The document discusses pressure and moments (levers). It explains that pressure is equal to force divided by area, and provides examples of how pressure increases when force stays the same but area decreases. It also explains how levers work by using the turning effect principle of force multiplied by distance to magnify the distance moved rather than the applied force. Particle theory is used to show how gas pressure arises from the collisions of rapidly moving gas particles with container walls.

1. 9L Pressure and moments Pressure Particle theory Moments 9L Pressure and moments

2. Pressure 9L Pressure and moments

3. 9L Pressure and force Ever felt under pressure? Pressure is related to force . What do you know about forces? Forces can speed things up Forces can slow things down Forces can change the shape of things Forces are measured in newtons Weight is a force

4. 9L Pressure and force What makes the pressure greater? Try this thought experiment... Take an elephant called Nellie (she’s a nice friendly elephant). Stand her on a blow-up rubber ball (the rubber’s very thick). She can balance on the ball (just)! Nice trick Nellie, well done! Now give her some running spikes (I think red is probably her colour) and do the trick again. Oh dear! I’m sure we have another ball somewhere…

5. 9L Ideas about Nellie’s downfall What do you think of these ideas about Nellie’s downfall? So why did the ball break? Any ideas? No No No The extra weight of the running spikes broke the ball? Nellie weakened the ball the first time? She nipped off for a snack in between and got heavier? pressure = force area the force acts on

6. 9L It’s down to pressure Nellie’s weight did not change. So the force was the same in both experiments. Let’s look at the area . The pressure goes up because... ...the area goes down. weight spread out over area of feet weight spread out over area of spikes – and the spikes are small ! – and Nellie’s feet are big ! pressure = force area the force acts on

7. 9L Playing with pressure What will happen to the pressure when you change… … Nellie’s weight? … the area of her foot? … both? pressure = force area the force acts on

8. 9L The formula triangle A formula triangle makes it easy to remember and use the formula: force = pressure × area pressure = force area the force acts on force area pressure = force area = pressure

9. 9L So explain this then! These pictures show things that depend on the relationship between force , pressure and area . Explain how.

10. 9L Pressure in liquids and gases It’s not just solid objects that exert pressure . When you swim underwater, you can feel the pressure in your ears. The deeper you go, the higher the water pressure . Why? What about air pressure ? Is the air pressure lower at sea level or up a mountain?

11. 9L Small forces can crush cars! This equation can crush cars with a force of just 10 N! Where has all the extra force come from? force = 10 N area = 1 cm ² pressure in liquid = 10 N/cm ² The pressure is the same throughout the liquid. pressure in liquid = 10N/cm ² area = 6 m ² or 60 000 cm ² force = 10 N/cm ² × 60 000 cm ² = 600 000 N! pressure = force area the force acts on

12. 9L Quiz 1. To work out pressure you need to know… a) both the force and the area b) only the force c) only the area . 2. Weight is… a) a measure of the amount of substance in a body b) a force pulling masses towards the Earth c) a long time.

13. 9L Quiz 3. Snowshoes have a large area to… a) reduce the force acting on the snow b) reduce the temperature of the snow c) reduce the pressure acting on the snow. 4. A sharp knife cuts better than a blunt one because… a) the thinner blade concentrates the force over a smaller area b) the thinner blade is lighter c) the thinner blade can slide between the molecules more easily.

14. 9L Quiz 5. A force of 25 N acts on an area of 10 cm 2 . The pressure is… a) 2.5 N/cm 2 b) 250 N/cm 2 c) 0.4 N/cm 2 . 6. The liquid in the car crusher: a) transmits the pressure b) increases the area c) lubricates the moving parts.

15. Particle theory 9L Pressure and moments

16. 9L Remember particles? solid particles… - are very close together in a fixed arrangement - have a small amount of energy - vibrate but do not move liquid particles… - are close together but have no fixed arrangement - have more energy than solid particles - vibrate and can move about gas particles… - are far apart and have no fixed arrangement - have a large amount of energy - move rapidly in all directions

17. 9L Explaining gas pressure Particles can help us see why gases exert a pressure. Every time a gas particle hits the container, it exerts a force. Millions of these small collisions create pressure.

18. 9L Pressure’s rising How do particles explain changes in gas pressure? Explain why the pressure is higher when there are more gas particles. Explain why the pressure is higher when the plunger is pushed in and there are the same number of particles. Explain why the gas starts to become a liquid at high pressure.

19. 9L Applying the model Explain what is happening to the particles in each of these situations. You can hear a liquid sloshing around in a can of camping gas, but when you use it only gas comes out. An aerosol can explodes if you put it on a fire. Someone lights a scented candle in the lounge. Within a minute or two you can smell it in the hallway. In a hydraulic system, the pressure is the same throughout the liquid.

20. Moments 9L Pressure and moments

21. 9L Levers What’s a lever ? It’s a tool that helps you do a job more easily. A lever turns around a pivot . Your force is the effort . The force you are moving is the load . Find the pivot, effort and load in each of these levers. pivot load load effort pivot load effort pivot load effort pivot load effort

22. 9L Turning effect of a force How does a lever make a job easier? It’s all about the turning effect of the force. turning effect = force × distance Why is this seesaw balanced? turning effect = 800N × 2m = 1600Nm turning effect = 800N × 2m = 1600Nm

23. 9L Turning effect of a force turning effect = force × distance What would happen if we moved one sheep another metre away from the pivot? turning effect = 800 N × 3 m = 2400 N m The turning effect created by the other sheep is still 1600 N m, so the seesaw is unbalanced .

24. 9L Turning effect of a force turning effect = force × distance Would this be easier with a long or short screwdriver? What would happen if we replaced one of the sheep on the seesaw with an elephant? How could you balance the sheep and the elephant?

25. 9L Distance amplifiers In your arm, levers don’t increase the effect of the force. Instead they magnify the distance . What does this mean? Which force is bigger here, the effort or the load?