the International Labor Organization in reports published by her has expressed
concern about this phenomenon. Over the years, youth unemployment has increased, and despite high levels of
growth in the Albanian economy, this hasn’t led to the creation of more jobs, especially for the youth (Source
ILO, Albania ,Decent work country programe document 2012-2105, pg.6). Higher unemployment, according to
the ILO, it is observed for those young people who have low levels of education. At this point, it should be
noted that in Albania, unemployment among this category is related to the lack of practical skills in relation to
market requirements. For the employers, the main problem for young people is the difficulty to put into practice
the knowledge acquired during school. In fact, it is observed that there is a discrepancy between supply and
demand in the labor market. Mainly, the skills required by businesses are different from the youth fields of
study. Albania's economic structure itself has led to the diffusion of this phenomenon. Skilled workforces are
necessary for an active and competitive economy in the market. In fact, numerous are the studies that have
proved that in countries where policies are followed to improve and increase the level of human capital, there
has been a high and sustainable economic development. Investments in education are often perceived as a
solution to improve the chances of young people to acquire skills that are valuable in the labor market. Even in
Albania, efforts are being made to improve the education and training system. However, it should be noted that
the quality of education is affected by the need for continuous school rehabilitation, equipment upgrading, and
teacher training (Source ILO, Albania ,Decent work country programe document 2012-2105, pg.7). Other
policies that would help young people to have a stable employment trajectory are the active employment
policies; as apprenticeships, training, and internships in enterprises, etc. All this, play an important role in
alleviating the phenomenon of unemployment for this category. The problem we focus in this paper is the
employment prospect for young Albanians.
II. Characteristics Of The Labor Market In Albania
Albania is relatively a poor country, it is evident in the way of living of citizens. As one of the main causes of
individuals’ poverty, we mention the high level of unemployment, although it should be noted that among other
2. Problems Of Youth Employment In Albania
www.ijhssi.org 5 | Page
things this phenomenon is also connected with the low preparation of individuals in comparison to what are the
requirements of the labor market. But which are the characteristics of this market in Albania?
Based on data from INSTAT, the country's production structure is divided into three parts.
• At first, we have enterprises with 1to 4 employees, which engage 34.5% of the active workforce and realize
15.9% of sales.
• Secondly, we have companies that have from 5 to 49 employees, these enterprises engage 34% of the
workforce.
• And finally we have companies that employ more than 50 people, they represent only 1.1% of total
enterprises but engage 46.2% of the workforce (Source, INSTAT. Business Register 2015. pg.14).
At this point, it is important to note that the production structure in Albania is dominated by micro-units with 1
to 4 employees and operates mainly in retail trade, and hotels. According to the data for the year 2014, extracted
from the Structural Survey of Enterprises results that if we look at them by economic activity, to prevail are
enterprises operating in the trade sector, they constitute 42.7% of the market, followed by the agriculture sector
(Source, INSTAT, Register of economic enterprises 2014). If we see them, by the size, the companies with 1 to
4 employees constitute approximately 90% of the market. While businesses that have 50 or more employees are
concentrated in manufacturing activities. It should be noted that, although those companies represent only 1.1%
of the total, their contribution to the employment is very sensitive because they employ around 50% of the total
of employees, realize 50.9% of the total value of the production and 65% of investments (INSTAT, Register of
economic enterprises 2014, pg.9).
From the analysis of employment is clear that the highest percentage of employees is in the agricultural sector
and services. For the year 2014, 42.7% of employees were agriculture workers, and 22.6% were sales and
service employees. The same result we have even for 2015, where 41.3% were agriculture workers, and 22.9%
were employed in trade and services sector (Source INSTAT, Register of economic enterprises 2014, pg.9).
As noted above, the labor market in Albania is very specific, in spite of its modernization efforts, he continues
to have many differences compared with other countries. Percentage of employees is very low and the main
feature is long-term unemployment. About 60% of the job seekers are long-term unemployed. Young people
with secondary education, have the highest proportion of long-term unemployed (70.8%), whereas among
young people with higher education this percentage is lower. It must not be forgotten that the duration of
unemployment negatively affects the ability to find a new job. A long-term unemployed is a person less
attractive to potential employers, due to the loss of acquired skills.
Another aspect of the labor market in Albania is the big difference between the sexes in employment, where it
appears that the percentage of employed women is low. For the year 2014 results that, the percentage of
employed women was 43.4% compared with 58% of the men. We have the same result even for 2015; 45.5% of
women are employed, whereas for this year we have 60.5% of men employed (INSTAT, The rate of
employment 2007-2015). Although employment has increased for this year, gender ratio in the employment has
not changed.
There are large degrees of informality. Most of the employees are located outside the social and health security
system. So for Albania, is characteristic an underdeveloped and informal economy with a relatively low
percentage of paid employees and a very high percentage of self-employed workers. At this point, the highest
percentage in vulnerable employment is among young people, particularly affected are young women with
64.3% against 57.9% of men (INSTAT, Young people in Albania. pg.57).
As far as the participation rate in the labor force for the population aged 15-64, it is 61.5%. Also, INSTAT
data, show that a considerable number of individuals of this age group are unemployed. Undoubtedly, this
phenomenon leads to damage of social capital. The prolonged periods of unemployment sharply decrease
jobseekers’ chances of re-employment, as they lose relevant skills and labor market attachment (ILO. Global
employment trends 2014. pg.44).
Another characteristic is the great difference that exists between the skills of workers, where only a very small
part are well qualified. This is due to the nature of long-term unemployment and inadequate education. The
qualifications required by the market, are mainly defined in the Durres-Tirana segment, where are focused the
companies that provide most of the demand for employment. About 66.8% of active enterprises are located in
this segment (INSTAT. Business Register 2015. pg.9)
As it was introduced in the general background, the Albanian labor market is segmented and less involved in it
are young people, people with low levels of education and training, women and other vulnerable categories.
Enrollment in the work offices for these categories is very low. According to the National Employment Service
(NES) in 2013, vulnerable groups constitute only 9.7% of registered unemployed.
The high rate of unemployment among young people has always been a problem for the economy of the
country. According to a study by M.Ekonomi and Gj.Filipi, "the economic development of Albania has not been
accompanied by an equally strong rate in terms of creating jobs, the most affected by this situation have been
3. Problems Of Youth Employment In Albania
www.ijhssi.org 6 | Page
the young people and in particular those with a low level of education” (Ekonomi & Filipi, 2008, pg.10). The
data show that they are not very active in the labor market. According to the National Strategy for Employment
and Training, 2014-2020, the rate of labor force participation among young people aged 15-24 it seems that is
very low (27.4%) (National strategy for employment and training 2014-2020. pg.33). No doubt that for the
economy, it is a loss in the human resources.
III. Causes Of Youth Unemployment
The unemployment rate among young people is 2 times higher than the national average, highlighting in this
way the difficulties they have in finding an appropriate job. According to the labor force survey for the year
2014, the unemployment rate for youth aged 15-29 was 32.5%, while in 2015 the unemployment rate was
33.2% (Hackaj, 2015, pg.14). Youth labor market outcomes also differ by gender: the unemployment rate is 2.4
points higher for women and their employment rate is 10.7 points lower (ILO, 2014, Youth employment and
migration, Country brief Albania, pg.2). Comparing youth who are neither in employment nor in education or
vocational training by sex, it is noted that males are more active than females, 52.5% of males are seeking for a
job while for females this percentage is 30.5% (INSTAT, Labour Market, 2015, pg.11). Participation in
employment is higher in Tirana and other urban areas and lower in rural areas where the young people are more
likely to be unemployed, to work under precarious conditions and to suffer from poverty. Regarding the sector
where there are more employed for this age group, the manufacturing sector leads with 9%, followed by that of
commerce. Numerous data noted that unemployment is higher in those individuals who have a low level of
education. For example, the data of "Employment Sector Strategy 2007-2013", show that the highest level of
unemployment in Albania is between individuals who have an 8-9 year education, 54.6% of the unemployed
have this level of education and only 1.8% of them have completed higher education (Employment Sector
Strategy 2007-2013. pg.10). We have the same result even if we focus on young people, who are much more
affected by unemployment due to country’s economic situation. From the labor force survey is shown that youth
has the lowest participation rate in the labor force. According to INSTAT, only 41.9% of young people (15-29)
are active in the labor market. Reasons for this attitude are several, among which we mention.
Greater participation of young people in education. Almost 2/3 of economically inactive persons in the age
group 15-29 years are inactive due to involvement in education and training (Source, INSTAT, Young people in
Albania. pg.52). Also, the number of those who attend university was increased, as a result, young people enter
later in the labor market.
Their discouragement to look for work. The majority of this category belongs to those who do not attend school
or training. In 2012 the number of these young people constituted 26.2%, more than twice the corresponding
number in the EU-27 (13%) (National strategy for employment and training 2014-2020. pg.38). Over the year
2015, 15.2% of youth aged 15-29 years old were outside the labor force because they were discouraged,
workers (INSTAT, Labour Market, 2015, pg.11).
The lack of practical skills in relation to market requirements. There are discrepancies between the skills
required by businesses and fields of study of graduates. In many cases, employees do not comply with the work
they perform. Some are overqualified for the work they do - while others are not quite qualified for their work.
Under- qualification is likely to negatively affect the efficiency and quality of work. Over-training may result in
loss of skills and resources that are used to acquire these skills. Furthermore, the over-qualified workers earn
less and are dissatisfied with the work, what also affects the performance of the company (National strategy for
employment and training 2014-2020. pg.59). From a business point of view, the main problem is the suitability
of the type of skills acquired in education with what is required by them. This highlights the importance of
improving the education curricula. However, it should be noted that the education and training system in
Albania lacks among other the elements of employers’ involvement, and work experience during studies, it
leads young people to a period of instability during their careers (Hackaj, 2015, pg.17).
Very little attention is paid to the selection of education by young people. Their careers are planned in view of
what they want and not by analyzing the real opportunities of employment. This ill-planning complicates the
transition period of passage from education into the labor market. For Albanian youth, employment for the first
time is a long way, they wait on average four years before they start their first work and usually are employed in
positions that have low qualifications and do not comply with their diplomas. Their occupations are mainly in
crafts and trade. Rural areas are directed towards agriculture, while, urban areas are mainly directed towards
services and industry. In urban areas, 21% of salaried employees are service workers, compared with
approximately 13% in rural areas (National strategy for employment and training 2014-2020. pg.38). Moreover,
they have other disadvantages, particularly in terms of wages, the right to social security, etc. Not long
involvement of youth in the labor market has many consequences for them, increases the risk of social
exclusion, increases the possibility that this category would be affected by poverty; it undermines the human
capital development process, etc. These are some of the main reasons for which it is highly desirable that the
transition period of passage from school to work to be short.
4. Problems Of Youth Employment In Albania
www.ijhssi.org 7 | Page
Albania's labor market is very flexible because the legal context allows the enterprises to hire and to fire easily.
Young people are employed very quickly and develop their skills while are working. The searching for work by
young people remain a personal initiative, there are no special mechanisms to be used by youth.
An important role in alleviating the phenomenon of unemployment, play active employment policies. For
young people, these policies are; apprenticeships, traineeships, and internships in enterprises, but in Albania,
most of the companies employ young people less than 12 months, as a result, the number of young people in
apprenticeships is almost inconsiderable. Also, the number of companies that have trainee is very small. There
are only the biggest employers that show signs of active involvement in the training of their future employees
(National strategy for employment and training 2014-2020. pg.21).
As one of the main tools to mitigate youth unemployment, is seen vocational education, positive effects of
which are related not only to the reduction of unemployment, but also with the improvement of social cohesion;
the increasing of productivity, revenue growth for the individual, etc. All the data show that youth
unemployment is lower in those countries where there is a high degree of specific professional qualifications
and real involvement of employers in providing training. Even in Albania, the data show that, in relation to
unemployment, those who suffer less this phenomenon are graduates from vocational schools, compared to
other categories. By educational level, 2/3 of individuals who are graduates from vocational schools are
employed, they have the lowest level of unemployment at 13.9% compared to the graduates of universities
where the unemployment rate is 19.8%. Another indicator that attracts attention is the high percentage of self-
employed among individuals educated in vocational schools (31.7%) - this number is 10.3% for university
education. However, it should be noted that in Albania, participation in vocational education and training is not
at desirable levels. Only 20% of students who have completed compulsory education are enrolled in vocational
secondary education. This participation is very low compared with regional countries or the EU average, and
even lower when taking into account that about 35% of young people in Albania do not attend secondary school.
No further involvement of youth in education deprives this category from relevant qualifications and eventual
inclusion in the labor market. To cope with any changes in the labor market or in society is important for
individuals to possess appropriate skills and qualifications, for these reasons their training is a necessity.
IV. Conclusions
As we have shown above, youth employment is one of the biggest challenges of the Albanian economy. In fact,
it continues to be problematic. Youth has the lowest participation rate in the labor force. Reasons for this
attitude are several, as; greater participation in higher education, their discouragement to look for work, the lack
of practical skills in relation to market requirements, lack of work experience, etc. Many studies have shown
that the main difficulties of young people in finding a job are associated with large mismatches between skills
possessed by them and skills demanded by employers. In order to soften this phenomenon, it is necessary to
apply methods and policies that will make young people more active and will bring them closer to the labor
market. Objectives are clear. It is necessary to improve the basic employment services as; labor market
information, employment counseling and guidance and job placement. Specific services should be designed to
target the needs of specific groups that are at risk of labor market exclusion. For instance, packages of active
labor market policies that target disadvantaged youth can help in the transition from school-to work. It is
necessary to improve education and training policies, cause is clear that improving the skills of young people
would help to mitigate the phenomenon of unemployment. Also, an increase in public investment and social
benefits could have an impact on youth employment, particularly in terms of labor market participation. All
these policies and strategies require coordinated responses and partnerships from government agencies, labor
market institutions, organizations of employers and employees, in order to have an impact on the quantity and
quality of jobs for young people.
References
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