This document discusses price leadership models in oligopolistic markets. It defines price leadership as a situation where one dominant firm sets prices that other competitors feel compelled to match. There are three forms of price leadership discussed: low-cost price leadership, where the lowest cost firm leads prices; dominant price leadership, where the firm with the largest market share sets prices; and barometric price leadership, where the most reliable firm acts as a barometer of market conditions. Price leadership can provide price stability and prevent price wars while allowing smaller firms to benefit from a larger firm's cost information. However, price leadership is regulated to prevent illegal practices under India's MRTP Act.

1. Presented by:- Amit kumar
16PMM560
DOPM
NIPER S.A.S Nagar

2. Flow of Presentation
• Definition
• Assumption of Price leadership model
• Forms of Price leadership model
• Advantages
• Conclusion

3. Definition
 Price Leadership is an informal position of a firm in most oligopolistic
markets. It is an observation made of oligopolistic business behavior in
which one company, usually the dominant competitor among several,
leads the way in determining prices, the others soon following it
 Thus price leadership is “situation in which a market leader
sets the price of a product or services and competitors feel compelled
to match that price”
 The major objective is to avoid the uncertainty, uncertainty in terms of
getting the profit, uncertainty in term of being in the market or sustain in
the market

4. Assumption
Number of firms are small
Entry to the industry is restricted
Products are, by and large, homogeneous
Demand for industry is inelastic or, very low elasticity exists
Firms have almost similar cost curves
Technical reasons- Size, Efficiency(more efficient more innovative) ,
Economies of Scale(cheap product better leader), Firm’s Ability to forecast
market conditions accurately

5. Low Cost Price
Leadership
Dominant
Price
Leadership
Barometric
Price
Leadership
FORMS OF PRICE
LEADERSHIP MODEL

6. Low Cost Price Leadership
 Occurs in case of a low cost firm which may or may not have significant
market power
 The low-cost firm responds more quickly than its rivals to changing costs
and demand conditions from experience
 Through innovation in production methods, leading to new techniques of
production or better organization
 The rival firms may follow suit or even decrease its prices further,
depending on their future assessments

7. Low Cost Price Leadership
•AC1, MC1 – Cost curves for low cost firm
(largest firm)
•AC2, MC2 –Cost curves for all the rival
firms.
•OP2= Unit cost for low cost firm
•OQ2= Selling quantity at price OP2
•OP3= Unit cost for rival firms
•OQ1= Selling quantity at price OP3

8. Dominant Price Leadership
 One firm is recognized as the industry leader. Their market share is much
higher than sum of the market share of all the other firms
 Dominant firm sets price with the realization that the smaller firms will
follow and charge the same price
 Effects : Rival Firms behave like firms in a perfectly competitive market
 Occurs in case of a Dominant Firm which supplies a major proportion of
the total market
 A large firm is the dominant firm (high market share) for the product can
resort to price leadership, i.e., the large firm fixes the price and other
small firms act as Price-takers

9. Dominant Price Leadership
(a) : Market Demand-Supply curve of
Small firm
D Dm = Market demand Curve
P1SS = Supply Curve of Small Firms
(b) : Market Demand curve of
Dominant firm
P3DD = Demand Curve of Dominant Firm
P3 MPD = MR of Dominant Firm

10. Barometric Price Leadership
 In Barometric price leadership, the most reliable firm emerges as the best
barometer of market conditions. The firm could be the one with lowest
cost of production, leading other firms the follow the suit
 The firm has better capability to forecast the economic changes
 The firm has a better knowledge of prevailing market scenario
 The firm initiates well publicized changes in price
 Number of Large firms is more than the number of Small firms

11. Advantages
 Small firms lack sufficient knowledge into the principle of costing. They
can utilize the big firm’s costing department by being price followers
 Leads to price stability avoiding price wars to an extent
 Price will not be too high during boom periods and not too low during
recessions (as price leaders take a long run point of view)

12. Conclusion
 All the Price Leadership models are controlled by a strict MRTP Act
 MRTP Act : Monopoly Restricted Trade Practices Act (India 1969)
 The MRTP Act restricts the firms from misusing the Price Leadership
Model to engage in illegal practices

13. Thank You