Farmers in India face numerous issues due to environmental changes, including unpredictable monsoon rains that make crop planning difficult, as well as soil degradation from drier conditions. Climate change is projected to further reduce wheat and rice yields. Adaptation strategies implemented by farmers include new crop varieties, changing planting calendars, and altered cropping patterns. The government of India has established programs to help farmers adapt, but more research and awareness efforts are still needed to address the challenges faced by farmers.

1. Problems
faced by
farmers due
to
environme-
ntal
changes

2. *
*Introduction
*Current issues on agriculture
*Impact due to climate change on agriculture
*Potential impact of climate change on wheat
production
*Effect of climate change in rice production system
*Adaptation to climate change
*Steps taken to overcome
*conclusion

3. *
* Area under agriculture 50% (160 mha)
* Population (2005) 1 billion+
* Average farm size 1 to 5 ha
* Climate Tropical (Tropic of cancer divides India two
. (halves)
* Population depend upon agriculture 70%
* Total area Irrigated Prod Earnings %GDP
(mha) (mha) (mt.) (Rs.)
* Rice 42 20 73 365 22
* Wheat 24 21 57 208 12.6

4. *
*Overproduction in short-term, yet food
insecurity for a large population
*Stagnation /decline in yields
*Diversification
*Natural resource management-SOM decline,
input use efficiencies, narrow genetic base
*Quality and quantity of water resources
*Profitability: increasing cost and deceleration
in TFP growth

7. *
*Water is single greatest limitation to world’s
grain production.
*a 0.5 degree Celsius increase in winter
temperature would reduce wheat yield by 0.45
ton/ha.
*Rao and sinha in 1994 showed that wheat yield
will decrease between 28-68% without
considering the co2 fertilization

8. *

9. *
*Increase of 2 degree Celsius in temperature could decrease
the rice yield by about 0.75 ton/ha in the high yield areas
*Saseendran et al. in 2000 sowed that every 1 degree rise in
temperature cause decline in rice yield to 6 %.
*Eastern regions more effected due to increase in temperature
and decreased radiation, resulting in lower grains and shorter
grain filling durations.
*Additional co2 can benefit crops , this effect was nullified by
an increase of temperature

10. *

11. *
*New varieties: It involves switching from one crop variety to another in
response to climatic stresses and changes. try to adapt using drought
resistance and heat resistant crops. Example : Introducing Avena species
(Ingedo) species in Ethiopia as fodder crop and through time it replace the
dominant stable crop i.e., barley and serve as one means to adapt CC
*Change in cropping pattern
Application of changes in how crops are cycled within a season.
incorporating several bean varieties, maize and sorghum, among others, to
increase harvest potential arid climate stresses. Example : Farmers in the
drought-prone semi-arid areas of Brazil have realized that several varieties of a
single crop species can occupy a common land area,
*Change in cropping calendar
It is another common adaptation to climate change at the farm level,
which largely involves altering the timing of farm activities to suit climatic
variations or changes. Example: In Philippines, farmers adapt to the early onset
of rainy season through early cultivation of upland farms, which results in high
agricultural production for the season and higher household income from farm
activities
*Others can be : New farm management practices, Watershed management,
agri_-insurance

12. *
* Increasing carbon sequestration through land management
* Agroforestry
* Rotations with cover crops,
* green manure
* Conservation tillage
* Could reduce global CO2 emissions by 5-15%
* Organic farming (but limited benefits)
* Enhances carbon storage in soil
* Reduce agrochemicals (e.g., N fertilizers)
* Biogas digesters?

13. *
*Steps taken by govt. of Punjab: Punjab water mission
*Sum of Rs. 18.24 cr. Has been sanctioned under national adaptation fund on
climatic Punjab, national bank for agriculture and rural development.
*Kissan credit card is provided to farmers by the central govt.
*Pradhan mantri fasal bima yojna: govt. of india launched it to provide
relief to the farmers inflicted with the loss of crop damage also relieve the
farmers from the loses in harvesting aftermath scenario.
*Pradhan mantri krishi sinchayee yojna : it has been launched to provide
the relief to the farmers due to poor monsoon.
*there should be more research and awareness creation on this is important.
*It is obvious that climate change has significant negative role particularly
for developing countries farmers. So adequate mitigation and adaptation
measure implementation should be widely practices.

14. *
*Throughout the case study we got to know
about different challenge that a farmer has to
face to run their livelihood.
*Their life has been bounded among the
problems and as a result they are not able to
plan for their family.
*

15. *
* When asked about the monsoon rainfall: Farmers state that
the monsoon rains have become increasingly unpredictable
over the past 2 decades. This makes it difficult for farmers to
decide which crops are best to plant in order to get the
highest yields during the monsoon season.
* Soil degradation: drier soil condition will suppress both the
root growth and decomposition of organic matter and
accelerated transpiration from the plants themselves will
cause soil moisture stress.
* Do you see improved land management practices being
implemented in reality? Why/why not?
* What policies and technologies would encourage the farmers
to enrich organic matter in the soil and thus improve soil
health?