These notes will provide an overview of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and the importance of preventing them. We will discuss the common types of HAIs, such as surgical site infections, bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections, as well as the factors that contribute to their occurrence. Additionally, we will explore various strategies and best practices for preventing HAIs, such as hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and antibiotic stewardship programs. The notes will also cover the roles of healthcare providers, patients, and hospital administrators in preventing HAIs and the importance of communication and collaboration between all stakeholders. Overall, these notes will be a comprehensive guide to reducing the incidence of HAIs and improving patient safety in healthcare settings.
this presentation is help to the student for the getting information regarding the sorces, types, & mode of infection spread in the hospital sector, it help firstd year student student gain the information regarding through this ppt
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION OR HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION
OR HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INTECTION CAN BE DEFINED AS THE INFECTION ACQUIRED IN THE HOSPITAL BY A PATIENT:
WHO WAS ADMITTED FOR A REASON OTHER THAT INFECTION
FACTORS AFFECTING HAIS
SOURCES OF INFECTION
MICRORGANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR INFECTION
TYPES OF HAIS
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
PREVENTION OF HAIS
The hospital-acquired infections or nosocomial infections are those infections developed in hospitalized patients who were neither infected nor were in incubation at the time of their admission.
this presentation is help to the student for the getting information regarding the sorces, types, & mode of infection spread in the hospital sector, it help firstd year student student gain the information regarding through this ppt
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION OR HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION
OR HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INTECTION CAN BE DEFINED AS THE INFECTION ACQUIRED IN THE HOSPITAL BY A PATIENT:
WHO WAS ADMITTED FOR A REASON OTHER THAT INFECTION
FACTORS AFFECTING HAIS
SOURCES OF INFECTION
MICRORGANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR INFECTION
TYPES OF HAIS
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
PREVENTION OF HAIS
The hospital-acquired infections or nosocomial infections are those infections developed in hospitalized patients who were neither infected nor were in incubation at the time of their admission.
ABSTRACT
Nosocomial infections are infections acquired in hospital or healthcare service unit that first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge following in-patient care. The main routes of transmission of nosocomial infections are contact, airborne, common vehicle and vector borne. Common infections are urinary tract infections (UTI), surgical and soft tissue infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis and respiratory infections. The agents that are usually involved in hospital acquired infections are Streptococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Legionella and Enterobacteriaceae family members including Proteus mirablis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens. Out of these Enterococci, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli have a major role. Various infection control programmes and organizations help to lower the risk of an infection during and after the period of hospitalization.
Key-words: Urinary tract infections, Hospital Acquired Infections, Route of Transmission, Epidemiology, Prevention and Control
Dive into our detailed presentation on Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs). Our slide delves deep into the types, causes, and prevention strategies, highlighting the importance of stringent healthcare protocols. Presented by Ashish Sharma, this resource offers valuable insights for healthcare professionals, patients, and the general public."
Contrary to their reputation as havens of healing, hospitals are home to invisible dangers known as germs that pose harm to patients and healthcare professionals alike. Hospital germ exposure has a wide range of risks, including the potential for infections, worse patient outcomes, and difficulties in preserving a secure medical environment. We examine the many aspects of hospital germ exposure in this thorough analysis, providing insight into the possible outcomes and risk-reduction tactics.
Study Material for Applications of Stem Cells In Health CareVamsi kumar
Explore the cutting-edge field of stem cell therapies and their pivotal role in treating autoimmune disorders with our comprehensive textbook. This essential resource covers the latest advances in the use of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, in managing conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Gain insights into innovative treatments, ethical considerations, and case studies showcasing successful patient outcomes. Whether you're a medical lab technology student, researcher, or healthcare professional, this textbook equips you with the knowledge and expertise to navigate the exciting world of stem cell-based therapies for autoimmune disorders.
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Future of Embryology by Attuluri Vamsi KumarVamsi kumar
This comprehensive PowerPoint presentation offers a detailed exploration of the dynamic field of embryology and its significant role in medical science. Titled "Navigating the Future of Embryology: Innovations and Ethical Considerations," it delves into the history, current practices, and future prospects of embryology. It covers the evolution of embryological studies, the vital role of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in shaping guidelines, and the impact of technological advancements on the discipline. With a focus on predictions and trends, the presentation also contemplates potential future amendments to guidelines in response to evolving technologies and ethical considerations. This resource is invaluable for medical professionals, researchers, and students keen on understanding the trajectory of embryology and its implications for future medical practices.
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ABSTRACT
Nosocomial infections are infections acquired in hospital or healthcare service unit that first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge following in-patient care. The main routes of transmission of nosocomial infections are contact, airborne, common vehicle and vector borne. Common infections are urinary tract infections (UTI), surgical and soft tissue infections, gastroenteritis, meningitis and respiratory infections. The agents that are usually involved in hospital acquired infections are Streptococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Legionella and Enterobacteriaceae family members including Proteus mirablis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens. Out of these Enterococci, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli have a major role. Various infection control programmes and organizations help to lower the risk of an infection during and after the period of hospitalization.
Key-words: Urinary tract infections, Hospital Acquired Infections, Route of Transmission, Epidemiology, Prevention and Control
Dive into our detailed presentation on Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs). Our slide delves deep into the types, causes, and prevention strategies, highlighting the importance of stringent healthcare protocols. Presented by Ashish Sharma, this resource offers valuable insights for healthcare professionals, patients, and the general public."
Contrary to their reputation as havens of healing, hospitals are home to invisible dangers known as germs that pose harm to patients and healthcare professionals alike. Hospital germ exposure has a wide range of risks, including the potential for infections, worse patient outcomes, and difficulties in preserving a secure medical environment. We examine the many aspects of hospital germ exposure in this thorough analysis, providing insight into the possible outcomes and risk-reduction tactics.
Study Material for Applications of Stem Cells In Health CareVamsi kumar
Explore the cutting-edge field of stem cell therapies and their pivotal role in treating autoimmune disorders with our comprehensive textbook. This essential resource covers the latest advances in the use of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, in managing conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Gain insights into innovative treatments, ethical considerations, and case studies showcasing successful patient outcomes. Whether you're a medical lab technology student, researcher, or healthcare professional, this textbook equips you with the knowledge and expertise to navigate the exciting world of stem cell-based therapies for autoimmune disorders.
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This comprehensive PowerPoint presentation offers a detailed exploration of the dynamic field of embryology and its significant role in medical science. Titled "Navigating the Future of Embryology: Innovations and Ethical Considerations," it delves into the history, current practices, and future prospects of embryology. It covers the evolution of embryological studies, the vital role of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in shaping guidelines, and the impact of technological advancements on the discipline. With a focus on predictions and trends, the presentation also contemplates potential future amendments to guidelines in response to evolving technologies and ethical considerations. This resource is invaluable for medical professionals, researchers, and students keen on understanding the trajectory of embryology and its implications for future medical practices.
I am Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Academician in Medical Laboratory Sciences of highly successful job experience and a strong desire to improve OBE structured MLT education. I am constantly focusing on building an academic atmosphere that is set high standards with strong multi blended teaching pedagogy models. Contact me at 7416660584.
Notes of Shape and Size of RBCs, Structure of RBCs, Life Cycle of RBCs, Funct...Vamsi kumar
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) possess unique attributes essential for their function in the circulatory system. Their distinctive biconcave shape maximizes surface area for efficient gas exchange. Structurally, mature RBCs lack a nucleus, making room for hemoglobin, a molecule vital for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. These cells undergo a lifecycle that lasts about 120 days, originating from the bone marrow and eventually being removed by the spleen. Their primary role involves ferrying oxygen to body tissues and removing carbon dioxide. Additionally, changes in RBC size, shape, or hemoglobin content can signify various medical conditions, and there are specific disorders, like anemia or sickle cell disease, that directly impact RBCs.
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Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
Welcome to the Hematology Laboratory Practical Manual, an essential tool in your journey as a Medical Laboratory Technology student. This manual has been meticulously curated to provide an effective foundation for your practical skills in hematology and enhance your understanding of the human blood system's dynamics.
Hematology, a branch of medicine, focuses on the study of blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. It includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases. The manual bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, intending to prepare you to perform and interpret various laboratory tests related to blood.
The manual introduces you to laboratory practices, standard operating procedures, and safety protocols. It explores a wide range of topics from the basic blood collection techniques, preparation of blood smears, and staining techniques to complex tests like complete blood count (CBC), coagulation tests, bone marrow examination, hemoglobinopathies, and blood group typing, to name a few.
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To further enhance your learning experience, case studies and clinical correlation sections are incorporated, connecting the dots between laboratory findings and clinical symptoms. You will be challenged to interpret results and provide a plausible explanation for various hematological conditions.
This manual is designed to stimulate your curiosity, encourage critical thinking, and prepare you for your future role as a Medical Laboratory Technologist. It is not merely a collection of laboratory procedures but a practical guide to understanding the human blood system and its associated disorders.
The path to becoming a competent MLT involves understanding and respecting the significance of laboratory practices. It's about knowing that each sample represents a person awaiting diagnosis, treatment, or confirmation of health stat
This course provides an in-depth exploration of blood bank laboratory practices and procedures, introducing students to the core concepts and technical skills involved in blood banking. The program uses a case-based approach to facilitate the application of theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios, encouraging problem-solving skills and clinical reasoning. The curriculum spans from basic principles and safety considerations to advanced testing techniques and current trends in blood banking, providing comprehensive coverage of this essential area of medical lab technology.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This course provides an extensive study of research methodologies in the field of Medical Lab Technology. Students will learn the fundamentals of research, how to design their research, and methods of data collection. Further, they will gain insights into data analysis, interpretation of results, and the essentials of writing a research report. The course integrates theoretical learning with practical case studies to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the subject.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
51_Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and its applications.pdfVamsi kumar
This course provides an in-depth understanding of the fundamentals, applications, and future trends of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical lab technology. It covers the role of AI in clinical lab diagnostics, predictive analysis, big data interpretation, precision medicine, and ethical considerations in AI deployment. Through case studies, students will gain practical insights into the use of AI in healthcare.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This Medical Lab Technology Internship syllabus is intended to provide students with the opportunity to apply and enhance their knowledge and skills in the context of real-world laboratory settings. Over the course of six months, interns will gain hands-on experience in essential and advanced laboratory techniques, laboratory safety practices, quality assurance processes, and professional and ethical considerations in the field. Through practical learning and critical examination of case studies, students will emerge better prepared for their careers as Medical Lab Technologists.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This course aims to provide students with an in-depth understanding of blood banking, including the concepts of blood grouping, compatibility testing for transfusion, and the management of blood resources. It also delves into the fundamental principles of genetics, focusing on inheritance patterns, chromosomal basis of inheritance, and the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. Through practical exercises, students will gain hands-on experience on various techniques used in blood banking and genetics.
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This course in "Virology and Mycology" (701) is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the medically important fungi and viruses. The content includes an introduction, general characteristics, life cycle, laboratory diagnosis, and the various techniques used in the identification and study of these microbes. This course will also equip students with practical skills, from preparing culture media to processing clinical samples for diagnosis.
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This syllabus covers the foundational aspects of Research Methodology and Biostatistics. The course is designed to equip students with the necessary understanding and skills to formulate research problems, address ethical considerations, design research studies, comprehend the basic concepts of Biostatistics, and understand the relationship between data and variables. The aim is to enhance the students' ability to construct, summarize, and analyze data in biostatistics effectively.
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This course is designed to provide Medical Lab Technology students with a comprehensive understanding of the medical microbiology laboratory's operation. It starts with foundational knowledge in laboratory safety, equipment, and microbial classification and then advances to diagnostic microbiology techniques, immunology, and serology. Lastly, it explores more sophisticated lab procedures such as molecular diagnostics, virology, and recent trends in the field. Each unit comes with real-life case studies to further reinforce the application of theoretical knowledge.
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This course aims to provide students with an in-depth understanding of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, with a focus on the immune system's role in health and disease, transplantation immunology, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and immune tolerance. Additionally, it introduces molecular biology, DNA structure, and replication, with practical applications of molecular techniques such as PCR, gel electrophoresis, and western blotting.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This course, Applied Clinical Biochemistry- II, is designed to impart in-depth knowledge about the techniques and methods used in clinical biochemistry. The curriculum focuses on automation in clinical biochemistry, methods of estimation and assessment, enzyme principles and estimation, gastric analysis, renal function tests, qualitative tests, and chemical examination. The students will engage in practical applications of these concepts through hands-on experimentation.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
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The elective course "Hospital Information System and Laboratory Information System" aims to provide medical lab technology students with a comprehensive understanding of the design, implementation, and usage of health and laboratory information systems in the healthcare sector. It emphasizes the significance of these systems in ensuring effective patient care, data interoperability, and the integration of various systems for optimized healthcare delivery.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
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This syllabus covers the principles and applications of Community Medicine and Epidemiology. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of community health, disease control, health promotion, and the role of medical social work. They will apply knowledge to real-world case studies, fostering skills in critical analysis, problem-solving, and ethical decision-making.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This course aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the field of Cytopathology. It begins with the basics of cryostat sectioning and enzyme cytochemistry, proceeding towards an in-depth study of cytological investigations, including vital staining and aspiration cytology. The course then focuses on advanced topics like exfoliative cytology, automation in cytology, liquid-based cytology, and immune-cytochemistry. Finally, it allows students to apply their theoretical knowledge to practical applications and master various techniques and staining methods used in a Cytology lab.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
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Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Preventing Hospital-Acquired Infections: Best Practices and Strategies
1. Sample Notes for Weekend work 6.0 Hospital infections
Faculty Name : Mr. A. Vamsi Kumar – E13404
Designation : Assistant Professor
Mail ID : attuluri.e13404@cumail.in
Department/Institute : MLT, UIAHS.
Place : Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab.
Program : B.Sc. MLT (Medical Lab Technology)
Course Name / Code Program Semester Subject level
Introductory Microbiology – 22MLH-153 B.Sc. MLT II Advanced
1. What is the definition of hospital infections?
ANS: Hospital infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), are infections that occur in patients
while they are receiving medical care in a hospital or other healthcare facility. These infections can be caused by
bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other pathogens and can occur in any part of the body, including the bloodstream, urinary
tract, lungs, or surgical wounds.
Some common types of hospital infections include:
1. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)
2. Surgical site infections (SSIs)
3. Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs)
4. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
Hospital infections can be particularly dangerous for patients who have weakened immune systems, are undergoing
invasive procedures, or are on long-term antibiotic therapy. In addition to causing illness and complications for
patients, hospital infections can also increase healthcare costs and prolong hospital stays.
Prevention of hospital infections is a critical aspect of patient safety and involves measures such as hand hygiene,
proper use of personal protective equipment, and appropriate use of antibiotics. Healthcare facilities also have
infection prevention and control programs in place to monitor and prevent the spread of infections within the facility.
2. How are hospital infections different from community acquired infections?
ANS: Hospital infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), are infections that are acquired
during a patient's stay in a hospital or other healthcare facility. On the other hand, community-acquired infections
are infections that are acquired outside of a healthcare setting, such as in the community, at home, or at school.
Here are some key differences between hospital infections and community-acquired infections:
1. Risk factors: Hospital infections typically occur in patients who are already sick or have weakened immune
systems due to underlying medical conditions, surgery, or medical treatments. In contrast, community-
acquired infections can affect anyone, regardless of their health status.
2. Types of infections: Hospital infections are often caused by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), such as
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Clostridium difficile (C. diff), which are commonly
found in healthcare settings. Community-acquired infections, on the other hand, are typically caused by a
wider range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
3. Severity: Hospital infections can be more severe and difficult to treat than community-acquired infections,
especially if they are caused by MDROs. Hospital infections can also lead to longer hospital stays, increased
healthcare costs, and a higher risk of mortality.
4. Prevention: Prevention strategies for hospital infections focus on infection control measures within healthcare
facilities, such as hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment, and appropriate use of
2. antibiotics. Prevention of community-acquired infections often involves measures such as vaccination, good
hygiene practices, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.
Overall, while hospital infections and community-acquired infections share some similarities, they are distinct in
terms of their risk factors, types of infections, severity, and prevention strategies.
3. What are some common types of hospital infections?
ANS: Hospital infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), are infections that are acquired in
healthcare settings such as hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes. Here are some common types of hospital infections:
1. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs): These infections occur when a urinary catheter is
inserted into the bladder to drain urine, and bacteria travel up the catheter and infect the bladder or kidneys.
2. Surgical site infections (SSIs): These infections occur after surgery, when bacteria enter the surgical incision
and infect the surrounding tissue or organs.
3. Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs): These infections occur when bacteria enter the
bloodstream through a central venous catheter, which is a long, thin tube inserted into a large vein in the neck,
chest, or groin.
4. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): These infections occur in patients who are on mechanical ventilation,
when bacteria enter the lungs through the ventilator tubing.
5. Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs): These infections occur when patients are exposed to the bacteria
Clostridium difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea and colitis.
6. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections: MRSA is a type of bacteria that is resistant to
many antibiotics, and can cause skin infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections in hospital settings.
7. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) infections: VRE is another type of bacteria that is resistant to many
antibiotics, and can cause infections in the urinary tract, bloodstream, and surgical sites.
Preventing hospital infections is essential to improving patient safety and reducing the risk of complications. Measures
such as proper hand hygiene, appropriate use of antibiotics, and infection control practices can help reduce the
incidence of hospital infections.
4. What are the common modes of transmission of hospital infections?
ANS: Hospital infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), can be transmitted through a variety
of routes in healthcare settings. Here are some common modes of transmission of hospital infections:
1. Direct contact: HAIs can be transmitted through direct contact with infected patients, contaminated medical
equipment, or contaminated surfaces. For example, if a healthcare worker touches a patient's infected wound
and then touches another patient without washing their hands, they can transmit the infection.
2. Indirect contact: HAIs can also be transmitted through indirect contact with contaminated objects or surfaces,
such as medical equipment, doorknobs, or bed linens. Patients can also acquire infections by touching
contaminated surfaces and then touching their mouth, nose, or eyes.
3. Airborne transmission: Some infections can be transmitted through the air, such as tuberculosis or influenza.
When infected patients cough or sneeze, they release droplets that can travel through the air and infect other
patients or healthcare workers.
4. Droplet transmission: Similar to airborne transmission, some infections can be transmitted through droplets
released when infected patients cough, sneeze, or talk. These droplets can travel up to six feet and infect other
patients or healthcare workers.
5. Vector-borne transmission: In rare cases, HAIs can be transmitted through vectors such as mosquitoes, fleas,
or ticks. For example, Lyme disease can be transmitted through ticks, and West Nile virus can be transmitted
through mosquitoes.
3. Preventing the transmission of HAIs is essential to reducing the incidence of infections in healthcare settings.
Measures such as hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment, and infection control practices can help
reduce the risk of transmission.
5. How can the spread of hospital infections be prevented in a healthcare setting?
ANS: Preventing the spread of hospital infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), is crucial in
healthcare settings. Here are some strategies that can be used to prevent the spread of hospital infections:
1. Hand hygiene: Hand hygiene is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of HAIs. Healthcare
workers should wash their hands frequently with soap and water or use alcohol-based hand sanitizers before
and after caring for patients.
2. Personal protective equipment: Healthcare workers should use appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE), such as gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection, when caring for patients with infections or when
performing procedures that could expose them to bodily fluids.
3. Infection control practices: Healthcare facilities should have infection control policies and procedures in
place, such as cleaning and disinfecting patient rooms, equipment, and surfaces; isolating patients with
contagious infections; and screening patients for infections upon admission.
4. Antibiotic stewardship: Overuse and misuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of antibiotic-
resistant bacteria, which can cause difficult-to-treat infections. Healthcare facilities should have antibiotic
stewardship programs in place to ensure that antibiotics are used appropriately and only when necessary.
5. Vaccination: Vaccines can help prevent some infections, such as influenza and hepatitis B, in both patients and
healthcare workers. Healthcare workers should be vaccinated annually for influenza, and other vaccines may
be recommended based on their job duties and risk of exposure.
6. Patient education: Patients and their families should be educated about infection prevention measures, such as
hand hygiene and cough etiquette, and encouraged to ask healthcare workers if they have washed their hands
before providing care.
Preventing the spread of HAIs requires a comprehensive and coordinated effort from healthcare workers, patients, and
healthcare facilities. By implementing these strategies, healthcare facilities can reduce the incidence of HAIs and
improve patient safety.
6. What are the key factors that contribute to the transmission of hospital infections in hospitals?
ANS: There are several key factors that contribute to the transmission of hospital infections, also known as healthcare-
associated infections (HAIs), in hospitals. These include:
1. Patient factors: Patients with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or organ
transplantation, are at higher risk of developing HAIs. Patients with invasive medical devices, such as urinary
catheters or ventilators, are also at increased risk of infection.
2. Healthcare worker factors: Healthcare workers can unwittingly transmit infections if they do not practice good
hand hygiene or if they wear contaminated clothing or equipment. Healthcare workers who are ill themselves
can also transmit infections to patients.
3. Environmental factors: Hospitals can be breeding grounds for bacteria and viruses if surfaces and equipment
are not cleaned and disinfected properly. Hospital ventilation systems can also contribute to the spread of
airborne infections.
4. Antibiotic resistance: Overuse and misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria, which can cause difficult-to-treat infections in hospitals. This can occur when antibiotics are
prescribed unnecessarily, when they are prescribed for viral infections, or when they are not prescribed for
long enough courses.
5. Lack of infection control measures: Inadequate hand hygiene, lack of PPE, poor cleaning and disinfection
practices, and inadequate isolation of patients with contagious infections can all contribute to the spread of
HAIs in hospitals.
4. 6. Patient overcrowding: Overcrowding in hospitals can increase the risk of infection transmission, as patients
are more likely to come into contact with contaminated surfaces and healthcare workers.
7. Inadequate staff training: Healthcare workers who are not properly trained in infection control measures may
inadvertently transmit infections to patients.
Identifying and addressing these key factors can help to prevent the transmission of HAIs in hospitals. Effective
infection control measures, such as hand hygiene, proper cleaning and disinfection practices, and appropriate use of
antibiotics, are crucial in reducing the incidence of HAIs and improving patient safety.
7. Describe the different types of microorganisms that can cause hospital infections.
ANS: Hospital infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), can be caused by a variety of
microorganisms. Here are some of the most common types of microorganisms that can cause HAIs:
1. Bacteria: Bacterial infections are the most common types of hospital-acquired infections. Some common
bacterial infections include Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus or MRSA),
Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacteria can be transmitted
through contact with contaminated medical equipment, surfaces, or healthcare workers. Antibiotic-resistant
strains of bacteria, such as MRSA and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), are a growing concern in
hospitals.
2. Viruses: Viral infections, such as influenza or norovirus, can spread quickly in hospitals, particularly during
outbreaks. Other viruses that can cause HAIs include hepatitis B and C and human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV). Viruses can be transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces, droplets from infected patients,
or infected blood or bodily fluids.
3. Fungi: Fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida species, can occur in hospitals, particularly in
patients who have weakened immune systems or who have received broad-spectrum antibiotics. Fungi can be
transmitted through contact with contaminated medical equipment or surfaces.
4. Parasites: Parasitic infections are rare in hospitals, but they can occur in patients who have travelled to regions
where parasitic infections are endemic or who have received contaminated blood products. Parasites can be
transmitted through contact with contaminated medical equipment or surfaces.
5. Prions: Prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are caused by abnormal proteins that can be
transmitted through contaminated medical equipment or tissue grafts. These diseases are rare but can have
serious consequences.
It is important for healthcare workers to be aware of the different types of microorganisms that can cause HAIs and to
follow appropriate infection control measures to prevent the transmission of infections in hospitals. This includes
proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, appropriate use of antibiotics, and proper cleaning and
disinfection practices.
8. What are the various laboratory-based methods used to diagnose hospital-acquired infections and explain
the steps involved in each method?
ANS: There are several laboratory-based methods used to diagnose hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). These
methods aim to identify the causative organism and determine the most effective treatment. Here are some of the most
commonly used laboratory-based methods for diagnosing HAIs:
1. Blood cultures: Blood cultures are used to diagnose bacterial infections that have spread to the bloodstream
(bacteremia or sepsis). In this method, a small amount of blood is collected from the patient and incubated in a
culture medium that encourages the growth of bacteria. After a period of incubation, the culture is examined
for the presence of bacteria. If bacteria are detected, they can be identified and tested for antibiotic sensitivity.
2. Urine cultures: Urine cultures are used to diagnose urinary tract infections (UTIs). In this method, a clean-
catch urine sample is collected from the patient and incubated in a culture medium that encourages the growth
of bacteria. After a period of incubation, the culture is examined for the presence of bacteria. If bacteria are
detected, they can be identified and tested for antibiotic sensitivity.
5. 3. Sputum cultures: Sputum cultures are used to diagnose respiratory infections such as pneumonia. In this
method, a sample of sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs) is collected from the patient and incubated in
a culture medium that encourages the growth of bacteria. After a period of incubation, the culture is examined
for the presence of bacteria. If bacteria are detected, they can be identified and tested for antibiotic sensitivity.
4. Wound cultures: Wound cultures are used to diagnose infections in wounds or surgical sites. In this method, a
sample of the wound or surgical site is collected and incubated in a culture medium that encourages the
growth of bacteria. After a period of incubation, the culture is examined for the presence of bacteria. If
bacteria are detected, they can be identified and tested for antibiotic sensitivity.
5. Antigen tests: Antigen tests are used to detect the presence of a specific bacterial or viral antigen in a patient's
body. In this method, a sample of blood or other bodily fluid is collected from the patient and tested for the
presence of a specific antigen using a rapid diagnostic test. Antigen tests are commonly used to diagnose
influenza and streptococcal infections.
6. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs): NAATs are used to diagnose infections caused by bacteria or
viruses that are difficult to culture or that require a long incubation period. In this method, a sample of blood
or other bodily fluid is collected from the patient and tested for the presence of bacterial or viral DNA or RNA
using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other amplification method.
The steps involved in each method may vary slightly, but generally involve collecting a sample from the patient,
incubating the sample in a culture medium or performing a rapid diagnostic test, and examining the results to identify
the causative organism and determine the most effective treatment. It is important to use proper laboratory techniques
and follow appropriate infection control measures to prevent the spread of HAIs during the diagnostic process.
In addition to these laboratory-based methods, there are also some newer techniques that are being developed and
refined for the diagnosis of hospital-acquired infections. These include:
1. Mass spectrometry: Mass spectrometry is a technique that can be used to rapidly identify microorganisms
based on their unique protein profiles. In this method, a sample of the patient's blood, urine, or other bodily
fluid is analyzed using mass spectrometry to identify the specific microorganisms present.
2. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF): MALDI-TOF is a technique that is
used to identify microorganisms based on their unique protein profiles. In this method, a sample of the
patient's blood, urine, or other bodily fluid is analyzed using MALDI-TOF to identify the specific
microorganisms present.
3. Next-generation sequencing (NGS): NGS is a high-throughput sequencing technique that can be used to
rapidly and accurately identify the genetic material of microorganisms. In this method, a sample of the
patient's blood, urine, or other bodily fluid is sequenced using NGS to identify the specific microorganisms
present.
While these newer techniques show great promise for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of hospital-acquired infections,
they are not yet widely available or established as standard diagnostic methods.
It is important to note that laboratory-based methods for the diagnosis of hospital-acquired infections must be used in
conjunction with other diagnostic tools, such as clinical observations and medical imaging, to provide a
comprehensive diagnosis and treatment plan for the patient. Additionally, it is crucial to follow appropriate infection
control measures during the collection and handling of patient samples to prevent the spread of infection to healthcare
workers and other patients.
9.. What are the various methods and strategies that are used to prevent the spread of hospital infections, and
how do these methods work to minimize the risk of infection transmission in healthcare settings?
ANS: Preventing the spread of hospital infections is a critical component of patient safety in healthcare settings. There
are various methods and strategies that are used to minimize the risk of infection transmission in healthcare settings,
including:
1. Hand hygiene: Hand hygiene is one of the most important and effective ways to prevent the spread of hospital
infections. Healthcare workers should wash their hands thoroughly and frequently with soap and water or use
6. an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after every patient interaction, and after touching potentially
contaminated surfaces.
2. Personal protective equipment (PPE): Personal protective equipment, such as gloves, gowns, masks, and eye
protection, should be used as appropriate to prevent the transmission of infectious agents from patients to
healthcare workers, and from healthcare workers to patients.
3. Environmental cleaning: Regular and thorough cleaning and disinfection of patient care areas, equipment, and
surfaces is essential to prevent the spread of hospital infections. Surfaces that are frequently touched, such as
door handles, light switches, and bed rails, should be cleaned and disinfected frequently.
4. Patient isolation precautions: Patients who are known or suspected to be infected with a highly infectious
agent may be placed on isolation precautions to prevent the spread of infection to other patients and healthcare
workers. This may involve placing the patient in a single room with negative air pressure, wearing a mask or
other PPE, and limiting contact with other patients and healthcare workers.
5. Antibiotic stewardship: Overuse and misuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of antibiotic-
resistant bacteria, which can cause serious and difficult-to-treat infections. Antibiotic stewardship programs
aim to promote the appropriate use of antibiotics to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.
6. Screening and testing: Screening and testing patients for infections before they are admitted to the hospital,
and regularly testing high-risk patients during their hospital stay, can help identify and isolate patients with
infectious diseases to prevent the spread of infection.
7. Education and training: Education and training programs for healthcare workers can help promote adherence
to infection prevention and control measures and raise awareness of the risks and consequences of hospital
infections.
8. Vaccination: Vaccination is an important strategy for preventing the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare
settings. Healthcare workers should be vaccinated against vaccine-preventable diseases, such as influenza,
hepatitis B, and measles, to prevent the spread of these diseases to vulnerable patients and to reduce the risk of
infection among healthcare workers.
9. Cohorting: Cohorting is the practice of grouping patients with the same infection together in the same area of
the hospital. This can help prevent the spread of infection to other patients and reduce the risk of transmission
to healthcare workers.
10. Airborne infection control: Airborne infection control measures, such as negative pressure isolation rooms, air
filtration systems, and proper ventilation, can help prevent the spread of airborne infections in healthcare
settings.
11. Surveillance: Surveillance of hospital infections is an important tool for identifying trends and outbreaks of
infectious diseases, and for monitoring the effectiveness of infection prevention and control measures.
12. Antimicrobial resistance monitoring: Monitoring the development of antimicrobial resistance in hospital-
acquired infections is crucial for identifying emerging threats and developing appropriate treatment strategies.
13. Behavioral interventions: Behavioral interventions, such as education and feedback, can be effective in
improving adherence to infection prevention and control measures among healthcare workers.
These methods and strategies work together to minimize the risk of infection transmission in healthcare settings.
However, preventing the spread of hospital infections requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach that
involves everyone in the healthcare team, from frontline staff to hospital administrators. By implementing effective
infection prevention and control measures, healthcare facilities can help ensure the safety and well-being of their
patients and staff.