Principles of landscaping

1. LANDSCAPING
Presenters:
Alma Decapia
Juvy Claire Omeccas
Flower Rose Pascua
Frederick Jr. Martinez
Ajay Gulatera
Natazzha Faith Andam
RJ Zalun
Veronica Rose Pamittan
Gemma Labuguin

2. INTRODUCTION
 Landscaping simply means selecting, ranging and
growing plants in specified area, for beauty,
convenience, privacy and pleasure.
 Its first concern is people, their activities, needs
and comforts. It should make things harmonious;
it should give privacy when desired.
 The practices of landscaping can be brken down
into: landscape design, landscape construction,
and landscape maintenance.

3. LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
In the broadest sense, landscape architecture is
concerned with the relationship between man and his
landscape, i.e., land, water, and plants and how these
elements are arranged for human enjoyment and
convenience.
It deals with the composition and manipulation of
masses and spaces.

4. LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
 A landscape architect's work ranges from designing
the planting site to building arrangement, paving,
grading, designing gardens, playgrounds, pools, etc.
 It may also include individual homes, whole
communities, parks and highways Therefore, he must
not only be an artist but also have an understanding
of engineering and horticulture.

5. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Form
Color
Line
Texture
o Form refers to the visual impact to the total mass
of an object such as a plant or group of plants-
how the individual plant or group of plants
appears as a whole. It is embodied in the shape
and structure of a plant or an object.
o Form directs the eye movement. Vertical form
leads the eye upward; horizontal forms pull
vision to ground level.

6. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Form
Color
Line
Texture
o It is visible feature of the design, and the visual
sensation produced by the different wavelength
of light.
o The color of the foliage as well as the flowers
must be taken into account when making a
choice. You can have color in your garden the
whole year round, but to much variety of color
may create a visual confusion when not resolved.

7. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Form
Color
Line
Texture
o It is the function of landscape materials such as
pathways and steps, trunks of palms, clipped
hedges, paving patterns, lam posts and edge of
objects. Straight lines give a feeling of rigidity and
formality. Curve lines are less formal and radiate a
feeling of gracefulness and softness

8. ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Form
Color
Line
Texture
o However, in the landscape, differences in texture are
mainly produced by differences in leaf sizes. For
instance, the fine texture of small leaves give an
illusion of distance while the coarse of the large leaves
gives an illusion of closeness. The coarse texture tends
to be more attractive than the fine texture.
o It refers to visual effects of surface of plants or
structure. It is equivalent to feel, like the
smoothness of satin or the roughness of burlap.

9. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Harmony
Unity
Contrast
o It refers to the pleasing relationship of objects
making each components a part of a unified
whole. Parts that are blended or fitted together
should have an orderly and harmonious
relationship to one another.
Scale and Proportion
Balance
Rhythm or Sequence
Emphasis
o Each part should be selected to fit the overall
design. When put together, each part should
logically belong to the whole composition, each
relating to the other in character, substance and
spirit

10. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Harmony
Unity
Contrast
o It is the arrangement of the parts of materials that will
produce a single, harmonious design.
o It is the restraining order used to check confusion in
design which might have resulted from the used of
many different elements (colors, textures, lines, shapes,
etc.) and materials in a single composition.
Scale and Proportion
Balance
Rhythm or Sequence
Emphasis
o Unity achieved repetition (using similar or the same
shape, color, size, material, pattern, etc.) and by
dominance (when one object becomes dominant
because of its size, shape, color, number, etc. over the
other objects in the same composition).

11. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Harmony
Unity
Contrast
o It is the most striking of the principles of design,
and it is very effective in checking the tendency
for monotony.
o The same principles of dominance should apply in
contrasting to elements, that is, one should
dominant the other to resolve the existing
conflict, thereby making the composition unified
and orderly.
Scale and Proportion
Balance
Rhythm or Sequence
Emphasis
o Dominance is achieved by making one element
larger, brighter in color or more in number.

12. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Harmony
Unity
Contrast
o It denotes the relative size of objects and plants
with particular reference to the human figure. It
gives a sensation of bigness or smallness within a
space.
o It is related to the principles of balance in that
proper proportioning of the parts of the whole
attains equilibrium.
Scale and Proportion
Balance
Rhythm or Sequence
Emphasis
o Examples: large-leafed plants, large and bright
colored flowers are out of scale in a small garden;
likewise, a preponderance of small leaves will
make garden seem garden.

13. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Harmony
Unity
Contrast
o It connotes stability by giving an illusion of
equilibrium around a real or imaginary central
axis. Another on the other side must balance a
must of plants on one side.
o Balance of weight, color, size or texture maybe
symmetrical or formal when two parts or both
sides of the axis have the same size or shape.
Scale and Proportion
Balance
Rhythm or Sequence
Emphasis

14. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Harmony
Unity
Contrast
o An example of a formal garden is an elaborate
arrangement of ornamental flowerbeds with path
gravel, pavement or turf between beds. It is laid
out in geometric patterns (circle, square, triangle,
etc.) and every plant is neatly trimmed.
Scale and Proportion
Balance
Rhythm or Sequence
Emphasis
o A garden is asymmetrical or informal when two
parts on both sides of the axis do not have the
sane size or shape. An informal garden creates a
natural atmosphere.

15. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Harmony
Unity
Contrast
o It refers to repeating patterns that the eye follows
in a design. For example, sequence in perceived in
the varying height of plants which may begin with
the flat lawn followed by low ground cover, the
shrugs, small and medium-sized trees, and finally
the tall trees.
Scale and Proportion
Balance
Rhythm or Sequence
Emphasis
o Without sequence there would be sharp contrast
between the flatness of the lawn and the tallness
of the trees.

16. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Harmony
Unity
Contrast
o Plantings of a ground cover or a hedge can be
grown in several section of a landscape; stepping-
stones should have the same general pattern.
Scale and Proportion
Balance
Rhythm or Sequence
Emphasis
o When the eye jumps from one form to another
form and from one color to another color, and
when there is no gradual change of pattern or
color, there is no rhythm. Uniformity throughout,
however, produces monotony.

17. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Harmony
Unity
Contrast
o Preponderance-n. Superiority in weight,
influenced, force, quantity.
o Hodgepodge-n. a jumbled mixture;
conglomeration
Scale and Proportion
Balance
Rhythm or Sequence
Emphasis

18. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Harmony
Unity
Contrast
o It focuses the attention of the eye on some
dominant feature of the design and helps make
the garden personal and interesting. While unity
is desirable, a design can be very monotonous if
there is complete unity.
Scale and Proportion
Balance
Rhythm or Sequence
Emphasis
o If there is an emphasized plant or form or color
that will give interest, then there is a visual
satisfaction. This is achieved by accents in the
form of bright colors, an unusual object, an
attractive plant, which draws the eye to the
design.

19. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Harmony
Unity
Contrast
o One good rule is to make certain that the lines of
sight ends in an interesting structure, plant, or
feature
Scale and Proportion
Balance
Rhythm or Sequence
Emphasis

20. LANDSCAPE
DESIGN PHASE
 The complete final landscape design drawings,
technically referred to as the Landscape Working
Drawings, consist of the Layout Plan, the Grading
Plan, the Utility Plan, the Circulation Plan (optional),
the Planting Plan complete plant list, the Irrigation
Plan, and the Detailed Drawings.
 The layout plan shows the dimensions and locations
of all the various components of the design,
indicating the forms of the different areas and sizes of
the construction works as they would appear on the
ground.

21. LANDSCAPE
DESIGN PHASE
 The grading plan shows the existing and proposed
grades of the site either in contour lines or spot
elevations or a combination of the two, for clarity.
 Utility plan includes all utility lines (electric, water)
that are existing and proposed.
 Circulation Plan include roads and parking areas,
walkways, bicycle routes, trails, etc. Circulation Plan
include roads and parking areas, walkways, bicycle
routes, trails, etc.

22. LANDSCAPE
DESIGN PHASE
 Planting Plan shows the location of the plants drawn
in symbols and according to a specified scale. This
also includes the botanical name and common name
(optional) of plants, the quantity of plants to be
planted in a given area, the plant size, planting
distance, variety/cultivar of a particular species,
number of trunks (single or multi-trunk), size or form
of plant, etc.
e.g: 10 Carissa grandiflora ‘Boxwood Beauty’
1 gal, 0.50m, matched size, 3 rows, triangular
spacing

23. LANDSCAPE
DESIGN PHASE
 The irrigation plan shows the distribution of irrigation
lines indicating the size of pipes, location and types of
valves, control stations, etc.
 The detailed drawings, as implied, illustrate typical
planting and construction procedures, show sections
and elevations of important landscape constructions,
enlargement of drawings, etc.

24. LANDSCAPE
IMPLEMENTATION
PHASE
 The implementation or construction phase is
undertaken by a licensed contractor which could
either be a Landscaping Contractor, a Construction
Company, an Engineering Firm, or an Ornamental
Nursery.
 A 12-After co reputable contractor usually has a
professional staff, either on a full-time or part-time
employment, consisting of landscape architects,
engineers, perform horticulturists, irrigation
engineers or landscape specialists, etc., supported by
24 mont an administrative and technical staff.

25. LANDSCAPE
IMPLEMENTATION
PHASE
 The usual implementation operations include
procurement of materials (including plants), tools and
equipment, site preparation (soil testing, clearing,
uprooting stumps, earth filling, grading, etc.),
layouting, staking excavating, constructing of
landscape structures, plant installation, etc.

26. LANDSCAPE
MAINTENANCE
PHASE
 Landscape maintenance operation is undertaken by a
contractor, either by the same contractor who has
implemented the landscape design or by another
contractor. The same specifications and drawings are
used in both the implementation and maintenance
phases.
 A landscape maintenance contract is usually for 1 or 2
years and is renewable if the performance is
satisfactory.

27. CLASSIFICATION
OF ORNAMENTAL
PLANTS
ACCORDING TO
LANDSCAPE USES
1) GROUND COVER – plants used to cover the
ground, thereby reducing maintenance and
erosion. They are usually planted in areas
where lawn grass is desirable but not suitable,
such as too steep or too small area, which may
mowing difficult.

28. CLASSIFICATION
OF ORNAMENTAL
PLANTS
ACCORDING TO
LANDSCAPE USES
 Ground covers have textures which ordinary
lawn grasses do not have.
 They also serve as unifying elements in
plant composition made up of a variety of
shrubs and trees of various sizes, colors and
textures.
 When grown under trees or large shrubs,
they are called undercover. Such plants
should be those that tolerate shade.

29. CLASSIFICATION
OF ORNAMENTAL
PLANTS
ACCORDING TO
LANDSCAPE USES
2) EDGING – low growing plants used to define
pathways and shape of planting areas. Edging
plants must be attractive and compact, with a
confining growth habit and tolerant to clipping
to produce the crisp, trimmed look.

30. CLASSIFICATION
OF ORNAMENTAL
PLANTS
ACCORDING TO
LANDSCAPE USES
3) SPECIMEN PLANT – a plant of specimen beauty
or unusual quality grown to be exhibited alone. A
specimen plant allowed to develop into full natural
beauty demands space to be effective it is charming
in big gardens and usually out of place in small
ones.
 It is used to add interest at ends of walks, to
announce an entry or lead the site to another
space. Similar plants used in greater number to
brighten dull corners are called ACCENTS.

31. CLASSIFICATION
OF ORNAMENTAL
PLANTS
ACCORDING TO
LANDSCAPE USES
4) ACCENT OR FOCAL POINT – one or more plants
used as prominent features in the garden. They can
be used in pairs on either side of a formal doorway
or gate or at the beginning or end of a walkway.
Accents should be used with restraint.
5) BARRIERRS/SCREENS HEDGES –plants that
provides security and privacy. Good barrier plants
are thorny or have compact or dense growth habit
that prevents trespassing.

32. CLASSIFICATION
OF ORNAMENTAL
PLANTS
ACCORDING TO
LANDSCAPE USES
6) FOUNDATION PLANT – dense shrubs grown here
or along a building. They make the transition from
ground to house gradual so that the ground may
seen tide and part of the house.
 Foundation plants serve different purposes
depending on their location. At corners they
soften vertical lines; near a door they act as a
frame; and in front of the house they hide their
base and minimize their height.

33. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING.