Prosocial behavior was defined as behavior through which people benefit others (Eisenberg, 1982), including helping, cooperating, comforting, sharing, and donating (Eisenberg and Fabes, 1998; Greener and Crick, 1999).Prosocial behaviours refer to voluntary actions specifically intended to benefit or improve the well-being of another individual or group of individuals. Examples of such behaviours include helping, sharing, consoling, comforting, cooperating, and protecting someone from any potential harm.
Religion may reduce likelihood of certain diseases. Studies suggest that it guards against cardiovascular disease by reducing blood pressure, and also improves immune system functioning. Similar studies have been done investigating religious emotions and health.Spirituality can be defined generally as an individual's search for ultimate or sacred meaning, and purpose in life. Additionally it can mean to seek out or search for personal growth, religious experience, belief in a supernatural realm or afterlife, or to make sense of one's own "inner dimension".
Forgiveness means different things to different people. But in general, it involves an intentional decision to let go of resentment and anger. The act that hurt or offended you might always be with you.The three types of forgiveness are: exoneration, forbearance and release. Let's take each in turn. Exoneration is the closest to what we usually think of when we say “forgiveness”.
Coping strategies and emotional intelligence-Group 5.pptxAQSA SHAHID
Emotional intelligence (otherwise known as emotional quotient or EQ) is the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict.
Positive Cognitive States and Processes.pptxAQSA SHAHID
Positive Cognitive States and Processes:Resilience•Resilience-Thecapacitytowithstandexceptional stresses and demands without developing stress-related problems.
This therapy was developed by Albert Ellis. It focuses on an individual's beliefs, whether rational or irrational, the emotions that they have due to these beliefs and the behaviour that they show based on both the beliefs and emotions.
Concentrating on a task is one aspect of flow.
In positive psychology, flow, also known as the zone, is the mental state of operation in which a person performing an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity. In essence, flow is characterized by complete absorption in what one does, and a resulting loss in one's sense of space and time.
Forgiveness means different things to different people. But in general, it involves an intentional decision to let go of resentment and anger. The act that hurt or offended you might always be with you.The three types of forgiveness are: exoneration, forbearance and release. Let's take each in turn. Exoneration is the closest to what we usually think of when we say “forgiveness”.
Coping strategies and emotional intelligence-Group 5.pptxAQSA SHAHID
Emotional intelligence (otherwise known as emotional quotient or EQ) is the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict.
Positive Cognitive States and Processes.pptxAQSA SHAHID
Positive Cognitive States and Processes:Resilience•Resilience-Thecapacitytowithstandexceptional stresses and demands without developing stress-related problems.
This therapy was developed by Albert Ellis. It focuses on an individual's beliefs, whether rational or irrational, the emotions that they have due to these beliefs and the behaviour that they show based on both the beliefs and emotions.
Concentrating on a task is one aspect of flow.
In positive psychology, flow, also known as the zone, is the mental state of operation in which a person performing an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity. In essence, flow is characterized by complete absorption in what one does, and a resulting loss in one's sense of space and time.
I'm sharing this PPT which I had presented in my university as a part of my assignments. This PPT can be helpful for students of psychology to prepare their notes. It is brief, covers major points of the topic. Hope people like it.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
The role of spirituality in stress copingkumar mahi
Spirituality and psychology share a concern with the quality of human life. They hope to offer guidance to people seeking to find meaningful, fulfilled, and even happy lives.
I'm sharing this PPT which I had presented in my university as a part of my assignments. This PPT can be helpful for students of psychology to prepare their notes. It is brief, covers major points of the topic. Hope people like it.
Introduction to Social Psychology
I used local and foreign books. Some concepts are not mentioned here in my slides but will be discussed during our session.
If you want to know the resources feel free to comment below.
The role of spirituality in stress copingkumar mahi
Spirituality and psychology share a concern with the quality of human life. They hope to offer guidance to people seeking to find meaningful, fulfilled, and even happy lives.
Muhammad Saud KharalPhD in Social Science, Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia.
Email: muhhammad.saud@gmail.com
Spiritualty in Management / Workplace SpiritualityP.K. AGARWAL
Spirituality, thus, deals with understanding the nature of the Soul and one’s journey back to identifying with the Soul and experiencing it as one’s true nature.
Spirituality is the science about how to be blissful..
Being Present: A Spiritual Care Workshop for Healthcare ProfessionalsJoel High
This is a presentation I delivered to healthcare staff at Alegent Health a few years ago. Alegent Health is a large regional healthcare system based in Omaha, NE and affiliated with CHI. The primary message here is that all staff that interact with patients can impact a patient's spiritual care.
Spiritual health and community well being anjali gupta
WHO defined Health is state of compelete physical, mental,social and spiritual well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. means holistic health is something out of bio-social model. its all about spiritual dimension keeps beople wise, energetic, positive, hopeful and happy. Raj Yoga meditation is a tool where you can learn and get experience in life which never had experience in life this is what Dr Anjli Gupta experienced in her life and sharing you all with her experience
Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior.
John B. Watson is known as the founder of behaviorism. Though others had similar ideas in the early 1900s, when behavioral theory began, some suggest that Watson is credited as behavioral psychology's founder due to being "an attractive, strong, scientifically accomplished, and forceful speaker and an engaging writer" who was willing to share this behavioral approach when other psychologists were less likely to speak up.
Behaviorism can be used to help elicit positive behaviors or responses in students, such as by using reinforcement. Teachers with a behavioral approach often use "skill and drill" exercises to reinforce correct responses through consistent repetition, for instance.
Other ways reinforcement-based behaviorism can be used in education include praising students for getting the right answer and providing prizes for those who do well. Using tests to measure performance enables teachers to measure observable behaviors and is, therefore, another behavioral approach.
This approach focuses on how internal thoughts and feelings influence one's behavior. The cognitive approach emphasizes the importance of memory, perception and attention, language, decision-making and problem-solving. This approach often compares the human mind to that of a computer.The cognitive perspective, operates on the belief that the brain is the most important aspect in relation to the way that an individual behaves or thinks. This perspective states that to understand someone, you must first be able to understand what is happening in their mind.An example of a way that cognitive researchers study perception is by examining how students study information in preparation for exams.
Gestalt psychology, school of psychology founded in the 20th century that provided the foundation for the modern study of perception. Gestalt theory emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts. That is, the attributes of the whole are not deducible from analysis of the parts in isolation.Gestalt Psychology Founder: Wolfgang Köhler, Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka are the gestalt psychology founder.
Thinking, also known as 'cognition', refers to the ability to process information, hold attention, store and retrieve memories and select appropriate responses and actions. The ability to understand other people, and express oneself to others can also be categorised under thinking.Thought (also called thinking) is the mental process in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts.
socio cultural perspective in psychologyAQSA SHAHID
What is the Social-Cultural Perspective? The social-cultural perspective considers the way that different individuals interact with their social groups and how these social groups influence different individuals and how they develop throughout their lives.
What is rational emotive therapy? Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a type of therapy introduced by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. It's an approach that helps you identify irrational beliefs and negative thought patterns that may lead to emotional or behavioral issues.
language, a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves.
The first step in the problem space theory is to identify the problem. The problem cannot be solved if the initial problem is never identified or if the problem is incorrectly defined. This initial stage should focus on the problem itself and not the symptoms of the problem. Some methods involved in identifying and then defining the problem are:.........................
The purpose of the problem space is to identify the problem and develop steps to figure out the problem. This process can be used to help individuals work through problems. The problem space theory can also be used by businesses to enact ways to identify problem areas and make corrections. Businesses and individuals use the problem space to find answers to issues they encounter. Trial-and-error methods are a common practice in problem space theory. Problem space theory can be known as an inside-out solution where a breakdown of the process can solve the issue that a person or business may be facing.
Cognitive reasoning is the ability to analyze and perceive any given information from different perspectives by breaking it down into manageable components and structuring the information in a logical order. Cognitive reasoning is an integral part of cognitive ability.
Problem solving is a cognitive process of the brain that searches or infers a solution for a given problem in the form of a set of paths to reach a set of expected goals.
But "Life Is Beautiful" is not about Nazis and Fascists, but about the human spirit. It is about rescuing whatever is good and hopeful from the wreckage of dreams. About hope for the future. About the necessary human conviction, or delusion, that things will be better for our children than they are right now.Life Is Beautiful (Italian: La vita è bella, Italian pronunciation: [la ˈviːta ˈɛ bˈbɛlla]) is a 1997 Italian comedy drama film directed by and starring Roberto Benigni, who co-wrote the film with Vincenzo Cerami. Benigni plays Guido Orefice, a Jewish Italian bookshop owner, who employs his fertile imagination to shield his son from the horrors of internment in a Nazi concentration camp. The film was partially inspired by the book In the End, I Beat Hitler by Rubino Romeo Salmonì and by Benigni's father, who spent two years in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp during World War II.
Educational psychology is the study of how people learn, including teaching methods, instructional processes, and individual differences in learning. The goal is to understand how people learn and retain information. Psychologists working in the field of education study how people learn and retain knowledge. They apply psychological science to improve the learning .Educational psychology is that branch of psychology in which the findings of psychology are applied in the field of education. It is the scientific study of human behaviour in educational setting.
The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank is a projective psychological test developed by Julian B. Rotter. It comes in three forms (for different age groups) and comprises 40 incomplete sentences usually only 1–2 words long, such as "I regret ..." and "Mostly girls ...".
The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) is the most frequently used sentence completion test of personality and socioemotional functioning. A performance-based test, the RISB is used to screen for adjustment problems, to facilitate case conceptualization and diagnosis, and to monitor treatment.The Rorschach Inkblot Test, the TAT, the RISB, and the C-TCB are all forms of projective tests.
The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank is an attempt to standardize the sentence completion method for the use at college level. Forty items are completed by the subject. These completions are then scored by comparing them against typical items in empirically derived scoring manuals for men and women and by assigning to each response a scale value from 0 to 6. The total score is an index of maladjustment.
The sentence completion method of studying personality is a semi structured projective technique in which the subject is asked to finish a sentence for which the first word or words are supplied. As in other projective devices, it is assumed that the subject reflects his own wishes, desires, fears and attitudes in the sentences he makes. Historically, the incomplete sentence method is related most closely to the word association test. In some test incomplete sentences tests only a single word or brief response is called for; the major differences appears to be in the length of the stimulus. In the sentence completion tests, tendencies to block and to twist the meaning of the stimulus words appear and the responses may be categorized in a somewhat similar fashion to the word association method.
The Incomplete Sentences Blank can be used, of course, for general interpretation with a variety of subjects in much the same manner that a clinician trained in dynamic psychology uses any projective material. However, a feature of ISB is that one can derive a single over-all adjustment score. This over-all adjustment score is of particular value for screening purposes with college students and in experimental studies. The ISB has also been used in a vocational guidance center to select students requiring broader counseling than was usually given, in experimental studies of the effect of psychotherapy and in investigations of the relationship of adjustment to a variety of variables.
Cognitive ability tests assess abilities involved in thinking (e.g., reasoning, perception, memory, verbal and mathematical ability, and problem solving). Such tests pose questions designed to estimate applicants' potential to use mental processes to solve work-related problems or to acquire new job knowledge.
Ability tests (or aptitude tests) are standardised methods of assessing an individual's performance in different work related tasks or situations. They measure potential rather than just academic performance, and are frequently used by employers as indicators of how people will perform in a work setting.
Sleep difficulties are linked to both physical and emotional problems. Sleep problems can both contribute to or exacerbate mental health conditions and can be a symptom of other mental health conditions.
About one-third of adults report insomnia symptoms and 6-10 percent meet the criteria for insomnia disorder.
Sleep helps your brain function properly. Not getting enough sleep or poor quality sleep has many potential consequences. The most obvious concerns are fatigue and decreased energy, irritability and problems focusing. The ability to make decisions and your mood can also be affected. Sleep problems often coexist with symptoms of depression or anxiety. Sleep problems can exacerbate depression or anxiety, and depression or anxiety can lead to sleep problems.
To be diagnosed with insomnia disorder, the sleep difficulties must occur at least three nights a week for at least three months and cause significant distress or problems at work, school or other important areas of a person's daily functioning. Not all individuals with sleep disturbances are distressed or have problems functioning.
To diagnose insomnia, a physician will rule out other sleep disorders (see Related Conditions below), medication side-effects, substance misuse, depression and other physical and mental illnesses. Some medications and medical conditions can affect sleep.
A comprehensive assessment for insomnia or other sleep problems may involve a patient history, a physical exam, a sleep diary and clinical testing (a sleep study). A sleep study allows the physician to identify how long and how well you’re sleeping and to detect specific sleep problems. A sleep diary is a record of your sleep habits to discuss with your physician. It includes information such as when you go to bed, get to sleep, wake up, get out of bed, take naps, exercise, eat and consume alcohol and caffeinated beverages.
Sleep problems can occur at any age but most commonly start in young adulthood. The type of insomnia often varies with age. Problems getting to sleep are more common among young adults. Problems staying asleep are more common among middle-age and older adults.
Symptoms of insomnia can be:
1-Episodic (with an episode of symptoms lasting one to three months)
2-Persistent (with symptoms lasting three months or more)
3-Recurrent (with two or more episodes within a year)
Most over-the-counter sleep medicines contain antihistamines, which are commonly used to treat allergies. They are not addictive, but they can become less effective over time. They may also contribute to confusion, blurred vision, urinary retention, and falls in the elderly and should be used with caution in this population.
Obstructive sleep apnea involves breathing interruptions during sleep. A person with sleep apnea will have repeated episodes of airway obstruction during sleep causing snoring, snorting/gasping or breathing pauses. This interrupted sleep causes daytime sleepiness and fatigue.
AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection that occurs when the body's immune system is badly damaged because of the virus. In the U.S., most people with HIV do not develop AIDS because taking HIV medicine as prescribed stops the progression of the disease.
AIDS is the disease caused by the damage that HIV does to your immune system. You have AIDS when you get dangerous infections or have a super low number of CD4 cells. AIDS is the most serious stage of HIV, and it leads to death over time.
AIDS is a syndrome, or range of symptoms, that may develop in time in a person with HIV who does not receive treatment. A person can have HIV without developing AIDS, but it is not possible to have AIDS without first having HIV.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
There is currently no effective cure. Once people get HIV, they have it for life.
But with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled. People with HIV who get effective HIV treatment can live long, healthy lives and protect their partners.
Psychological Factors influence on healthAQSA SHAHID
“Psychosocial” factors such as stress, hostility, depression, hopelessness, and job control seem associated with physical health—particularly heart disease.Being in a good mental state can keep you healthy and help prevent serious health conditions. A study found that positive psychological well-being can reduce the risks of heart attacks and strokes. On the other hand, poor mental health can lead to poor physical health or harmful behaviors. Chronic diseases.
Examples of psychosocial factors include social support, loneliness, marriage status, social disruption, bereavement, work environment, social status, and social integration.
Psychosocial factors that may affect pain include things like marital status, social support, bereavement, home and work environment, social status, and social integration. For example, someone who is under great stress due to their family life or work stress might have a lower threshold for pain.
Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress is your body's reaction to a challenge or demand. In short bursts, stress can be positive, such as when it helps you avoid danger or meet a deadline.
Don't have much or any control over the outcome of a situation. Have responsibilities that you find overwhelming. Don't have enough work, activities or change in your life. Experience discrimination, hate or abuse.
Many people associate crying with feeling sad and making them feel worse, but in reality, crying can help improve your mood - emotional tears release stress hormones. Your stress level lowers when you cry, which can help you sleep better and strengthen your immune system.
Too much stress, however, can suppress your immune system and cause you to get sick more easily. Prolonged periods of stress can also increase your risk of several diseases, including heart disease and cancer.
According to a study, 60 to 80 percent of doctor's office visits may be stress-related. But ongoing, chronic stress can cause or worsen many serious health problems, including: Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Cardiovascular disease, including heart disease, high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, heart attacks, and strokes.Stress is the physical or mental response to an external cause, such as having a lot of homework or having an illness. A stressor may be a one-time or short-term occurrence, or it can happen repeatedly over a long time. Stress is how we react when we feel under pressure or threatened. It usually happens when we are in a situation that we don't feel we can manage or control. When we experience stress, it can be as: An individual, for example when you have lots of responsibilities that you are struggling to manage.
Some of the physical signs that your stress levels are too high include: Pain or tension in your head, chest, stomach, or muscles. Your muscles tend to tense up when you're stressed, and over time this can cause headaches, migraines, or musculoskeletal problems. Digestive problems.
When someone cries, their heart rate increases and their breathing slows down. The more vigorous the crying, the greater the hyperventilation, which reduces the amount of oxygen the brain receives — leading to an overall state of drowsiness.
As challenging as it may be, the best way to handle difficult feelings, including sadness and grief, is to embrace them. It is important to allow yourself to cry if you feel like it. Make sure to take the time and find a safe space to cry if you need to.
When stress begins to accumulate from negative or challenging events in life that just keep coming, you can find yourself in a state of feeling emotionally worn out and drained. This is called emotional exhaustion. For most people, emotional exhaustion tends to slowly build up over time.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Content/ Work Distribution:
Pro-Social Behavior: Saneela Habiba
Religiosity/ Spirituality: Saneela Habiba
Purpose and Pathways to Spirituality: Saneela Habiba
Research on Religiosity and Health: Ereej Fatima
Altruism: Aiza Inayat
Gratitude: Aiman Saeed
Measuring Gratitude: Fariha Butt
3. Pro-Social
Behavior
Behavior through which people benefit
others, including helping, cooperating,
comforting, sharing, and donating (Eisenberg
and Fabes, 1998; Greener and Crick, 1999).
Examples:
Volunteer work, donating money, or helping
a neighbor move a heavy item of furniture.
4. Religiosity
Religiosity is a term that is used to describe the
quality of an individual's religious beliefs and
experiences and the role that religion plays in
society. It has been likened to spirituality,
orthodoxy, piousness, and religious devotion.
5. Spirituality
Spirituality is a broad concept with room for
many perspectives. In general, it includes a
sense of connection to something bigger than
ourselves, and it typically involves a search
for meaning in life.
8. Purpose
Finding a spiritual purpose is not so much about
finding the meaning of life, but rather about
becoming your best self as you move through life.
Spirituality is a way of gaining perspective.
It can relieve you from dependence on material
things and help you to understand your life's
greater purpose.
Spirituality can also be used as a way of coping
with change or uncertainty.
We can find our higher purpose in life through
many different pathways, including meditation and
prayer, personal reflection and practicing spiritual
wellness.
9. Pathways
A spiritual pathway is the way a person most
naturally connects to God and grows spiritually.
10. These people
enjoy
interacting
with other
people and feel
close to God
when doing so.
RELATIONAL
PATHWAY
INTELLECTUAL
PATHWAY
SERVING
PATHWAY
CONTEMPLATIVE
PATHWAY
CREATION
PATHWAY
These people
are the
thinkers.
These are people
who feel closest to
God when they
are serving him
and his people.
These people
like to spend
endless time
alone with
God.
These are the
people that
come alive and
feel close to God
when they are
out amongst
nature
11. Dimensions of health
The World Health Organization
(WHO) discover dimensions of
health:
1. Physical
2. Social
3. Mental
4. Spiritual
5. Emotional
12. How does religion influence health?
Religion helps regulate behavior and health habits.
Most studies have shown that religious involvement and spirituality are associated with
better health outcomes:
1. Greater longevity
2. Coping skills
3. lower smoking rates and reduced alcohol consumption
4. Health-related quality of life (even during terminal illness)
13. What is the relationship between
religiosity and mental health?
Studies report a positive association between religiosity and
spirituality (R/S) and aspects of mental health (MH):
Higher life-satisfaction and meaning in life
A lower prevalence of anxiety and depression
Suicidal tendencies and better cognitive functioning
14. How does religiousness benefit
health?
Research has repeatedly shown that people of faith report feeling better and healthier.
“Prayer is a lot like cognitive behavioral therapy,” Luhrmann said.
“It’s a way you attend to your own inner experience, let go of distracting thoughts
and focus on more positive thoughts.
By expressing gratitude, you shift attention from the way that things are going wrong
to the ways they are going right.”
15. Why we should Take Care of Our
Health?
The reason of taking care of our body and health is that we all
belong to Allah to whom we should return, and this body is
given to us by Allah and we should submit this body one day to
Allah.
Hence, it is our duty to take care of these bodies and we
should submit these bodies in better conditions to Allah.
16. Halal Foods in Islam:
Muslims are asked to eat only halal foods
and there is also a scientific logic behind this.
For example: chicken and meat is halal
(permitted) which is highly rich in protein.
On the other hand wine or whiskey or any
kind of alcohol is haram (prohibited) because
consumption of alcohol leads to major liver
and heart diseases.
17. Entire Quran is a source of healing:
اءَفِشَو ًىدُه واُنَمآ َينِذَّلِل َوُه ْلُق
And declare (O Muhammad) that [the Quran] is a guidance and healing for
the believers.
(al-Fussilat, 41:44)
18. Altruism
• Altruism is the unselfish concern for other people—doing things simply out of a desire to help, not
because you feel obligated to out of duty, loyalty, or religious reasons. It involves acting out of
concern for the well-being of other people.
• Altruism activates reward centers in the brain. Neurobiologists have found that when a person
behaves altruistically, the pleasure centers of their brain become more active.
• Engaging in compassionate actions activates the areas of the brain associated with the reward
system. The positive feelings created by compassionate actions then reinforce altruistic behaviors.
20. Cont..
• Genetic altruism:
As the name suggests, this type of altruism involves engaging in altruistic acts that benefit
close family members. For example, parents and other family members often engage in
acts of sacrifice in order to provide for the needs of family members.
• Reciprocal altruism:
This type of altruism is based on a mutual give-and-take relationship. It involves helping
another person now because they may one day be able to return the favor.
21. • Group-selected altruism:
This involves engaging in altruistic acts for people based upon their group affiliation.
People might direct their efforts toward helping people who are part of their social group or
supporting social causes that benefit a specific group.
• Pure altruism:
Also known as moral altruism, this form involves helping someone else, even when it is
risky, without any reward. It is motivated by internalized values and morals.
22. Genetic and Neural Foundations of
Empathy:
• twin studies prefrontal and parietal cortex
• Empathy is the ability to understand how others are feeling and show compassion
towards them.
• People are more likely to engage in altruistic behavior when they feel empathy for the
person in distress, a suggestion known as the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Children also
tend to become more altruistic as their sense of empathy develops.
• Empathy has two parts: the ability to recognize another person’s thoughts and feelings,
and the ability to respond with an appropriate emotion to someone else’s thoughts and
feelings. The first part is called ‘cognitive empathy’ and the second part ‘affective
empathy’.
23. The Empathy- Altruism Hypothesis:
Empathy-Altruism:
• It feels good to help others
• Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis (Batson et al., 1981)—pro social behavior is motivated
solely by the desire to help someone in need. People are more likely to help others for
whom they feel much empathy.
24. Cultivating Altruism:
• frequent interactions with those who need help increase empathy for others
• legitimate to feel good about helping
25. Gratitude
Latin term gratia meaning “favor”, gratus meaning “pleasing”. It is defined as the state of
being appreciative of blessings received and the quality of being thankful.
Gratitude is one of many positive emotions. It's about focusing on what's good in our lives
and being thankful for the things we have. Gratitude is pausing to notice and appreciate the
things that we often take for granted, like having a place to live, food, clean water, friends,
family, even computer access.
26. Gratitude according to positive
psychology
• Gratitude is strongly and consistently associated with greater happiness. Gratitude helps
people feel more positive emotions, relish good experiences, improve their health, deal
with adversity, and build strong relationships. Gratitude is the emotion that arises when
we recognize and appreciate the good things in our lives. It is a positive emotion that
helps us focus on the positive aspects of our lives, rather than dwelling on negative
experiences.
27. Benefits of gratitude
o Recognize and appreciate the blessings of Allah
o Mental and physical well-being
o Improves self esteem
o To maintain a positive outlook
o Cope with difficult situations
o It can increase happiness
o Life satisfaction
o Reduce stress and anxiety
o Improve relationships
o To grow spiritually
o To lead more fulfilling life
o To stronger immune system and lower blood pressure.
28. Gratitude as viewed in Islam
Gratitude is termed as (shukr) in Arabic (to be thankful) to Allah and to a person. It is an
important virtue in Islam and is seen as a way to show appreciation and thankfulness to
God for his blessings. In Islam, gratitude is expressed through prayer, charity, and good
deeds, as well as through words and actions.
Way to expression gratitude in Islam
Muslims express gratitude is through the practice of
prayers
by helping others
good deeds
charity
29. Cont..
• Practicing gratitude is not only good for your mental and physical health, but it's good for
your soul – it gives you the opportunity to reflect on your blessings, reconnect with your
faith and strengthen your relationship with Allah. Expression of gratitude is a part of the
test by Allah.
• Considered to be one of the highly esteemed virtues, gratitude is admired and praised in
both the Holy Quran and Sunnah (sayings from Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon
him).
30. Gratitude according to Prophet
(PBUH)
• “Muslims believe it to be recognition of Allah’s blessings in any situation whether
desirable or undesirable”
• “He who does not thank people, does not thank Allah.”
31. Gratitude according to Quran
• “If you give thanks I will give you more”
• “And Allah will give reward to those who are grateful”
• “O you who believe, eat of the good things we are provided for you and give thanks
to Allah if it is Him that you serve”
• “And if you should count the favors of the Almighty”, so says the Almighty, “you
would not be to enumerate them; indeed, He is oft forgiving and Merciful” (Quran
16: 18).
32. Cultivating gratitude
The simplest way to start developing an attitude of gratitude is to choose to appreciate
things in life. It's never too late to start. It takes a bit of work but having an attitude of
gratitude is one of the healthiest habits to cultivating a fulfilling and happy life. Give thanks
every single day.
• Take notice. Get aware of your negativity, complaining or gossiping.
• Keep a gratitude journal. Spend a few minutes each day writing down or noting what you
are grateful for.
• Pay attention to those good things
• Switch your point of view.
• Be humble.
• Share your appreciation.
• Donate.
• Practice gratitude rituals.
33. Measuring gratitude the psychological
underpinnings of gratitude
The effects of gratitude:
•In a study by McCraty and colleagues (1998), 45 adults were taught to “cultivate
appreciation and other positive emotions”. The result of this study showed that there was a
mean 23% reduction in the stress hormone cortisol after the intervention period.
•In another study by Seligman, Steen and Peterson (2005), participants were given one
week to write and then deliver a letter of thanks in person to someone who had been
especially kind to them, but who had never been properly thanked. The gratitude visit
involves these basic steps:
1) First think of someone who has done something important and wonderful for you, yet
who you feel you have not properly thanked.
2) Next, reflect on the benefits you received from this person, and write a letter expressing
your gratitude for all they have done for you.
3) Finally, arrange to deliver the letter personally and spend some time with this person.
34. Scales of gratitude
Multidimensional prayer Inventory by laird and his
colleagues 2004
3 Thanksgiving items are:
• I offered thanks for specific things
• I expressed my appreciation for my circumstances and
• I thanked God for things occurring in my life
35. Cont..
• The GQ-6 is a brief, six item , self report measure that assess one's disposition to
experience gratitude
• With Likert style response options
• Positively related to optimism, life satisfaction, hope, spirituality/ religiousness,
forgiveness, empathy and pro social behavior and negatively related to depression,
anxiety and materialism.
36. Gratitude resentment and appreciation
test GRAT
By Watkins P.C Woodward K Stone T and Kolts R.L
Three factors
• Abundance
• Simple appreciation
• Appreciation of others
37. Gratitude interventions and psychological
and physical well being
• Studies conducted by Dr Frah
• Another leading researcher in this field by Dr Martin E.P Seligman's study Personal goal
attainment Self guided exercise
• In a sample of adults with neuromuscular disease
38. Modern psychological perspectives on
gratitude:
• Here is an overview of the recent research findings related to the study of gratitude:
• Well being: grateful people are more agreeable, more open and less neurotic.
• Relationships: it is also a powerful tool for strengthening interpersonal relationships.
• Optimism: in one study 2003 they found that after 10 weeks, the people who had
focused on gratitude in their lives, showed significantly more optimism in many areas of
their lives, including health and exercise
39. • Happiness: Toefer, Cichy and Peters (2011) conducted a study where people were
asked to write and deliver a letter to someone for whom they were grateful. Right after the
task their the happiness levels and life satisfaction were dramatically impacted even
weeks later. In the pursuit of happiness and life satisfaction gratitude is showing a direct
and long lasting effect thus the more gratitude we experience the happier our lives be.
• Stronger self control: Self control helps us to be disciplined and focused and to
persist with what is subjectively the most important for our long term wellbeing. Self
control comes into play in these moments and hopefully we make the better choice for our
long term health, financial future and wellbeing.