Management involves overseeing resources efficiently to achieve organizational goals. It includes planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. A manager directly oversees tasks performed by employees. There are different types and levels of managers with varying skills and roles like leading employees, acting as a liaison, and resolving conflicts. Theories of management have evolved from a classical perspective focusing on employee productivity to contemporary approaches considering the organization as a system and contingencies in the environment.

1. Information sender
Encode
Message
Channel
Decoding
Receiver
Feedback
Disruption or noise
Communication Topik 6
Process of
communication
Type of
communication
Formal
Communication
Non Verbal
Communicaiton
Vertical
Communication
Communication: Is the process of transferring, information and knowledge from one individual or party to another person or party using meaningful
symbols. It is a method of exchanging and sharing of ideas, attitudes, values and opinions and information
Horizontal
Communicaiton
Diagonal
Communication
Knesics Paralanguage
Increasing
Communication Effectiveness
Selective Perception
Distuption
Emotions
Communicaiton Skills
Suspicion
Overcoming
Communication Barriers
Controlling
the
flow of information
Encouraging
Feedback
Language
Used
Active
Listening
Controlling Negative
Emotions
Using
Non-Verbal
Signs
Using
The Grapevine
as
Communicaiton
Channel
Downward
Communication
Upward
Communication
The flow of
messages among
members in same
level
The flow of message
between two paties
different level or
department. Example
Accont Manager with
HR Staff
Grapevine -
Rumours /
gossips
Body
languages /
Facial
Expression
Tone/ pitch/
Intonation level,
volume and
speech pattern
such silence or
halts in a person's
voice
Messages : are piece of
information converted to symbols in
the form of verbal, written or sign
language to deliver to sender
Grapevine : used to refer to the
circulation of rumours and unofficial
information.Gossips or rumours
Decoding : Process where the
receiver translate the message received
into form than can be understood or
meaningful to receiver.
Feedback : Action of the
receiver towards the
message. Is a process of
returning the message to
show the message has been
understood or otherwise
Create a system which
identify and give priority only
to important messages
To ensure that the message had been
understood. From the feedback can determine
that the message is delivered and reached the
target
Must not use technical language
have to choose simple and easy
to understand by the receiver
Negative emotions can alter
and afflict the contents of a
particular message
Use non-verbal signs to
emphasise important part in
particular message
Is a channel difficult to remove.
Managers wisely have use this channel
to deliver information promptly, examine
the reactions before making finanl
decision and getting feedback
informal
Communication
managers responsiblility to
communicate successfully by giving
non-punishing feedback and clearly
listen their requirement.

2. Management /
Manager
Functions of
Management
Types of
Managers
Skill Of Manager
Roles of a manager
Definition Definition
Is the process of overseeing and coordinating
resources efficiently and effectively in line with the
goals of an organisation
An idividual who is directly responsible for ensuring that
tasks are performed by people or employees in organisation
Planning
Organising
Leading
Controlling
Defining objectives to be achieved for a given period
and what are the action be done to achieve the objectives
Cordinating the information, resources and
workflow of the organisation to able react positively
to changes in business environment
Motivating subordinates, selecting the most effective
communication channels, resolving conflicts and
directing or guiding to achieve all the objective
Measuring of performance and determining reasons
for deviation and taking appropriate actions when
necessary. It provides ways to ensure all the
resources used effectively and efficiently towards the
goal of the organisation
As a figure head
As a Leader
As a Liaison officer
As Spoke person
As a Negotiator
As an Initiator
Entrepreneurship
Process
Capability
Development
Process
Conceptual Skills
Interpersonal
Skills
Technical Skills
Top level
Middle-level
Lower - Level /
Line manager
Evolution
Of management
Theory
Classical
Perspective
Human
Perspective
Quantitative
Management
Approach
Scientific
Management
Bureaucratic
Management
Administrative
Management
Contemporary
Approach
System
Theory
Contingency
Approach
Management
of science
Management of
operation
Management of
Information Systems
Human Relations
Movement
Human resource
Approach
Social Science
Approach
Management Manager
Topic 1 : What is Management?
Focuses on the productivity
of an employee and improving
employee efficiency
Based on guidelines,
hierarchy and clear division of
labour, rules and procedures
Focuses on the organisation
as a whole. Henry fayol,
mary parker follett and
chester I Barnard
Carries out ceremonial duties and responsible to
entertaining the clients.
Function as leader who motivate and encouraging his
subordinates towards the goal of the organisation
To conveys relevant information to individuals outside his unit or outside the organisation. He
become channel for communication between his department and with others.
Acts as organisation spokesperson who can rely and get information about his department
or organisation information from them. They become middle who represent the organisation.
Responsible to find a solution for each of its problems regardless of complexities where he have to
spend lot of time in discussion to resolve the problem arise without tarnishing the name of the
organisation
Try to improve his unit's performance. Successful manager is one who puts
in a lot of time and effort in steering his employees towards thinking like an
entrepreneur. To meet this manager needs to empower, support and provide
incentives for employees to attain self-direction
Reformatoin Process
Fully utilise the technology and enhancing the knowledge and abilities of its
employees.Encourages employees to shoulder additional responsibilities by
providing training and guidance to build their self-confidence. Manager allow to mak
mistake without the fear of being penalised while undergoing training and encourage
them to learn from their mistakes.
Will identify situations that might pose challenges to the strategies of the
organisation and assumptions made. The manager capable to cultivating a
querying disposition such as why something is done in a certain way and
whether there are alternative ways of doing it.
The ability to view the organisation as a whole. It involves observing how an organisationi adapts to or is
effected by external environmental factors such as society, economic pressure, customer and
competition. Able to solve various problem and critical prespectives and this skill is becomes
increasingly crusial when a manager climbs higher in the management hierarchy
is the ability to work well with other people within the organisation
regarless of the level of management
is the ability to apply procedures, techniques and specialised
knowledge required in a certain task.
CEO, Share holders
Regional manager, Branch manager
Accounts manager, Human Resource Manager, Customer
service manager