An Analogical Study of the Narrative Techniques Used In the Film Paradesi (2013) an Adaptation of Tamil Translation (Yerium Panikkadu) of the Novel ‘Red Tea’
Narrations in films have always taken the primary place. Understanding the narrative culture of a medium becomes the prime motive of the narrator while working on adaptations. There is a strong connection between the verbal and visual representation is sequence, since literary and filmic signs are apprehended consecutively through time. The success and acceptability of a film is based on the narration style and techniques. This is very much true in Tamil cinema narrative patterns. While trying to adapt the story from a medium the director of the film Bala, has focused on trying to maintain the narrative syntax of the original, but has also closely followed the semantics of visual design. The Tamil film Paradesi is an adaptation of the Tamil translation Yerium Panikkadu of the novel ‘Red Tea’, which was has been an inspiration for the director.
This document provides an overview of conceptual metaphors from the cognitive linguistic perspective. It discusses the traditional and modern views of metaphor, including key aspects of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's 1980 work which showed that metaphor is fundamental to thought and language. The document outlines different types of conceptual metaphors - structural, ontological, and orientational - and provides examples like LIFE IS A JOURNEY. It explains how conceptual metaphors allow us to understand one conceptual domain in terms of another through conceptual mappings between domains.
The document analyzes several short films and their posters and reviews to identify best practices. Some key findings include that successful short films have a simple narrative that follows standard story structures and features 1-3 main characters. Posters should directly relate to the film's narrative through the use of main characters and coherent style. Reviews should provide both a summary and critical commentary on the film's strengths and weaknesses rather than just summarizing the plot.
This document discusses metaphors from multiple perspectives. It begins with an overview of metaphors from a cognitive semantics viewpoint, defining key terms and theoretical approaches. Specific sections then discuss the power of metaphors, their uses in various domains like literature, news, music, and movies. It also addresses challenges in translating metaphors across languages and cultures. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate metaphor concepts and analysis.
Metaphor & Idiom in EFL and ESL Teaching &Learningfaisal khallab
The document discusses conceptual metaphors and their role in productive fluency development and vocabulary teaching in English as a foreign language contexts. It addresses four main objectives: exploring alternative pathways to learning beyond memorization, metaphor and vocabulary teaching, learning idioms, and discussing the effectiveness of metaphor, idioms, and cultural awareness raising. Key points include how conceptual metaphors are based on understanding one domain in terms of another and how this can help expand word meanings for students.
The document discusses several short films and reviews in order to analyze effective techniques that can be applied to the reader's own short film production. It summarizes key aspects of short film posters and reviews that were examined, including featuring main characters on posters, including clear credits, and structuring reviews with an introduction, summary, and honest opinion/rating. The reader aims to thoughtfully consider narrative, editing, sound, props, and other elements in their own short film based on lessons learned from analyzing these examples.
Parentheticals & point of view in free indirectJoey Balsomo
The document discusses the use of parenthetical structures in free indirect style (FIS) writing. It analyzes examples from several authors to examine how parentheticals can both increase the sense of intimacy between the reader and the character by capturing interruptions in thought, and create distance by ironically commenting on a character's perspective. The document concludes that parentheticals allow narrators to represent thoughts from different perspectives, including their own, in a way that can reward readers through increased understanding or a sense of collusion with the author.
The document discusses the filmmaker's process in creating an independent art house film inspired by films like "Un Chien Andalou" and "Meshes of an Afternoon." They aimed to create a dreamlike atmosphere using techniques like jump cuts and continuity editing. The film has no dialogue and uses the Albanian language and folk music. It features two female characters, a young girl and an old woman, representing youth and age. The filmmaker learned the importance of planning, teamwork, and time management through this project.
Visual symbols like cartoons can effectively tell stories and convey meaning without words by using metaphor and symbolism. Such symbols summarize experiences and allow a little to represent a lot. Graphs and images can communicate vast amounts of information through abstraction in a way that is worth many words.
This document provides an overview of conceptual metaphors from the cognitive linguistic perspective. It discusses the traditional and modern views of metaphor, including key aspects of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's 1980 work which showed that metaphor is fundamental to thought and language. The document outlines different types of conceptual metaphors - structural, ontological, and orientational - and provides examples like LIFE IS A JOURNEY. It explains how conceptual metaphors allow us to understand one conceptual domain in terms of another through conceptual mappings between domains.
The document analyzes several short films and their posters and reviews to identify best practices. Some key findings include that successful short films have a simple narrative that follows standard story structures and features 1-3 main characters. Posters should directly relate to the film's narrative through the use of main characters and coherent style. Reviews should provide both a summary and critical commentary on the film's strengths and weaknesses rather than just summarizing the plot.
This document discusses metaphors from multiple perspectives. It begins with an overview of metaphors from a cognitive semantics viewpoint, defining key terms and theoretical approaches. Specific sections then discuss the power of metaphors, their uses in various domains like literature, news, music, and movies. It also addresses challenges in translating metaphors across languages and cultures. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate metaphor concepts and analysis.
Metaphor & Idiom in EFL and ESL Teaching &Learningfaisal khallab
The document discusses conceptual metaphors and their role in productive fluency development and vocabulary teaching in English as a foreign language contexts. It addresses four main objectives: exploring alternative pathways to learning beyond memorization, metaphor and vocabulary teaching, learning idioms, and discussing the effectiveness of metaphor, idioms, and cultural awareness raising. Key points include how conceptual metaphors are based on understanding one domain in terms of another and how this can help expand word meanings for students.
The document discusses several short films and reviews in order to analyze effective techniques that can be applied to the reader's own short film production. It summarizes key aspects of short film posters and reviews that were examined, including featuring main characters on posters, including clear credits, and structuring reviews with an introduction, summary, and honest opinion/rating. The reader aims to thoughtfully consider narrative, editing, sound, props, and other elements in their own short film based on lessons learned from analyzing these examples.
Parentheticals & point of view in free indirectJoey Balsomo
The document discusses the use of parenthetical structures in free indirect style (FIS) writing. It analyzes examples from several authors to examine how parentheticals can both increase the sense of intimacy between the reader and the character by capturing interruptions in thought, and create distance by ironically commenting on a character's perspective. The document concludes that parentheticals allow narrators to represent thoughts from different perspectives, including their own, in a way that can reward readers through increased understanding or a sense of collusion with the author.
The document discusses the filmmaker's process in creating an independent art house film inspired by films like "Un Chien Andalou" and "Meshes of an Afternoon." They aimed to create a dreamlike atmosphere using techniques like jump cuts and continuity editing. The film has no dialogue and uses the Albanian language and folk music. It features two female characters, a young girl and an old woman, representing youth and age. The filmmaker learned the importance of planning, teamwork, and time management through this project.
Visual symbols like cartoons can effectively tell stories and convey meaning without words by using metaphor and symbolism. Such symbols summarize experiences and allow a little to represent a lot. Graphs and images can communicate vast amounts of information through abstraction in a way that is worth many words.
Adjudicacion herencia Luis Septien y Septien, YSITA DEL HOYOysitadelhoyo
En la escritura del legado del difunto Luis Septien no existe ninguna mención del Lic. FRANCISCO YSITA DEL HOYO ni tampoco del Lic. JORGE VILLATORO. Como testimonio ahi esta la escritura de su legado se hace mención al difunto Fernando Ysita Septien como albacea de la sucesión de Luis Septien, más no propietario de la fundación. Claramente se especifica que al fallecimiento de este pasara en primer lugar a la Arquidiocesis de Mexico sino a la Beneficencia Publica o la Cruz Roja, lo cual no sucedió.
Francisco Ysita del Hoyo estas lucreando con bienes que no son de tu propiedad. No abuses con supuestas ayuda comunitaria ya basta. Has logrado todo con tu íntimo amigo Notario Tomas Lozano Molina para utilizar poderes y escrituras apócrifas.
Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Plaster Reinforced Vegetable Fiberinventionjournals
This study focused on the characterization of a heat insulating material, aims to determine the thermal characteristics of the plaster reinforced with vegetable fibers. It intends to replace the fibers of sisal generally used in practice to strengthen the plaster is replaced by those of the RheckthophyllumCamerunense (RC), a fiber of humid equatorial forests, in applications such as the manufacture of the staff, separating walls of dwellings. The objective of this work is to make a comparative assessment of the thermal diffusivity using a material composed of high porous plaster, non-reinforced and strengthened with the new plant fiber. It also aims to study the influence of the architecture of the RC fibers. The testing of thermal transfer by infrared thermography without contact are conducted on the composite plates. The resolution of the heat equation by finite difference with Matlab program permit the identification of the thermal diffusivity by fitting the theoretical thermogramme representation on the measures curve. The results reveal that the vegetable fibers increase the thermal performance of the plaster; that the RC fibers favor the isolation function better than the fibers of sisal and that their random distribution in the material proved to be more favorable.
Sex Trafficking In Nepal: A Review of Problems and Solutionsinventionjournals
Sex trafficking especially women and children is a major issue in South Asia, particularly in Nepal. “It is estimated that about 200,000 Nepali women and children who are trafficked and sold into India, over the period of years, are working as forced prostitutes in brothels in different parts of India” (Datta, 2005, p. 54). Many of these Nepali women and children are sold for the purpose of sexual exploitation and monetary profit. Sex trafficking is a growing concern as it is connected with human right violation and steady spread of HIV/AIDS (Kaufman & Crawford, 2011). Extreme poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, poor law, and open border between India and Nepal are major factors for human trafficking. Due to the devastating earthquake on 25 April and about 400 aftershocks, about 3 million people are victimized. The earthquake victims’ women and children are even more vulnerable for trafficking. Hence, it is vital to understand human trafficking, its form, factors, effects, and motives. The objective of this paper is to make aware intellectuals on the issue of sex trafficking, problems, and possible solutions in Nepal.
Pancasila Democracy to Religious Socialism and Its Chance against Law Based O...inventionjournals
Ideology within a country influences both law and economic policy. Economic capitalism, socialism, Islamic economy and also the economy of Pancasila has its own character in which will influence the level of welfare of the society of Indonesia with the constitution and ideology of Pancasila philosophy has led to a value order of national and state law on the foundations of economic values of Pancasila, which provides opportunities to accommodate the religious law, including the law derived from zakat which incidentally is one of the elements of the Islam religious law into legislation. It is a part of capacity in carrying out functions of the state to realize the ideals of justice and public welfare.
The Nature of Human Rights: Both Universal and Relative or neither Universal ...inventionjournals
This paper discusses arguments by Jack Donnelly and Michael Goodhart about the nature of human rights. Donnelly argues that human rights are relatively universal, while Goodhart argues they are neither relative nor universal. Donnelly analyzes different concepts of universality and finds functional, international legal, and overlapping consensus universality defensible, while anthropological and ontological universality are indefensible. Goodhart responds that using terms like "relative" and "universal" causes unnecessary confusion and it is better to analyze the concepts without these terms. The paper concludes that while they disagree on terminology, their substantive arguments converge somewhat, but they ultimately disagree on the basic nature of human rights.
The Role of Religious Sensibilities on The Relationship Between Religious Rul...inventionjournals
No matter what the religion is the impact of the religious beliefs cannot be neglected on consumer behavior. In Islamic countries or wherever Islamic population has a large market, the Muslim consumer is ultra-sensitive on their beliefs. With a global point of view “Halal food” looks like the main concern of Muslim consumers but there are several other rules that especially global companies should strictly follow in Muslim target markets. Islamic rules which can be applied in marketing vary from bribery to hoarding. Countries governing under Islamic Shari'ah apply these rules as law articles which mandate people to follow. In other countries with major Islamic populations like Turkey which adopts modern law systems do not directly follow Islamic rules in business and marketing. But in these countries also Islamic rules has an impact on consumer behavior. Ethical systems and religious lifestyle in these countries reveals Islamic sensitivities other than law. In this study it is examined the impact of Muslim consumers’ religious rules on hedonic consumption and the mediating role of religioussensibilities on this relationship. A qualitative approach has been followed in the research and focus group interview method has been conducted.
CULTURA DE LA INVERSIÓN, AHORRO Y SOSTENIBILIDADLina Naranjo
Este documento discute temas financieros como la inversión, el ahorro y la sostenibilidad desde diferentes perspectivas. Explica que al obtener una deuda como un préstamo se reducen los ingresos para pagarla, pero que una inversión sabia del préstamo puede generar ganancias a largo plazo. También analiza por qué algunas personas malgastan dinero a pesar de tener ingresos altos, y las dificultades que enfrentan otras para que les alcance el sueldo debido al alto costo de vida. El documento con
In Causality Principle as the Framework to Contextualize Time in Modern Physicsinventionjournals
Since the moment Boethius meditated on the nature of time in his fifth book on The Consolation of Philosophy, we have more tools to reflect on the subject. The onset of relativity and quantum physics provides us with the best insight, to date, that guides our reflections on the philosophical debates that attempt to theorize a definition of time. To clearly address the problems related to the theoretical models that account for the nature of time, adjustments to our interpretation of the contextual issues involved in special relativity are in order if we are going to preserve our notion of causal reality. As the construction of string theory emerges as the reigning theory for quantum gravity, a precise picture of causal reality can be accounted for through theories such as Dyson’s Chronological Protection Agency, Hořava’s theory of gravity, and new insight to how simultaneity is interpreted in relativity theory. With this model, the question about time in the philosophical debates can now be clearly defined through the Presentists’ view of the universe. Thus, if we are going to accept the premise of quantum mechanics (QM) and the theory of relativity, we can safely say that string theory (ST) is a reasonable theory of quantum gravity and that its conclusions about time must be taken seriously.
Este estudio evaluó los niveles de actividad física en 146 estudiantes universitarios en Venezuela utilizando el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física. Se encontró que el patrón de actividad física alta fue el más prevalente (48.6%), seguido por la actividad física moderada (35.6%). La actividad física en el tiempo de ocio registró los menores valores. Los autores concluyen que se deben diseñar programas para aumentar la actividad física en el tiempo de ocio con el fin de mejorar la
In this paper, we have studied various properties of the F- sturcture manifold satisfying 2 0 p F F where p is odd prime. Metric F-structure, kernel, tangent and normal vectors have also been discussed.
la naturaleza es un fuente de vida para todos los seres vivos por que sin ella no seriamos nadie y ya estuviéramos muertos por so hay que cuidarla bien no quemar basura y no contaminar los ríos para hacer un planeta de bien.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Socializing Mentally Handicapped Childreninventionjournals
This research is conducted to determine socialization of individuals with moderate mental retardation by physical activity. In order to meet the needs of physical activity of individuals with mental retardation, programs including work and play are being prepared today. These games and practices are aimed on their abilities, limitations and interests. A well-planned program of physical activity can have a positive contribution to all areas of development on children with mental disabilities. In this study, which proceeds on the basis of The Focus Group Interview (FGI), a part of qualitative research strategy, 19 parents with disabled kids were interviewed. Children of parents who participated in the study have moderate mental retardation (MR) and they have been playing basketball for two days a week, swimming for one day a weekend short walking at least three times a week on a regular basis for the last two years. The study was made by Maximum Diversity Sampling as a sampling method and interview form was used as a data collection means. Verbal explanations given by parents to open-ended questions were analyzed through content analysis. Main themes of each research question were chosen by comparing a pre determined part of the creation of common themes. As a result, parents who are suffering from hyperactive or inactive children, tell that they observe a significant change in their children after doing sports. Parents who see this positive change become happy and therefore they have spare time for themselves while their kids are doing sports. Both parents and children defined the positive changes at home and social life along with sports as happiness and calmness. Parents state that they feel their kid’s sense of achievement, improved ability to make an action and communications kills. They also observe the fact that they gain acceptance in the community
Environment In Context : A Perspective From Environment Behavior Relationinventionjournals
This document discusses the relationship between humans and their environment from an ecological perspective. It provides context on socio-ecological models of human development and explores how these models could better represent ecological influences rather than just human and social factors. The document also examines how environments are defined not just by physical characteristics but by human use and interaction. It analyzes the complex interactions between living organisms and their environments.
Hotmail, el primer servicio de correo electrónico para millones de usuarios, cerrará después de 17 años y será reemplazado por Outlook. Microsoft comenzó a migrar automáticamente las cuentas de Hotmail a Outlook.com durante un período de 6 meses para competir con Gmail. Outlook.com funcionará de manera similar a Hotmail con las mismas direcciones de correo, y ha tenido una buena acogida durante las pruebas al ser el servicio de correo que más ha crecido en menos tiempo.
Entrepreneurship is considered as a source of wealth creation, economic growth, social progress, and technological development. The current paper seeks to shed light on obstacles that are impeding business creators to start their businesses. To identify the observed constraints, we developed a questionnaire that we addressed to 120 new entrepreneurs drawing on the theoretical and empirical literature. The application of factor analysis has revealed that business creators’ decision to launch their ventures is hindered mainly by the following factors: lack of managerial and business skills, poor training programs, and risk aversion. The study also suggests some recommendations to alleviate obstacles facing new entrepreneurs when deciding to launch their projects
Sostenibilidad de la capacitación pronto gua lic. marvin franco de la rosaCarlos Gomez
Este documento describe el programa PRONTO, el cual proporciona capacitación interdisciplinaria mediante simulaciones para mejorar la atención de emergencias obstétricas y neonatales. PRONTO se ha implementado en Guatemala desde 2014, capacitando a más de 500 profesionales de salud. Las evaluaciones muestran mejoras en el conocimiento del personal y logros en metas como mejorar la comunicación y organización del equipo. El documento también discute esfuerzos para garantizar la sostenibilidad del programa en Guatemala a través de la formación de capacitadores
“Desquamative Gingivitis Treated By An Antioxidant Therapy- A Case Report”inventionjournals
Desquamative gingivitis is described as an erythematous, desquamated or eroded gingival lesion. Various etiologic factors are present for the appearance of such lesions. Despite of considering etiology, treatment is oftenly provided by systemic or topical corticosteroids. Apart from steroid application, another optionable treatment is antioxidant therapy which provides rapid healing of the tissue. As antioxidants posses various advantageous properties, it can be considered as a first treatment option for desquamative gingivitis. The presented case report of desquamative gingivitis is successfully treated using systemic antioxidants in the form of commercially available „oxitard capsule‟.
La célula se define como la unidad mínima de un organismo capaz de funcionar de manera autónoma. Las células están compuestas por membrana plasmática, citoplasma y núcleo. Realizan funciones básicas como nutrición, reproducción y relación. El metabolismo celular incluye procesos catabólicos y anabólicos que permiten el intercambio de materia y energía. Las células pueden ser autótrofas u heterótrofas dependiendo de su fuente de energía.
Avatar Project - Università di Messina - Lingua Inglese I MagistraleMarco Lancellotti
This document discusses a multimodal analysis of the Avatar film trailer. It analyzes the trailer's use of various semiotic resources such as images, language, sound, color, movement and gaze to convey meaning and promote the film. The trailer follows typical advertising conventions by using impact images and theme compression to sell the film's narrative and excite viewers.
The relationship between cinema and literature is interconnected but also distinct. Literature has long been a form of artistic expression, telling stories through writing. Cinema emerged in the 20th century as a new art form that brought literature to life visually through film. While literature uses only words, cinema combines visuals, sound, music and actors to depict stories. Many films are adaptations of novels, plays and other literary works. Some aspects must change between the literary and cinematic forms, such as differences in language usage and how time and space are represented. Overall, literature has greatly inspired cinema and provided source material for countless film adaptations over the years.
Adjudicacion herencia Luis Septien y Septien, YSITA DEL HOYOysitadelhoyo
En la escritura del legado del difunto Luis Septien no existe ninguna mención del Lic. FRANCISCO YSITA DEL HOYO ni tampoco del Lic. JORGE VILLATORO. Como testimonio ahi esta la escritura de su legado se hace mención al difunto Fernando Ysita Septien como albacea de la sucesión de Luis Septien, más no propietario de la fundación. Claramente se especifica que al fallecimiento de este pasara en primer lugar a la Arquidiocesis de Mexico sino a la Beneficencia Publica o la Cruz Roja, lo cual no sucedió.
Francisco Ysita del Hoyo estas lucreando con bienes que no son de tu propiedad. No abuses con supuestas ayuda comunitaria ya basta. Has logrado todo con tu íntimo amigo Notario Tomas Lozano Molina para utilizar poderes y escrituras apócrifas.
Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Plaster Reinforced Vegetable Fiberinventionjournals
This study focused on the characterization of a heat insulating material, aims to determine the thermal characteristics of the plaster reinforced with vegetable fibers. It intends to replace the fibers of sisal generally used in practice to strengthen the plaster is replaced by those of the RheckthophyllumCamerunense (RC), a fiber of humid equatorial forests, in applications such as the manufacture of the staff, separating walls of dwellings. The objective of this work is to make a comparative assessment of the thermal diffusivity using a material composed of high porous plaster, non-reinforced and strengthened with the new plant fiber. It also aims to study the influence of the architecture of the RC fibers. The testing of thermal transfer by infrared thermography without contact are conducted on the composite plates. The resolution of the heat equation by finite difference with Matlab program permit the identification of the thermal diffusivity by fitting the theoretical thermogramme representation on the measures curve. The results reveal that the vegetable fibers increase the thermal performance of the plaster; that the RC fibers favor the isolation function better than the fibers of sisal and that their random distribution in the material proved to be more favorable.
Sex Trafficking In Nepal: A Review of Problems and Solutionsinventionjournals
Sex trafficking especially women and children is a major issue in South Asia, particularly in Nepal. “It is estimated that about 200,000 Nepali women and children who are trafficked and sold into India, over the period of years, are working as forced prostitutes in brothels in different parts of India” (Datta, 2005, p. 54). Many of these Nepali women and children are sold for the purpose of sexual exploitation and monetary profit. Sex trafficking is a growing concern as it is connected with human right violation and steady spread of HIV/AIDS (Kaufman & Crawford, 2011). Extreme poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, poor law, and open border between India and Nepal are major factors for human trafficking. Due to the devastating earthquake on 25 April and about 400 aftershocks, about 3 million people are victimized. The earthquake victims’ women and children are even more vulnerable for trafficking. Hence, it is vital to understand human trafficking, its form, factors, effects, and motives. The objective of this paper is to make aware intellectuals on the issue of sex trafficking, problems, and possible solutions in Nepal.
Pancasila Democracy to Religious Socialism and Its Chance against Law Based O...inventionjournals
Ideology within a country influences both law and economic policy. Economic capitalism, socialism, Islamic economy and also the economy of Pancasila has its own character in which will influence the level of welfare of the society of Indonesia with the constitution and ideology of Pancasila philosophy has led to a value order of national and state law on the foundations of economic values of Pancasila, which provides opportunities to accommodate the religious law, including the law derived from zakat which incidentally is one of the elements of the Islam religious law into legislation. It is a part of capacity in carrying out functions of the state to realize the ideals of justice and public welfare.
The Nature of Human Rights: Both Universal and Relative or neither Universal ...inventionjournals
This paper discusses arguments by Jack Donnelly and Michael Goodhart about the nature of human rights. Donnelly argues that human rights are relatively universal, while Goodhart argues they are neither relative nor universal. Donnelly analyzes different concepts of universality and finds functional, international legal, and overlapping consensus universality defensible, while anthropological and ontological universality are indefensible. Goodhart responds that using terms like "relative" and "universal" causes unnecessary confusion and it is better to analyze the concepts without these terms. The paper concludes that while they disagree on terminology, their substantive arguments converge somewhat, but they ultimately disagree on the basic nature of human rights.
The Role of Religious Sensibilities on The Relationship Between Religious Rul...inventionjournals
No matter what the religion is the impact of the religious beliefs cannot be neglected on consumer behavior. In Islamic countries or wherever Islamic population has a large market, the Muslim consumer is ultra-sensitive on their beliefs. With a global point of view “Halal food” looks like the main concern of Muslim consumers but there are several other rules that especially global companies should strictly follow in Muslim target markets. Islamic rules which can be applied in marketing vary from bribery to hoarding. Countries governing under Islamic Shari'ah apply these rules as law articles which mandate people to follow. In other countries with major Islamic populations like Turkey which adopts modern law systems do not directly follow Islamic rules in business and marketing. But in these countries also Islamic rules has an impact on consumer behavior. Ethical systems and religious lifestyle in these countries reveals Islamic sensitivities other than law. In this study it is examined the impact of Muslim consumers’ religious rules on hedonic consumption and the mediating role of religioussensibilities on this relationship. A qualitative approach has been followed in the research and focus group interview method has been conducted.
CULTURA DE LA INVERSIÓN, AHORRO Y SOSTENIBILIDADLina Naranjo
Este documento discute temas financieros como la inversión, el ahorro y la sostenibilidad desde diferentes perspectivas. Explica que al obtener una deuda como un préstamo se reducen los ingresos para pagarla, pero que una inversión sabia del préstamo puede generar ganancias a largo plazo. También analiza por qué algunas personas malgastan dinero a pesar de tener ingresos altos, y las dificultades que enfrentan otras para que les alcance el sueldo debido al alto costo de vida. El documento con
In Causality Principle as the Framework to Contextualize Time in Modern Physicsinventionjournals
Since the moment Boethius meditated on the nature of time in his fifth book on The Consolation of Philosophy, we have more tools to reflect on the subject. The onset of relativity and quantum physics provides us with the best insight, to date, that guides our reflections on the philosophical debates that attempt to theorize a definition of time. To clearly address the problems related to the theoretical models that account for the nature of time, adjustments to our interpretation of the contextual issues involved in special relativity are in order if we are going to preserve our notion of causal reality. As the construction of string theory emerges as the reigning theory for quantum gravity, a precise picture of causal reality can be accounted for through theories such as Dyson’s Chronological Protection Agency, Hořava’s theory of gravity, and new insight to how simultaneity is interpreted in relativity theory. With this model, the question about time in the philosophical debates can now be clearly defined through the Presentists’ view of the universe. Thus, if we are going to accept the premise of quantum mechanics (QM) and the theory of relativity, we can safely say that string theory (ST) is a reasonable theory of quantum gravity and that its conclusions about time must be taken seriously.
Este estudio evaluó los niveles de actividad física en 146 estudiantes universitarios en Venezuela utilizando el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física. Se encontró que el patrón de actividad física alta fue el más prevalente (48.6%), seguido por la actividad física moderada (35.6%). La actividad física en el tiempo de ocio registró los menores valores. Los autores concluyen que se deben diseñar programas para aumentar la actividad física en el tiempo de ocio con el fin de mejorar la
In this paper, we have studied various properties of the F- sturcture manifold satisfying 2 0 p F F where p is odd prime. Metric F-structure, kernel, tangent and normal vectors have also been discussed.
la naturaleza es un fuente de vida para todos los seres vivos por que sin ella no seriamos nadie y ya estuviéramos muertos por so hay que cuidarla bien no quemar basura y no contaminar los ríos para hacer un planeta de bien.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Socializing Mentally Handicapped Childreninventionjournals
This research is conducted to determine socialization of individuals with moderate mental retardation by physical activity. In order to meet the needs of physical activity of individuals with mental retardation, programs including work and play are being prepared today. These games and practices are aimed on their abilities, limitations and interests. A well-planned program of physical activity can have a positive contribution to all areas of development on children with mental disabilities. In this study, which proceeds on the basis of The Focus Group Interview (FGI), a part of qualitative research strategy, 19 parents with disabled kids were interviewed. Children of parents who participated in the study have moderate mental retardation (MR) and they have been playing basketball for two days a week, swimming for one day a weekend short walking at least three times a week on a regular basis for the last two years. The study was made by Maximum Diversity Sampling as a sampling method and interview form was used as a data collection means. Verbal explanations given by parents to open-ended questions were analyzed through content analysis. Main themes of each research question were chosen by comparing a pre determined part of the creation of common themes. As a result, parents who are suffering from hyperactive or inactive children, tell that they observe a significant change in their children after doing sports. Parents who see this positive change become happy and therefore they have spare time for themselves while their kids are doing sports. Both parents and children defined the positive changes at home and social life along with sports as happiness and calmness. Parents state that they feel their kid’s sense of achievement, improved ability to make an action and communications kills. They also observe the fact that they gain acceptance in the community
Environment In Context : A Perspective From Environment Behavior Relationinventionjournals
This document discusses the relationship between humans and their environment from an ecological perspective. It provides context on socio-ecological models of human development and explores how these models could better represent ecological influences rather than just human and social factors. The document also examines how environments are defined not just by physical characteristics but by human use and interaction. It analyzes the complex interactions between living organisms and their environments.
Hotmail, el primer servicio de correo electrónico para millones de usuarios, cerrará después de 17 años y será reemplazado por Outlook. Microsoft comenzó a migrar automáticamente las cuentas de Hotmail a Outlook.com durante un período de 6 meses para competir con Gmail. Outlook.com funcionará de manera similar a Hotmail con las mismas direcciones de correo, y ha tenido una buena acogida durante las pruebas al ser el servicio de correo que más ha crecido en menos tiempo.
Entrepreneurship is considered as a source of wealth creation, economic growth, social progress, and technological development. The current paper seeks to shed light on obstacles that are impeding business creators to start their businesses. To identify the observed constraints, we developed a questionnaire that we addressed to 120 new entrepreneurs drawing on the theoretical and empirical literature. The application of factor analysis has revealed that business creators’ decision to launch their ventures is hindered mainly by the following factors: lack of managerial and business skills, poor training programs, and risk aversion. The study also suggests some recommendations to alleviate obstacles facing new entrepreneurs when deciding to launch their projects
Sostenibilidad de la capacitación pronto gua lic. marvin franco de la rosaCarlos Gomez
Este documento describe el programa PRONTO, el cual proporciona capacitación interdisciplinaria mediante simulaciones para mejorar la atención de emergencias obstétricas y neonatales. PRONTO se ha implementado en Guatemala desde 2014, capacitando a más de 500 profesionales de salud. Las evaluaciones muestran mejoras en el conocimiento del personal y logros en metas como mejorar la comunicación y organización del equipo. El documento también discute esfuerzos para garantizar la sostenibilidad del programa en Guatemala a través de la formación de capacitadores
“Desquamative Gingivitis Treated By An Antioxidant Therapy- A Case Report”inventionjournals
Desquamative gingivitis is described as an erythematous, desquamated or eroded gingival lesion. Various etiologic factors are present for the appearance of such lesions. Despite of considering etiology, treatment is oftenly provided by systemic or topical corticosteroids. Apart from steroid application, another optionable treatment is antioxidant therapy which provides rapid healing of the tissue. As antioxidants posses various advantageous properties, it can be considered as a first treatment option for desquamative gingivitis. The presented case report of desquamative gingivitis is successfully treated using systemic antioxidants in the form of commercially available „oxitard capsule‟.
La célula se define como la unidad mínima de un organismo capaz de funcionar de manera autónoma. Las células están compuestas por membrana plasmática, citoplasma y núcleo. Realizan funciones básicas como nutrición, reproducción y relación. El metabolismo celular incluye procesos catabólicos y anabólicos que permiten el intercambio de materia y energía. Las células pueden ser autótrofas u heterótrofas dependiendo de su fuente de energía.
Similar to An Analogical Study of the Narrative Techniques Used In the Film Paradesi (2013) an Adaptation of Tamil Translation (Yerium Panikkadu) of the Novel ‘Red Tea’
Avatar Project - Università di Messina - Lingua Inglese I MagistraleMarco Lancellotti
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Kinetic Emergence The Theory and Practice of Motion Design,.docxjesssueann
Kinetic Emergence: The Theory and Practice of Motion Design, R. Brian Stone and Leah
Wahlin (Editors), forthcoming (2017) from Common Ground Publishing
F R O M K I N E T I C E M E R G E N C E
Understanding Text-Image Composites in Title
Sequences
Michael Betancourt
The relative independence of title sequence designs from the demands of drama
and narrative in Hollywood’s feature films has allowed them a degree of formal
experimentation atypical of these productions generally, and suggests a general
theory for the analysis, discussion, and design of text–image composites. While
superimposed text over photography used in title sequence designs are the focus
of this discussion, the three interpretive modes identified can apply to any text–
image composite. The development of this approach to titles follows from the
lack, noted by media historian Jan-Christopher Horak in his book Saul Bass:
Anatomy of Film Design, of any formal design theory. Instead, a collection of
traditional views about the “ideal” relationship of title sequence to drama have
been circulating since (at least) the 1950s. Established approaches to title design
follows a hagiography of noteworthy designers—Saul Bass, Maurice Binder,
Pablo Ferro, et. al who received on-screen credit—whose work was a model to
emulate, neglecting uncredited designers’ work as of lesser interest and
significance (Billanti 1982, 60-69; 70-71). These anecdotal approaches do not
develop general theories, nor do they propose methods for discussing or
analyzing the resulting designs (Horak 2014).
What is of interest to the designer in a theoretical approach to design is very
different from what is of interest to critical analysis. Theories that designers
employ tend to be heuristic, concerned with the material production of work;
critical theories are hermeneutic, addressing meaning and significance without
concern for productive technique. There is little overlap between heuristic
theories and the hermeneutics of use to analysis other than semiotics, which
offers a description of general methods producing meaning, that can be used
hermeneutically and heuristically. The three modes described in this analysis are
adapted from Michel Foucault’s analysis of Rene Magritte’s painting in the book
This Is Not a Pipe; Foucault’s theory about the semiotics of text–image
composites as an ordering and dominating expression of vision-as-knowledge can
be adapted for a general application to title squences.
Title sequence design has varied greatly in duration, complexity, and
independence from the rest of the film over its more than 125 years of history in
the United States (Stanitzek 2009, 44-58). As feature films became the primary
type of production, the visuals, running time, and quantity of title cards increased
during the 1910s and ’20s paralleling the audience’s understanding of them. The
basic modes of interpretation were in common use by the 1930s: the calligram ...
Kinetic Emergence The Theory and Practice of Motion Design,.docxcroysierkathey
Kinetic Emergence: The Theory and Practice of Motion Design, R. Brian Stone and Leah
Wahlin (Editors), forthcoming (2017) from Common Ground Publishing
F R O M K I N E T I C E M E R G E N C E
Understanding Text-Image Composites in Title
Sequences
Michael Betancourt
The relative independence of title sequence designs from the demands of drama
and narrative in Hollywood’s feature films has allowed them a degree of formal
experimentation atypical of these productions generally, and suggests a general
theory for the analysis, discussion, and design of text–image composites. While
superimposed text over photography used in title sequence designs are the focus
of this discussion, the three interpretive modes identified can apply to any text–
image composite. The development of this approach to titles follows from the
lack, noted by media historian Jan-Christopher Horak in his book Saul Bass:
Anatomy of Film Design, of any formal design theory. Instead, a collection of
traditional views about the “ideal” relationship of title sequence to drama have
been circulating since (at least) the 1950s. Established approaches to title design
follows a hagiography of noteworthy designers—Saul Bass, Maurice Binder,
Pablo Ferro, et. al who received on-screen credit—whose work was a model to
emulate, neglecting uncredited designers’ work as of lesser interest and
significance (Billanti 1982, 60-69; 70-71). These anecdotal approaches do not
develop general theories, nor do they propose methods for discussing or
analyzing the resulting designs (Horak 2014).
What is of interest to the designer in a theoretical approach to design is very
different from what is of interest to critical analysis. Theories that designers
employ tend to be heuristic, concerned with the material production of work;
critical theories are hermeneutic, addressing meaning and significance without
concern for productive technique. There is little overlap between heuristic
theories and the hermeneutics of use to analysis other than semiotics, which
offers a description of general methods producing meaning, that can be used
hermeneutically and heuristically. The three modes described in this analysis are
adapted from Michel Foucault’s analysis of Rene Magritte’s painting in the book
This Is Not a Pipe; Foucault’s theory about the semiotics of text–image
composites as an ordering and dominating expression of vision-as-knowledge can
be adapted for a general application to title squences.
Title sequence design has varied greatly in duration, complexity, and
independence from the rest of the film over its more than 125 years of history in
the United States (Stanitzek 2009, 44-58). As feature films became the primary
type of production, the visuals, running time, and quantity of title cards increased
during the 1910s and ’20s paralleling the audience’s understanding of them. The
basic modes of interpretation were in common use by the 1930s: the calligram ...
Kinetic Emergence The Theory and Practice of Motion Design,JospehStull43
Kinetic Emergence: The Theory and Practice of Motion Design, R. Brian Stone and Leah
Wahlin (Editors), forthcoming (2017) from Common Ground Publishing
F R O M K I N E T I C E M E R G E N C E
Understanding Text-Image Composites in Title
Sequences
Michael Betancourt
The relative independence of title sequence designs from the demands of drama
and narrative in Hollywood’s feature films has allowed them a degree of formal
experimentation atypical of these productions generally, and suggests a general
theory for the analysis, discussion, and design of text–image composites. While
superimposed text over photography used in title sequence designs are the focus
of this discussion, the three interpretive modes identified can apply to any text–
image composite. The development of this approach to titles follows from the
lack, noted by media historian Jan-Christopher Horak in his book Saul Bass:
Anatomy of Film Design, of any formal design theory. Instead, a collection of
traditional views about the “ideal” relationship of title sequence to drama have
been circulating since (at least) the 1950s. Established approaches to title design
follows a hagiography of noteworthy designers—Saul Bass, Maurice Binder,
Pablo Ferro, et. al who received on-screen credit—whose work was a model to
emulate, neglecting uncredited designers’ work as of lesser interest and
significance (Billanti 1982, 60-69; 70-71). These anecdotal approaches do not
develop general theories, nor do they propose methods for discussing or
analyzing the resulting designs (Horak 2014).
What is of interest to the designer in a theoretical approach to design is very
different from what is of interest to critical analysis. Theories that designers
employ tend to be heuristic, concerned with the material production of work;
critical theories are hermeneutic, addressing meaning and significance without
concern for productive technique. There is little overlap between heuristic
theories and the hermeneutics of use to analysis other than semiotics, which
offers a description of general methods producing meaning, that can be used
hermeneutically and heuristically. The three modes described in this analysis are
adapted from Michel Foucault’s analysis of Rene Magritte’s painting in the book
This Is Not a Pipe; Foucault’s theory about the semiotics of text–image
composites as an ordering and dominating expression of vision-as-knowledge can
be adapted for a general application to title squences.
Title sequence design has varied greatly in duration, complexity, and
independence from the rest of the film over its more than 125 years of history in
the United States (Stanitzek 2009, 44-58). As feature films became the primary
type of production, the visuals, running time, and quantity of title cards increased
during the 1910s and ’20s paralleling the audience’s understanding of them. The
basic modes of interpretation were in common use by the 1930s: the calligram ...
Auteurism refers to the theory that a film has an author, whether the director, writer, or other creative contributor, who imprints their unique style and themes. Genre describes similarities in narrative elements that classify films, though some argue genres are not truly distinct or pure. Christian Metz applied Freudian psychology and Lacan's mirror theory to explain why films allow an imperfect reflection of reality and access to unconscious dreams.
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Similar to An Analogical Study of the Narrative Techniques Used In the Film Paradesi (2013) an Adaptation of Tamil Translation (Yerium Panikkadu) of the Novel ‘Red Tea’ (20)
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The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
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An Analogical Study of the Narrative Techniques Used In the Film Paradesi (2013) an Adaptation of Tamil Translation (Yerium Panikkadu) of the Novel ‘Red Tea’
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 3 ||March. 2016 || PP.01-06
www.ijhssi.org 1 | P a g e
An Analogical Study of the Narrative Techniques Used In the
Film Paradesi (2013) an Adaptation of Tamil Translation
(Yerium Panikkadu) of the Novel ‘Red Tea’
By Amutha Manavalan
ABSTRACT: Narrations in films have always taken the primary place. Understanding the narrative culture of
a medium becomes the prime motive of the narrator while working on adaptations. There is a strong connection
between the verbal and visual representation is sequence, since literary and filmic signs are apprehended
consecutively through time. The success and acceptability of a film is based on the narration style and
techniques. This is very much true in Tamil cinema narrative patterns. While trying to adapt the story from a
medium the director of the film Bala, has focused on trying to maintain the narrative syntax of the original, but
has also closely followed the semantics of visual design. The Tamil film Paradesi is an adaptation of the Tamil
translation Yerium Panikkadu of the novel ‘Red Tea’, which was has been an inspiration for the director.
Keywords: Narration, film, adaptation, Tamil film, Bala,Yerium Panikkadu
I. Introduction
James Monaco (2000: 44), film theorist and critic, finds that the film and novel stand close in that they share the
same narrative capacities and tell stories from narrator‟s perspective. Film critic David Bordwell (1986:82)
suggests that we make sense of the world through narratives. He states that film, in general, tell us stories and
these stories are made up of narratives. So is the case with novels, which also tell us stories via narrative. If a
novel is to be adapted into a film, there are aspects and properties the two genres can share and there are those
that cannot be treated and presented. A major difference between the novel and the film is that the narrative in
one media is presented in words and in the other in frames.
One of the essential differences between the novel and film that Monaco (2000:45) proposes is that in the novel
we can read only what the author wants us to read, but in film we see inevitably also those things that the
author/director has maybe not planned to show. If a novelist has to describe things and aspects through his own
perspective, then in film we can look and see details ourselves; thus there is a difference in the objectivity of the
presentation.
The reader of a novel has to imagine, the spectator of the film has to read the signs and thus both have to
undergo the process of interpretation of signs (Monaco 2000:159). The film medium makes use of visual images
as compared to the novel which has a vast vocabulary at its disposal. Films are more restricted because it
happens in real time and therefore we usually have only an average of two hours screen time, And in case of
such limited narration it is clear that some details of incident are omitted, but as an advantage of the film,
Monaco (2000:45) marks pictorial presentation that also allows aspects that cannot be transferred directly,
“translated into image.”
Another distinction between the novel and the film is the tense form in which the story is told. It is usually held
that the novel‟s story is told in the past and the film‟s story in the present. This fact makes the film more
immediate than the novel, as it represents the action physically. The moving pictures support the film‟s present
tense, saying that through motion there is a kind of spatalizing of time and it becomes difficult, if not
impossible.
Another difference between the written form of narrative and the film is the sound effects that play an important
role in creating the atmosphere in the film. The sound code is clearly an advantage of the film-maker, as in the
novel the author is able only to describe the sounds in words. According to Monaco structures of cinema are
defined by codes. It is through these codes that the film expresses meanings according to him. Monaco divides
codes into culturally derived codes, which are outside the film .Adaptations can be looked upon and treated from
the point of fidelity. Modes of adaptation are discussed from point of fidelity. Adaptations claiming fidelity
bear originality as signified and inspired work stand as referring to the original.
2. An Analogical Study Of The Narrative Techniques Used In The Film Paradesi (2013) An.....
www.ijhssi.org 2 | P a g e
McFarlane opines that it is arguable to what extent a film-writer should retain the novel‟s fundamentals and how
to make changes to the original discourse. In this paper the adaptor, Bala has skilfully transferred the main parts
of the narrative into the film. This paper tries to show how Bala, the director has chosen to introduce his point of
view and has shown the original text from a new angle along with some of his view points. Bazin states
(2000:20) that faithfulness to a form is illusory: what matters is the equivalence in meaning of the forms. He
further explains that form is a sign of style which is inseparable from the narrative content.
The narratology inventory, when applied to cinema, is bound to incorporate and combine a large number of “co-
creative” techniques “constructing the story world for specific effects” (Bordwell 1985: 12) and creating an
overall meaning only in their totality. The absence of a narrative subject is to be compensated for by the
construction of a “visual narrative instance” (Deleyto 1996: 219; Kuhn 2009) mediating the paradigms of
overtly cinematographic devices (elements relating to camera, sound, editing), the mise-en-scène (arranging and
composing the scene in front of the camera), and a distinctly filmic focalization.
On the other hand, the most solid narrative link between verbal and visual representation is sequence, since
literary and filmic signs are apprehended consecutively through time, mostly (though not always) following a
successive and causal order. It is this consecutiveness that “gives rise to an unfolding structure, the diegetic
whole” (Cohen 1979: 92). The main features of narrative strategies in literature can also be found in film,
although the characteristics of these strategies differ significantly. In many cases, it seems to be appropriate to
speak of “equivalences” between literary and filmic storytelling and to analyze the pertinent differences between
the two media in narrative representation. These equivalences are far more complex than is suggested by any
mere “translation” or “adaptation” from one medium into another.
II. The film ‘Paradesi’ and the book ‘Red Tea’
Adaptations need not be concerned with the faithful rendering of some original text, but can now take „an
activist stance toward their source[s] . . . inserting them into a much broader intertextual dialogism‟. (verevis,
2006)
More particularly, it can be understood that the category of hyper-textuality to describe adaptation as a
relationship between a given text (a „hypertext‟) and an anterior text (a „hypotext‟) that the former transforms,
inviting a double reading. (verevis, 2006) Film adaptations – we could include remakes – are understood as
hypertexts (new films) derived from preexisting hypotexts (literary or other textualised sources) that have been
transformed through a particular series of operations, including „selection, amplification, concretization,
actualisation, critique, extrapolation, analogisation, popularisation, and reculturalisation‟. (verevis, 2006)
Furthermore, in the case of subsequent adaptations of properties – re-adaptations and/or remakes – new
hypertexts do not necessarily refer back to original hypotexts, but rather encompass the entire chain of
remakings that form a „larger, cumulative hypotext‟. (verevis, 2006)
The Tamil film Paradesi is a period film set during the colonial period and focuses on the pathetic life led by the
tea-estate bonded labourers. The film is based on the book „Red Tea‟ authored by Paul Harris Daniel. According
to the sources the director of the film was inspired by the Tamil translation „Yerium Panikkadu‟ by E.Ra.
Murugavel. To put things in a nutshell, the film narrates the story of the pathetic and blood chilling conditions
of the tea estate workers who were bonded labourer‟s, in South India during the colonial period. Bala, the
director of the film had previously worked with the Tamil film maker, Balu Mahendra. Bala is known for his
dark and disturbing film narratives. The connotation dark and disturbing is to be understood as a realistic tool of
representation. His first film „Sethu‟ made the Tamil film audience and the entire Tamil film fraternity to sit up
and notice a new film making style. This was followed by his other films-„Nanda‟, „Pithamagan‟, „Naan
Kadavul‟, „Avan Ivan‟ and „Paradesi‟. It has been a pattern for the director, where his hero or main male
protagonist is not shown as a mere muscle wielding macho man but as a degenerated version of the male
identity in today‟s Tamil state. Sometimes the hero is shown as a person who cannot identify oneself to a
particular gender or a social outcast or as an Aghori Sadhu, or a village urchin. None of the mentioned is any
closer to celluloid representation of a „Hero‟.
The paper would be focusing on a few narrative techniques used in the film Paradesi by director Bala.
Concentrating on narrative aspects of figurative language, humour, characterization in the book and the film,
mise-en-scene, colour of the film, posters and music the researcher is trying to make a comparison of the
narrative forms and how it impacts the same audience in different styles. The researcher also notices of how
these narratives are used differently in the two mediums.
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III. Figurative language and humour
The text uses figurative language which takes the reader into the past giving a feeling of a period text. The
director in the film Paradesi has an introduction with a voice-over reading the parchment which is in the
background. This is similar to the introductory content in the text Yerium Panikkadu (the translation of the
original text „Red Tea‟). The voice here is serious, with a base tone applied which reminds the viewer of the
film that the cinema here is a serious one in nature. It also gives an introduction to the topic of bonded labourers
and the conditions of the characters in the text.
The humour in Bala‟s films is usually “dark” and “disturbing”. In this film the same pattern is followed wherein
every dialogue is outlined with some brutality and roughness. The language used both in cinema as well as the
book is deep southern slang. Unlike the traditional Tamil cinema the language is not literary but crass in many
instances. Humour is dealt with in a very insensitive manner- like insulting comments and remarks made by the
villagers on the protagonist, calling him an idle beggar; he is called as „Ottu-poriki‟ (collector of alms)1
. This is
in contrast to the characterization of the protagonist in the book. In the text the village is introduced as
Mylloodai in Thirunelvelli district2
but in the film it merely states Salur village (1929)
Category Book Film
Protagonist name Karuppan Rasa
Family Married Unmarried
Spouse Valli Lover: Angamma
Occupation odd jobs Village drummer/unemployed
Nature responsible family man rustic village youth
Close kin Mother maternal grandmother
Overseer Muthukaruppan Maistry (contractor)
Doctor Dr.Abraham Dr.Parisuththam
Offspring one child (dies of malaria) Son (out of wedlock)
Caste Upper caste Nayakar‟s Thevar‟s no particulars given
Comparison of characters and variables between the book and the film
Keeping in mind the narrative techniques and the nuances of story-telling changes are made in films. This helps
in building the suspense and expectations in the audience. Elaborate fictitious characteristics are added in
cinematic representations.
Mise-en-scène
Art director C S Balachander along with Costume designer Poornima Ramasamy have created a mise-en-scene
of a pre-independent rural South India. The camera zooms into the narrow lanes of the Salur village. The
costumes are typically rural and backward more precisely traditional. The properties used are traditional, not
much description of this is given in the book. The director has taken special effort to bring out the nuances of
village life through this. Properties like hand grinding stones, pounding stones, cloth cradles, ladles-wooden are
some things which are prominent.
The complete village setting has low thatched roofs (straw and palm leaves). These are very descriptive
narratives where in an elaborate language is not used unlike the book to describe the village and its culture. The
scene of wedding is shot in open yards with not much of a setting except for bare necessities like flowers. This
again brings the viewer to understand the visual from a very native point of view.
The first scene is set with a voice over of the narrator telling the viewers of the plight of the Tamil people who
are captured with fake promises and are lured to the wolves den. The introduction of the protagonist, Rasa is
done with simplicity and comes as a shock to the viewer to find the hero in such attire and simplicity.
Throughout the film Rasa is abused, harassed and ill-treated by the villagers, the employers and even by the girl
who eventually falls in love with him. This seems as a deliberate attempt by the director to break the stereotype
created around the main protagonist who is constantly shown as macho in most cinemas. Considering Bala‟s
previous films- „Pithamagan‟3
and „Naan Kadavul4
‟ where the main protagonist is always different from the
mainstream hero. In this film he lowers the status of the hero. There are scenes where the protagonist is
humiliated- where he is not served food when he sits along with the others for lunch. The hero is also shown
1
Beggar
2
District in Tamil Nadu
3
National Film Award for best actor (Actor Vikram) in 2003. He played the role of Chittan, a social outcast.
4
National Film Award for Best Direction and Best makeup Artist 2010.
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breaking down unable to bear the insults and the traumatic living conditions at the estate. The image of male
chauvinism is completely broken by the director
Another aspect in the director‟s work is that he constantly bifurcates the main character into many smaller
characters. For instance the main protagonist in the book is a married man who travels to the tea estate along
with his wife, but in the film the director has chosen to break this entity of the protagonist as another character
(his friend) who gets married and goes along with his wife to the tea estate.
The scene where the immigrants are checked by the self-learned medical practitioner Dr. Cruz brings out subtle
humour which depicts a systematic brutalization of a section of innocent people. The narrative technique used
here can be considered similar to that of the book where the author merely brings out the helplessness of the
character. According to cinematic terms here is a point where the audience will start considering Rasa to be the
hero who is their redeemer. But the film has no redeemer as such and we are left with suffering and no parallel
story and subplots.
Considering changes while adapting the final scene in the film according to the medium and its narrative
principles, in the film the ending is a wide angle shot where Rasa is grieving and lamenting that Valli has
walked into hell along with their son. In the book Karuppan is in his hut at the estate and has a beautiful dream
of chiding his mother and beside him is his wife and he teases his mother and tries to walks out of the house and
his wife Valli (who is dead because of the epidemic at the estate) holds his hand…..this is a dream and in reality
Karuppan is shaken up by the henchmen to get back to work. Both the scenes mentioned in the book as well as
the film portray the same feeling of helplessness but with techniques unique to the respective mediums.
IV. Colour of the film
Since the film is a period film, the author does not give us the usual flash back scene but there is a direct start
where the protagonist is instantly introduced to the viewer without any delay. The director has deliberately kept
the film in sepia tone a grey colour depicting the soberness and seriousness of the story. The cinematography is
ashen and gives the viewer a long stretch of the same shade. Nowhere in the film does one get to see the lush
green tea estate in real colour except for a split second when the villagers arrive and look around in awe. But the
camera immediately pans to the dry path symbolizing the dryness in their life to the labourers.
The sepia tone here does not fail the purpose of installing a feeling in the mind of the audience as to what to
expect. On the whole the tone of colour used is very dry.
V. The make-up and costumes
The make-up and costumes of the characters are very aptly chosen and designed to maintain the simplicity and
the culture to which the protagonist belongs to. Here a mention is to be made about the dealing of the main
characters with simplicity and a very banal and simple introduction given to the main protagonist without any
pomp and show.
In fact if the viewer is not familiar with the artists of the film they would miss out identifying the protagonist
initially when they are introduced in a subtle manner. The make-up and costumes do not vary to an extent with
of course a few exceptions of the overseer‟s wife who is dressed in pompous clothes and jewellery.
Another character with a different makeup are some women who befriend and bed the English manager of the
estate. To set them apart from the rest, extra jewellery and a slightly bright make-up is applied. This is narrated
very descriptively and elaborately in the book.
VI. Songs and background music
Music plays an important role in the film. Rasa the protagonist is a village drummer who announces the events
to the villagers. This is done in the form of crude folk style songs and rhyming lines used in the announcements
by him. Every important scene is dealt with a song which has the lyrics doing most of the description of the
situation, occasion, emotion and culture. In a particular scene when the villagers migrate to the tea estate with
the overseer who leads the troop in a cart, they are made to walk for 48 days before they reach the estate. This
scene is a long shot giving you the impression of the large number that migrate and also how they are treated
like cattle controlled by the henchmen.
The scene starts with a descriptive song telling the viewer how they are moving from homeland to hell without
their knowledge. Lyrics compare the overseer to a wolf leading a pack of sheep to his den. A quick comparison
can be made to the present migration to cities and to foreign lands which takes place in the villages and smaller
towns in India.
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VII. Language and behaviour
The language used throughout the film is region specific and gives meaning to the dialogues without
compromising on the emotions and sentiments which are not experienced exactly in the book. Every dialogue in
the film is seen as a description which keeps adding on to the character of the protagonist. Rasa is constantly
proved to be a domestic animal like entity, even his style of speaking and behaviour depicts this clearly. In many
scenes of the first half he is seen as errand boy of the village. Also the language used by the villagers towards
the hero is very rustic. These factors helps the audience connect to the characters and the situations.
Caste and class discrimination is made in the book with reference to the Thevar 5
and Nayakar community being
regarded as upper and ruling class people. But for obvious reasons this is not mentioned in the film except that
the wealthy and powerful are mentioned as the ruling classes. Another incident is the Indian doctor,
Dr.Parisuttham and his white wife. The white lady is wrongly regarded as the doctor. Also sarcasm and
discrimination based on nationality and skin colour is shown in the expressions of the English man at the estate.
A vivid comparison to the discrimination done to M K Gandhi on train in South Africa can be related to easily
by the audience. Language has been a primary factor in cinema to help the audience connect to the characters
and the sentiment the director is trying to emote through his characters.
VIII. Music and lyrics
The music in this film is scored by G V Prakash and lyrics by Vairamuthu6
. Bala uses music as a powerful
narrative tool in his films. His previous films have won accolades for music scoring at the national level. In
Paradesi the songs are composed on a poetic theme which suits the medium. Most of the song sequences are
background scores which probe into the main theme of the movie. The scene where many of the villagers sign
the bond (unknowingly) and move out to the tea estate, has a background song which affects the audience
deeply with its lyrics which kind of warns the audience of what they can expect from the rest of the film. The
director gives importance to the lyrics in his films. The songs are consistent as a narrative technique by itself
where in the director fills in the scenes effectively. Be it his previous films like Sethu‟, Pithamagan‟ or
Paradesi‟ music and lyrics are powerful narrative techniques of the director.
IX. Posters as an allegory in Paradesi
The posters of the film are also to be considered as a narrative technique the director uses to bring out the
essence of the film. Most of the posters released for this film are connected to the film to a large extent. Unlike
other commercial cinema where an unrelated item song is depicted in the poster the film Paradesi‟s posters carry
the same mood the director is trying to maintain in his film. The colour of the poster too is sepia / grayish
brown. Poster culture is a dominant aspect in Tamil film history and here it is used very effectively. Here the
posters are used allegorically to bring out the deep hidden meaning of the film „Paradesi‟ which means
“vagabond”. As the title suggests the vagabond nature of the protagonist is shown in the poster as well. This is
different when you compare it with the books both „Red Tea‟ and „Yerium Panikkadu‟ its translation in Tamil.
Both the cover designs of the books are very neutral and non-allegorical.
X. Conclusion
This paper has attempted to find out that with adaptations from book to films the identity and authenticity of the
story is not lost. In this film many characterizations used in the book are changed and modified according to the
convenience and idea of the adaptor. The emphasis on situations and incidents in the film have been altered and
re-oriented. As a result the film touches upon the issues of bonded labour in the estates of South India during the
colonial period. Intra-diegesis codes have been used in the form of visual codes and scenes where the villagers
are shown walking for 48 days to reach the estate whereas in the book they travel by train, are to give the
audience an emotional feel of the pain and sufferings. The novel is more open-ended than the film that provides
the spectators with a final scene of Karuppan dreaming of a free life in the novel and a wide angle shot of Rasa
wailing at the sight of his lover and their young son who are the new set of bonded labours.
To conclude, the film adaptation can be classified as a commentary with visual intersections. The
changes in the film are due to the differences in the media and also mainstream orientation and the Tamil film
market which can be understood that adaptations are an individual‟s unique work of art.
5
Upper Caste Community in the Tamil society
6
Tamil lyricist and poet
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References
[1]. Bazin, Andre. (2000) Adaptation or the Cinema as Digest 9-27 Rutgers University Press
[2]. Behindwoods.com/index.html-Film based articles
[3]. Bordwell, David. (1986). Film Art: An Introduction. New York: Knopf
[4]. E- article- “Paradesi”… Tea and no sympathy: Rangan Baradwaj March 16 2013
[5]. McFarlane Brian. (1996) (1996) Novel to Film: An Introduction to the Theory of Adaptation, Clarendon Press, Oxford
[6]. Monaco, James (2000) How to Read a Film-Oxford University Press.
[7]. Naremore, James. (2000). Introduction: Film and the Reign of Adaptation 1- 16. New York: Rutgers University Press.
[8]. Schmidt, Johann N: "Narration in Film" In: Hühn, Peter et al. (eds.): The living handbook of Narratology Hamburg University
Press.
[9]. Verevis, c. (2006). Film Remaking. In c. verevis, film remaking (pp. 81-84). Edinburgh: Edinburgh press.
[10]. Murugavel R .Yerium Panikkadu Tamil Translation of „Red Tea‟: Aharam Printers.