The document discusses various pricing methods and objectives that companies consider when setting prices. It identifies the key steps in determining pricing objectives, which include considering financial, marketing and strategic company objectives as well as consumer factors. Some common pricing objectives mentioned are maximizing profit, increasing sales or market share. The document then outlines different methods for setting prices, including based on costs, competition, demand as well as strategic approaches like price skimming, penetration pricing, bundled pricing and cross-subsidization.

1. Pricing Methods notes for I MBA Isemester 1
Pricing
Pricing objectives or goals give direction to the whole pricing process. Determining what your
objectives are is the first step in pricing. When deciding on pricing objectives you must consider:
1) the overall financial, marketing, and strategic objectives of the company; 2) the objectives of
your product or brand; 3) consumer price elasticity and price points; and 4) the resources you
have available.
Some of the more common pricing objectives are:
 maximize long-run profit
 maximize short-run profit
 increase sales volume (quantity)
 increase monetary sales
 increase market share
 obtain a target rate of return on investment (ROI)
 obtain a target rate of return on sales
 stabilize market or stabilize market price: an objective to stabilize price means that the
marketing manager attempts to keep prices stable in the marketplace and to compete on
non-price considerations. Stabilization of margin is basically a cost-plus approach in
which the manager attempts to maintain the same margin regardless of changes in cost.
 company growth
 maintain price leadership
 desensitize customers to price
 discourage new entrants into the industry
 match competitors prices
 encourage the exit of marginal firms from the industry
 survival
 avoid government investigation or intervention
 obtain or maintain the loyalty and enthusiasm of distributors and other sales personnel
 enhance the image of the firm, brand, or product
 be perceived as “fair” by customers and potential customers
 create interest and excitement about a product
 discourage competitors from cutting prices
 use price to make the product “visible"
 help prepare for the sale of the business (harvesting)
 social, ethical, or ideological objectives

2. Pricing Methods notes for I MBA Isemester 2
Methods of Pricing
1. Pricing based on Cost:
a) Cost Plus Pricing :
Cost-Plus: Production costs are determined and then a target profit margin is applied. For
example, if a product costs Rs.10 to manufacture, and the business wants to make a 20%
profit, the price is Rs.12 per unit.
Cost-plus (or “mark-up”) pricing is widely used in retailing, where the retailer wants to
know with some certainty what the gross profit margin of each sale will be. An advantage of
this approach is that the business will know that its costs are being covered. The main
disadvantage is that cost-plus pricing may lead to products that are priced un-competitively.
b) Marginal Pricing:
Selling at a price that is above the marginal cost but below the total or full cost which
includes all overheads. Marginal pricing is based on the assumption that since fixed and
variable costs are covered by the current output level, the cost of producing any extra unit
(marginal output) will comprise only of variable costs of additional labor and material
consumed.
2. Pricing based on Competition:
a) Going rate pricing:
Setting a price for a product or service using the prevailing market price as a basis. Going
rate pricing is a common practice with homogeneous products with very little variation from
one producer to another, such as aluminum or steel.
b) Sealed bid pricing
Sealed-bid pricing is the pricing situation in the tender bid, the companies know their
competitors on the basis of pricing. This price is the enterprise of its competitors offer
estimates based on certain, with the aim of signing the contract, its bid should be less than the
competitors offer. Sealed bids is mainly used for pricing the tender transaction
A type of auction process in which all bidders simultaneously submit sealed bids to the
auctioneer, so that no bidder knows how much the other auction participants have bid. The
highest bidder is usually declared the winner of the bidding process.
3. Pricing based on Demand:
a) Perceived value pricing:
The valuation of good or service according to how much consumers are willing to pay for it,
rather than upon its production and delivery costs. Using a perceived value pricing technique
might be somewhat arbitrary, but it can greatly assist in the effective marketing of a product
since it sets product pricing in line with its perceived value by potential buyers.

3. Pricing Methods notes for I MBA Isemester 3
b) Price Discrimination
Price discrimination is the practice of charging a different price for the same good or service.
The term differential pricing is also used to describe the practice of charging different prices
to different buyers for the same quality and quantity of a product, but it can also refer to a
combination of price differentiation and product differentiation. rice differentiation is
distinguished from product differentiation by the more substantial difference in production
cost for the differently priced products involved in the latter strategy cladenstine
4. Stratagy based pricing:
a) Creaming or skimming
In most skimming, goods are sold at higher prices so that fewer sales are needed to break
even. Selling a product at a high price, sacrificing high sales to gain a high profit is therefore
"skimming" the market. Skimming is usually employed to reimburse the cost of investment
of the original research into the product: commonly used in electronic markets when a new
range, such as DVD players, are firstly dispatched into the market at a high price. This
strategy is often used to target "early adopters" of a product or service. Early adopters
generally have a relatively lower price-sensitivity - this can be attributed to: their need for the
product outweighing their need to economise; a greater understanding of the product's value;
or simply having a higher disposable income. it will maximize profits for the better of the
company
b) Penetration Pricing:
A penetration pricing strategy is designed to capture market share by entering the market
with a low price relative to the competition to attract buyers. The idea is that the business will
be able to raise awareness and get people to try the product. Even though penetration pricing
may initially create a loss for the company, the hope is that it will help to generate word-of-
mouth and create awareness amid a crowded market category.
c) Two parts Pricing:
Pricing strategy comprising a fixed (lump-sum) charge that does not vary with usage or
consumption and an additional charge that does vary with usage or consumption.Providers of
services including banking and finance, telecommunications and transport commonly apply
two-part pricing. One reason to set a two-part price is to cover some customer-specific fixed
cost, such as the cost of connection in telecommunications or the cost of line rental.
d) Bundling pricing:
The act of placing several products or services together in a single package and selling for a
lower price than would be charged if the items were sold separately. The package usually

4. Pricing Methods notes for I MBA Isemester 4
includes one big ticket product and at least one complementary good. Bundled pricing is a
marketing method used by retailers to sell products in high supply. Common examples
include option packages on new cars, value meals at restaurants and cable TV channel plans.
Pursuing a bundle pricing strategy allows you to increase your profit by giving customers a
discount.
e) Trasfer pricing
Transfer pricing is the setting of the price for goods and services sold between controlled
(or related) legal entities within an enterprise. For example, if a subsidiary company sells
goods to a parent company, the cost of those goods is the transfer price. Legal entities
considered under the control of a single corporation include branches and companies that are
wholly or majority owned ultimately by the parent corporation. Certain jurisdictions consider
entities to be under common control if they share family members on their boards of
directors. It can be used as a profit allocation method to attribute a multinational
corporation's net profit (or loss) before tax to countries where it does business. Transfer
pricing results in the setting of prices among divisions within an enterprise.
f) Cross subsidisation
Cross subsidization is the practice of charging higher prices to one group of consumers in
order to subsidize lower prices for another group. State trading enterprises with monopoly
control over marketing agricultural exports are sometimes alleged to cross subsidize, but lack
of transparency in their operations makes it difficult, if not impossible, to determine if that is
the case. A strategy where support for a product comes from the profits generated by another
product. This is usually done to attract customers to a newly introduced product by giving
them a lower price. The low price is sustained by the earnings of another product sold by the
same company