Price Leadership.pptx
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Price leadership occurs in oligopolistic markets where one dominant firm sets the price that competitors feel compelled to match. This avoids uncertainty for all firms. For price leadership to work, the market must have few firms, restricted entry, homogeneous products, inelastic demand, similar cost structures, and one technologically superior leader. There are different types of price leadership depending on whether the leader has the lowest costs, the largest market share, or best ability to forecast conditions. In all cases, the leader initiates well-publicized price changes that smaller rivals follow to leverage the leader's expertise and stability and avoid price wars. However, anti-monopoly laws restrict abusive behavior from price leadership.
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Students should be able to:
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Understand the significance of firms as price-takers in perfectly competitive markets. An understanding of the meaning of shut-down point is required. The impact of entry into and exit from the industry should be considered.
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For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Mohammad Abadullah
Dilruba Jahan Popi
Rabiul Islam
Effat Ara Saima
MD. Rajib Mojumder (Captain)
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Students should be able to:
Understand the assumptions of perfect competition and be able to explain the behaviour of firms in this market structure.
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This PPT includes Oligopoly Market. It is explained in detail.
This is for educational purpose only. If you own any of the content please let me know. We are not here to hurt anyone's emotion. Please try to co-operate and use this for educational purposes only.
Price & Output Determination under Monopoly
The document discusses monopoly market structures. It defines a monopoly as a market with a single seller of a product without close substitutes. It notes that monopolies can arise through government protections, control of critical resources, or large capital requirements. The document then examines the characteristics of monopolies, including price setting behavior to maximize profits where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. It also explores various types of price discrimination strategies monopolies may use.
Oligopoly
The document discusses oligopoly, which is a market structure characterized by a small number of firms having significant control over the market. It provides examples of oligopolistic industries in India such as aviation, soft drinks, steel, and petroleum. In these industries, a small group of major players dominate the market and engage in interdependent behavior such as price wars to gain market share from each other. The document also notes that oligopolistic industries are subject to strict government control and regulations.
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This document outlines the key topics and objectives to be covered in a chapter on monopoly. The lecture plan will examine the nature and forms of monopoly markets. It will analyze the pricing and output decisions of monopolists in the short run and long run. Additionally, it will explore multi-plant monopolies, price discrimination, and the degrees to which monopolies can engage in price discrimination. The objectives are to understand the emergence of monopoly power through barriers to entry, and analyze the economic inefficiency that monopolies create.
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For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Mohammad Abadullah
Dilruba Jahan Popi
Rabiul Islam
Effat Ara Saima
MD. Rajib Mojumder (Captain)
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This document discusses price determination under monopolistic competition. It describes monopolistic competition as having many small sellers selling differentiated but close substitute products. It states that under monopolistic competition, a firm maximizes profits when marginal cost equals marginal revenue. The document also discusses selling costs, product differentiation, and how older firms have less elastic demand curves under monopolistic competition.
Imperfect Competition
In a perfectly competitive market, firms are price-takers. It is largely regarded as an ideal situation and such a market situation is hard to find. In the real world, you are dealing with firms large enough to affect the market price. In many such markets there are handful of firms who dominate in one way or other. Such markets are market of imperfect competition.
Elasticity Of Demand
Elasticity measures the extent to which demand changes in response to a change in price. There are different degrees of price elasticity including perfectly elastic, perfectly inelastic, unitary elastic, relatively elastic, and relatively inelastic demand. Cross elasticity and income elasticity also measure responsiveness of demand but to other factors like substitute goods and consumer income levels respectively. Methods for measuring price elasticity include the total expenditure method, percentage method, point method, arc elasticity, and revenue method.
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Price determination under oligopoly can occur through independent pricing, collusive pricing, or price leadership. There are several classical models of oligopoly including Cournot's model of duopoly, Bertrand's model of duopoly, and Edgeworth's duopoly model. Non-collusive oligopolies may lead to price wars if firms produce homogeneous goods. Under collusion, firms can jointly set prices or output to increase their bargaining power against consumers. Price leadership is a means for oligopolists to coordinate prices without explicit collusion, with the dominant firm initiating price changes that other firms follow.
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Monopolistic competition is characterized by many sellers offering differentiated products, free entry and exit into the market, and firms competing through non-price factors like advertising. In the short run, firms will earn economic profits or losses depending on demand. In the long run, free entry and exit will drive profits to zero as firms enter industries with profits and exit those with losses. While prices exceed marginal costs as in a monopoly, free entry ensures prices equal average costs in the long run as in perfect competition. However, monopolistic competition is not as efficient as perfect competition due to deadweight loss from prices above marginal costs.
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1. Isoquants slope downward, meaning more of one input requires less of the other to maintain output.
2. They are convex to the origin, due to decreasing marginal rates of technical substitution between inputs as one is increased relative to the other.
3. Isoquants never intersect, as that would represent one combination producing two output levels. Higher isoquants correspond to higher output levels.
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An oligopoly is a market structure with few dominant firms. Firms in an oligopoly are interdependent and must consider competitors' reactions when setting prices or strategies. While competition can occur, oligopolies sometimes engage in collusive behavior such as tacitly setting prices to maximize profits, restricting output. Examples include industries like airlines, banking, and brewing.
Price
The document discusses several factors that influence a product or service's price, including costs, demand and elasticity, competition, government objectives, stage of the life cycle, and positioning relative to competitors. It also outlines various pricing strategies such as price skimming, penetration pricing, competitor-based pricing, cost-plus pricing, and psychological pricing. Whether the price is high or low depends on these factors, like whether costs are high, demand is inelastic, there is strong branding or few substitutes.
Marketing Mix Priced Op 08
The document discusses pricing strategies and methods. It defines what a pricing strategy is and identifies key determinants for pricing decisions like organizational objectives, costs, competition, and customer perceptions. It explores different pricing methods like cost-oriented, demand-oriented, and competition-oriented pricing. It also covers pricing tactics like discounts, flexible pricing, and how legal/regulatory factors can influence pricing.
Similar to Price Leadership.pptx (20)
pricing theory and procedure, pricing policies and practices
pricing theory and procedure, pricing policies and practices
Pricing , penetration or skimming model of pricing
Pricing , penetration or skimming model of pricing
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在线办理(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
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Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptx
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
SWAIAP Fraud Risk Mitigation Prof Oyedokun.pptx
SWAIAP Fraud Risk Mitigation Prof Oyedokun.pptxGodwin Emmanuel Oyedokun MBA MSc PhD FCA FCTI FCNA CFE FFAR
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
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What price will pi network be listed on exchanges
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the what's app number of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
+12349014282
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth CapitalIndependent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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Price Leadership.pptx
- 2. DEFINITION Price Leadership is an informal position of a firm in most oligopolistic markets. It is an observation made of oligopolistic business behavior in which one company, usually the dominant competitor among several, leads the way in determining prices, the others soon following it Thus price leadership is “situation in which a market leader sets the price of a product or services and competitors feel compelled to match that price” The major objective is to avoid the uncertainty, uncertainty in terms of getting the profit, uncertainty in term of being in the market or sustain in the market.
- 3. Assumption • Number of firms are small • Entry to the industry is restricted • Products are, by and large, homogeneous • Demand for industry is inelastic or, very low elasticity exists • Firms have almost similar cost curves • Technical reasons- Size, Efficiency(more efficient more innovative) , Economies of Scale(cheap product better leader), Firm’s Ability to forecast market conditions accurately
- 5. Low Cost Price Leadership • Occurs in case of a low cost firm which may or may not have significant market power . • The low-cost firm responds more quickly than its rivals to changing costs and demand conditions from experience . • Through innovation in production methods, leading to new techniques of production or better organization. • The rival firms may follow suit or even decrease its prices further, depending on their future assessments.
- 7. Dominant Price Leadership One firm is recognized as the industry leader. Their market share is much higher than sum of the market share of all the other firms . Dominant firm sets price with the realization that the smaller firms will follow and charge the same price. Effects : Rival Firms behave like firms in a perfectly competitive market. Occurs in case of a Dominant Firm which supplies a major proportion of the total market. A large firm is the dominant firm (high market share) for the product can resort to price leadership, i.e., the large firm fixes the price and other small firms act as Price-takers.
- 9. Barometric Price Leadership In Barometric price leadership, the most reliable firm emerges as the best barometer of market conditions. The firm could be the one with lowest cost of production, leading other firms the follow the suit The firm has better capability to forecast the economic changes The firm has a better knowledge of prevailing market scenario. The firm initiates well publicized changes in price. Number of Large firms is more than the number of Small firms.
- 10. Advantage They can utilize the big firm’s costing department by being price followers : Small firms lack sufficient knowledge into the principle of costing. Leads to price stability avoiding price wars to an extent. Price will not be too high during boom periods and not too low during recessions (as price leaders take a long run point of view)
- 11. Conclusion -All the Price Leadership models are controlled by a strict MRTP Act -MRTP Act : Monopoly Restricted Trade Practices Act (India 1969) . -The MRTP Act restricts the firms from misusing the Price Leadership Model to engage in illegal practices.