This document discusses probiotics and their role in managing diarrhea. It defines probiotics as live microbes that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. Common probiotic strains include Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces boulardii. Probiotics can help treat digestive disorders, allergies, and lower cholesterol. They are found naturally in foods like yogurt. Clinical studies show certain probiotic strains like L. rhamnosus GG and a mix of bacterial strains can significantly shorten the duration of acute diarrhea in children. The document also outlines guidelines for classifying and treating diarrhea based on dehydration signs, recommending oral rehydration, zinc and probiotic supplements,
Esomeprazole works by binding irreversibly to the H+/K+ ATPase in the proton pump.
Inhibition dramatically decrease the secretion of hydrochloric acid into the stomach
How does probiotics help in paediatrics?
All you want to know about probiotics in paediatrics!
PPT made by @smsht ccl and presented by Dr. Rashmin Cecil
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Update in Pathophysiology and Management Monkez M Yousif
Irritable bowel syndrome is the commonest health problem in hospital outpatient clinics and in private health care facilities and represents a big challenge for patients and physicians. This presentation discusses a different aspect of the disease from pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management
Probiotics in diarrhea in India - Special Ref to LrGG Lactobacillus Rhamnosus...Gaurav Gupta
Probiotics in diarrhea in India - Special Ref to LrGG Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG - june 2018 unobiotic, superflora GG,
Talk taken in Chandigarh in June 2018
The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B (HBV) infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Risk factors for progression of chronic HBV include the following :
Persistently elevated levels of HBV DNA and, in some patients, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the presence of core and precore mutations seen most commonly in HBV genotype C and D infections
Male sex
Older age
Family history of HCC
Alcohol use
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Coinfection with hepatitis D (delta) virus (HDV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A synergistic approach of suppressing viral load and boosting the patient’s immune response with immunotherapeutic interventions is needed for the best prognosis. The prevention of HCC often includes the use of antiviral treatment using pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) or nucleos(t)ide analogues.
HBV infection can be self-limited or chronic. No specific therapy is available for persons with acute hepatitis B; treatment is supportive.
use and scope of preprobiotics in various diseases. it also includes the basic mechanism by which probiotics would contribute to disease prevention as well as cure. this presentation would provide the basic idea about the history, mechanism and the role of synbiotic therapy in various diseases.
Esomeprazole works by binding irreversibly to the H+/K+ ATPase in the proton pump.
Inhibition dramatically decrease the secretion of hydrochloric acid into the stomach
How does probiotics help in paediatrics?
All you want to know about probiotics in paediatrics!
PPT made by @smsht ccl and presented by Dr. Rashmin Cecil
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Update in Pathophysiology and Management Monkez M Yousif
Irritable bowel syndrome is the commonest health problem in hospital outpatient clinics and in private health care facilities and represents a big challenge for patients and physicians. This presentation discusses a different aspect of the disease from pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management
Probiotics in diarrhea in India - Special Ref to LrGG Lactobacillus Rhamnosus...Gaurav Gupta
Probiotics in diarrhea in India - Special Ref to LrGG Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG - june 2018 unobiotic, superflora GG,
Talk taken in Chandigarh in June 2018
The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B (HBV) infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Risk factors for progression of chronic HBV include the following :
Persistently elevated levels of HBV DNA and, in some patients, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the presence of core and precore mutations seen most commonly in HBV genotype C and D infections
Male sex
Older age
Family history of HCC
Alcohol use
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Coinfection with hepatitis D (delta) virus (HDV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A synergistic approach of suppressing viral load and boosting the patient’s immune response with immunotherapeutic interventions is needed for the best prognosis. The prevention of HCC often includes the use of antiviral treatment using pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) or nucleos(t)ide analogues.
HBV infection can be self-limited or chronic. No specific therapy is available for persons with acute hepatitis B; treatment is supportive.
use and scope of preprobiotics in various diseases. it also includes the basic mechanism by which probiotics would contribute to disease prevention as well as cure. this presentation would provide the basic idea about the history, mechanism and the role of synbiotic therapy in various diseases.
Salminen research advocates for adding fermented foods to food guide - yini...Yogurt in Nutrition #YINI
Sauerkraut, kimchi, kombucha, … and of course, fermented milks like yogurt are growing in popularity propelled by health claims and increasing knowledge about the gut microbiota. Several researchers around the world want therefore Health Organizations to add a new category to the National Food Guide that’s is fermented foods. For Seppo Salminen (University of Turku, Finland), it’s even time to go further!
igand-based drug design (or indirect drug design) relies on knowledge of other molecules that bind to the biological target of interest. These other molecules may be used to derive a pharmacophore model that defines the minimum necessary structural characteristics a molecule must possess in order to bind to the targeT.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
3. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
Probiotics are defined as live microbes which when
administered in adequate amounts confer a
beneficial health effect on the host--- WHO 2002
Ellie Metchnikoff, the first scientist who proposed the
therapeutic use of lactic acid bacteria.
Probiotics term coined in 1965 by Lilly And Stillwell
4. Characteristics of Probiotics
• Be nonpathogenic and nontoxic to the host
• Resistant to gastric acid and bile acid
• Capable of surviving, colonizing and proliferating in the gut
• Produce antibacterial substances (bacteriocins)
• It should persist for short periods in the gastro-intestinal tract
• Able to inhabit in the S & L intestine
• Human in origin, genetically stable and capable of remaining
viable for long periods in field condition
• Good adhesion/ colonization to human intestinal tract.
5. Probiotic strains
Lactobacillusspecies
• L. acidophilus
• L. plantarum
• L. casei rhamnosus
• L. brevis
• L. bulgaricus
Bifidobacterium species
• B. adolescentis
• B. bifidum
• B. infantis
• B. breve
• Bacilus clausii
Others
• Streptococcus thermophilus
• Enteterococcus faecium
• Lactococcus lactis
• Yeast – Saccharomyces boulardii
6. ROLE OF PROBIOTICS
Probiotics have shown to provide a diverse variety of health benefits to human, animal,
and plants. It is important that the health benefits of probiotics must be documented with
the specific strain and specific dosage.
HUMANS
1. Probiotics Can Help Reduce Symptoms of Certain Digestive Disorders
2. Probiotic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, can synthesize and
supply vitamins to human body.
3. Probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus may Reduce the Severity of Certain Allergies
and Eczema
4. Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum may significantly reduces both cholesterol and
blood pressure which Can Help Keep Your Heart Healthy
5. Probiotic Lactobacillus amylovorus may Help You Lose Weight and Belly Fat.
7. ANIMALS
• Probiotics can beneficially improve the intestinal microbial balance in host animal.
• Commercial probiotics for animal use are claimed to improve animal performance
by increasing daily gain and feed efficiency in feedlot cattle, enhance milk
production in dairy cows and enhanced growth.
• Probiotics improve health and performance of young calves and in improving
growth performance of chickens
• Probiotics provide the animal with additional source of nutrients and digestive
enzymes
PLANTS
• Plant probiotics is strong growing market for the use in agricultural biotechnology
• It has shown worldwide with an annual growth rate of approximately 10%.
• The plant probiotics products can be used as bio fertilizers, plant strengtheners,
phytostimulators, and bio pesticides
9. Clinical implications
1) Diarrhea:
Treatment & prevention of acute diarrhea:
- L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus,
- L. casei Saccharomyces
boulardii
Antibiotic associated diarrhea
- Saccharomyces boulardii,
L. rhamnosus
- L. casei effective in hospitalized adult patients
2) Inflammatory bowel disease:
- ulcerative colitis
3) Irritable bowel syndrome
- reduction in abdominal bloating and flatulence
- L. reuteri is widely used
4) Colon cancer
5) Lactose malabsorption
- Streptococcus thermophillus and L. delbrueckii
- prodution of β- D galactosidase enzymes that
breakdown lactose
6) Eradication of H. pylori
- Bifidobacteria and B. subtilis may inhibit the growth or
attachment of H. pylori
7) Allergy
- decreases serum IgE levels
- reduction of Th2 cytokine response
8) Lowering cholesterol
10. RESEARCH STUDY
Probiotics for treatment of acute diarrhea in children: randomized clinical trial of different preparations
Objective To compare the efficacy of five probiotic preparations recommended to patients in the treatment of
acute diarrhea in children.
Design Randomized controlled clinical trial in collaboration with family pediatricians over 12 months
.
Author
Year Country
Participants Main Outcome
Measures
Results Conclusions
Roberto Berni
Published 16
August 2007
University of
Naples, Italy
Children
aged 3-36
months
visiting a
family
pediatrician
for acute
diarrhea.
571 children
were
allocated to
intervention.
Main outcomes to
measure were
duration of diarrhea
and daily number
and consistency of
stools. Safety and
tolerance were also
recorded.
Duration of diarrhea was significantly
shorter in children who received L
rhamnosus strain GG (78.5 hours)
and the mix of four bacterial strains
(70.0 hours) than in children who
received oral rehydration solution
alone (115.0 hours). One day after
the first probiotic administration, the
daily number of stools was
significantly lower in children who
received L rhamnosus strain GG than
those who received the probiotic mix
than in the other groups. The
remaining preparations did not affect
primary outcomes.
Not all
commercially
available probiotic
preparations are
effective in
children with acute
diarrhea.
Pediatricians
should choose
bacterial
preparations
based on
effectiveness data.
12. `1
‘Diarrhea is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more
frequent passage than is normal for the individual). Frequent passing of formed stools is
not diarrhea, nor is the passing of loose, “pasty” stools by breastfed babies’’
It is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second most common cause
of infant deaths worldwide’’.
Three clinical types of diarrhea:
• acute watery diarrhea – lasts several hours or days, and includes cholera;
• acute bloody diarrhea – also called dysentery; and
• persistent diarrhea – lasts 14 days or longer.
Diarrhea Definition WHO
14. SIGNS CLASSIFY AS TREATMENT OPTION
No dehydration signs No dehydration Give fluid, zinc supplements/ORS & food (BRAT) to treat
diarrhea at home
No hospitalization need.
5-days follow up, if no improvement
Two of following signs:
Restless
Some dehydration Give fluid, zinc supplements/ORS & food (BRAT) to treat
diarrhea at home.
Drinks eagerly, Sunken eyes Refer urgently to Hospital
Skin pinch goes back slowly. Give ORS and continue breastfed on the way to hospital.
Two of following signs:
Lethargic or unconscious
Severe dehydration Child is rehydrated quickly by using I/V infusion.
I/V infusions recommended :
R/L solution
N/S when R/L is not available
Sunken, not able to drink Reassess the infant every 15-30 min, until a strong radial pulse
is present.
Also give ORS (about 5 ml/kg/hour) as soon as the infant can
drink, Reassess the infant after 6 hours.
Skin pinch goes back very slowly. Before the mother leaves the hosp, 2 sachet of ORS be given.
Probiotics-Treatment and prevention of acute diarrhea
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis