Principles – the instructions or guidelines for putting together the parts (elements) to create the design

1. Principles
Unity
Rhythm
Balance
Emphasis
Scale
Accent
Sequence

2. Scale and Proportion – actual size and relative size of
an object
•Balance – equal visual weight and attraction.
Symmetrical or asymmetrical
•Rhythm – movement of the eye across repeated
features (sequenced repetition)
•Unity – linkage through the use of line, materials,
plants. All the parts are consistent in character
•Emphasis – a prominent feature that attracts
attention and invites further viewing

3. UNITY : The first step towards is to decide a theme for the garden. This gives
your landscape design an organized impression and makes it pleasing to the
eye. Using similar rocks or pebbles to line the pathways or grouping together
plants of similar heights or textures are examples of ways to achieve a
cohesive look for your garden.

4. Rhythm
Rhythm is achieved when the elements of a design create a feeling of motion
which leads the viewer's eye through or even beyond the designed area. Tools
like color schemes, line and form can be repeated to attain rhythm in
landscape design. Rhythm reduces confusion in the design.

5. Rhythm in Plants - repetition, alternation, or gradation of type of plant,
size, texture, or color
Rhythm in Hardscape - repetition, alternation, or gradation of form,
material, size, texture, and/or color

6. Balance is Equilibrium on Left and Right Sides.
Formal or Informal or
Symmetrical balance Asymmetrical balance
stability, stateliness, and dignity curiosity, movement, and feels alive

7. Balance in your landscape can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Formal
gardens follow a symmetrically balanced scheme while informal residential
gardens usually follow an asymmetrical scheme. When considering balance
keep in mind the height of plants, their form and colour as well as the
number of plants.

8. Emphasis is Dominance and Subordination of Elements.
The human mind looks for dominance and subordination in life. As we
look at a landscape from any direction, we need to see dominance and
subordination of various elements. If we do not find it, we withdraw from
the landscape. Some gardens lack the dominant element. Others suffer
with too many dominate elements screaming to be the focal point.
Emphasis can be achieved through different sizes, bold shapes,
groupings, and the unusual or unexpected.
Emphasis is achieved with
the tree being dominant
and the shrub grouping
being subordinate.

9. Scale Evokes Emotional Connection and is Closely Related to Color.
Absolute scale relates to the comparative value of landscape elements to a
fixed structure (house).
In absolute scale, the small trees on the left drawing give the feeling
that the house is large. On the right drawing, the large trees give the
feeling that the house is small. Both houses are the same size.

10. Relative scale relates to comparative sizes or “values” of objects in the landscape.
Relative scale is very emotionally charged and closely linked to color. It may create
a feeling of relaxation and peacefulness or one of energy and action.
Perception of tree size is based on
the relative size of the person.
Being emotionally charged, relative
scale can create feelings of action
or relaxation.

11. High scale promotes action. It is used around large buildings and in large
spaces to fill the space. Use of high scale in small spaces makes the space feel
smaller.
Here in the fountain area at
Butchart Gardens, scale is
high with the brightly
colored flowers. The action
feeling of high scale helps
move people through.

12. Low scale is relaxing and calming. It is used in the home landscape to give a
feeling of peace and relaxation.
In this private garden in Steamboat Springs,
CO, the low scale creates a relaxing, renewing
atmosphere.

13. In landscape design, scale refers to the comparative size of elements to each
other as well as their relationship to the house. When planning your
landscape along with the colours and form of plants it is also important to
keep in mind their scale. Scale is important in making sure that your
landscape complements the architecture of the structure and doesn’t
overshadow it.

14. Sequence is the Change or Flow in Form, Color, Texture,
and Size Giving Movement or Life.
In texture sequence, change leaf size of
adjacent different types of plants by at least
one-half. Use more of the finer textured plant.

15. In texture sequence, place the fine texture
plants in the inside curve and the coarse
texture plants opposite. This is the way
Mother Nature would do it. Look at the river.
The sand bank is on the inside curve and the
cliff opposite.

16. Textures get finer with distance. Place the fine textured plants in
the distant corner with coarser textured plants toward the viewer.

17. Sequence with Color
There are few basic rules on how much warm and cool colors to
use. However, watch that the scale does not become too
commanding. More is NOT better. As a rule-of-thumb, the
designs needs 90% green to set off the 10% color.
Darkest shades and the purest intensity dominate and should be
used at the focal point. Using cool colors in contrast is more
effective than sequences. Warm color work best in sequence.
Color Sequence
1. Decide what color(s) will be used.
2. Decide if light or dark will dominate. – The darker or more
intense (pure) the color, the more it will show up and dominate
the scene.

18. In color sequence, increase the
number of plants by 1/3 as the
design moves from the
dominant color to subordinate
colors.
In color sequence, crescent shapes of colors
give a natural flow.

19. Color Contrasts
In color contrasts, use 2/3 of one color for
dominance and 1/3 of the other color for
subordination. Not half and half.

20. In landscape design terminology, "focal points" force the viewer’s perspective to
a particular location. Such "focalization" gives a design a sense of purpose and
order, without which a landscape is just a careless collection of plants and other
objects (or empty space). Either plants or hardscape features (including
decorations, yard art, etc.) can be used to serve this purpose.
Accent