The document summarizes a civil works project for the construction of Line 1 of the Turin subway. It describes the key aspects of the project including the use of a tunnel boring machine to excavate 3,000 meters of tunnel. It also discusses the construction of six subway stations using cut-and-cover methods, installation of ventilation shafts, and management of utilities and archaeological sites. The geology of the area consisted of gravelly soils that required ground improvement including grouting to control water inflow and reduce settlements.
This document provides details on tunnel construction methodology for a tunnel being built between Didwana and Lalsot Railway stations in India. It discusses the local geology, which includes soils, boulders and metamorphic rocks. For the tunnel construction between chainages 38/720 to 40/860, the document outlines the execution plan and engineering considerations. It describes the sequence of excavation using both full-face and heading-and-benching methods depending on ground conditions, and provides details on construction activities like portal establishment, underground excavation with drilling and blasting, rock bolting, shotcreting, steel support installation and concrete lining.
PPT on execution of 680 m long tunnel ensuring safety of the adjoining rail t...Rajesh Prasad
The said paper by Rajesh Prasad Executive Director RVNL has been published in IPWE international seminar held on 23/24-02-2018. The power point presentation nicely explains about how the technical challenges and administrative challenges addressed in completion of the tunnel while constructing a tunnel by the side of a railway tunnel with train operation in place and the entire area is affected by LWE activities.
The document provides an overview of tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and their use for mechanized tunnel construction. It discusses various TBM types including gripper TBMs used for hard rock, slurry shields that use pressurized bentonite for ground support, and earth pressure balance machines that regulate soil pressure to support the tunnel face. The advantages and limitations of each type are presented for different ground conditions. Images and diagrams are included to illustrate the components and functions of the various TBMs.
Comprehensive report on Tunneling @ Abu Hamour Project_QatarPallav Sharma
This document provides a comprehensive report on tunneling for the Abu Hamour Surface & Ground Water Project Phase 1 in Doha, Qatar. It describes the key components and functioning of an Earth Pressure Balance Tunnel Boring Machine (EPB TBM), including the cutterhead, screw conveyor, excavation chamber, and other parts. It also details the lowering, assembling, and initial drive procedures for the TBM, and provides templates for required commissioning reports. The technical specifications of the TBM for this project are also listed.
This document summarizes various methods and procedures for tunnel construction. It discusses requirements for tunnels such as efficient transportation compared to bridges and protection in wartime. Main procedures include probe drilling, grouting, excavation using drilling and blasting, supporting structures, transporting debris, lining installation, draining, and ventilation. Methods include classical techniques using timber supports, cut-and-cover construction, drilling and blasting, tunnel boring machines (TBMs), immersed tunnels, and tunnel jacking. Choice of method depends on geological and length factors, required construction speed, and managing ground variability risks.
This document provides information about tunnel construction using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). It discusses the various steps of NATM tunneling including drilling, blasting, mucking, shotcreting, installing lattice girders and rock bolts, and ventilation. NATM is advantageous for tunneling in soft ground as it monitors rock deformation and designs support structures accordingly. The document outlines the typical sequence of NATM tunnel construction and importance of factors like geology and ventilation.
Atal Rohtang Tunnel - construction process ,challenges and featuresBimenpreet Kaur
The Atal Tunnel is a 9.02 km highway tunnel that runs under the Rohtang Pass in the Himalayas. It connects Manali to Lahaul and Ladakh and reduces travel time significantly. Construction began in 2010 using the New Austrian Tunnelling Method and involved overcoming challenges like inclement weather, unstable geology, and water ingress. The tunnel enhances national security by providing faster supply routes to the Chinese border. It opened for traffic in 2020.
This document provides details on tunnel construction methodology for a tunnel being built between Didwana and Lalsot Railway stations in India. It discusses the local geology, which includes soils, boulders and metamorphic rocks. For the tunnel construction between chainages 38/720 to 40/860, the document outlines the execution plan and engineering considerations. It describes the sequence of excavation using both full-face and heading-and-benching methods depending on ground conditions, and provides details on construction activities like portal establishment, underground excavation with drilling and blasting, rock bolting, shotcreting, steel support installation and concrete lining.
PPT on execution of 680 m long tunnel ensuring safety of the adjoining rail t...Rajesh Prasad
The said paper by Rajesh Prasad Executive Director RVNL has been published in IPWE international seminar held on 23/24-02-2018. The power point presentation nicely explains about how the technical challenges and administrative challenges addressed in completion of the tunnel while constructing a tunnel by the side of a railway tunnel with train operation in place and the entire area is affected by LWE activities.
The document provides an overview of tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and their use for mechanized tunnel construction. It discusses various TBM types including gripper TBMs used for hard rock, slurry shields that use pressurized bentonite for ground support, and earth pressure balance machines that regulate soil pressure to support the tunnel face. The advantages and limitations of each type are presented for different ground conditions. Images and diagrams are included to illustrate the components and functions of the various TBMs.
Comprehensive report on Tunneling @ Abu Hamour Project_QatarPallav Sharma
This document provides a comprehensive report on tunneling for the Abu Hamour Surface & Ground Water Project Phase 1 in Doha, Qatar. It describes the key components and functioning of an Earth Pressure Balance Tunnel Boring Machine (EPB TBM), including the cutterhead, screw conveyor, excavation chamber, and other parts. It also details the lowering, assembling, and initial drive procedures for the TBM, and provides templates for required commissioning reports. The technical specifications of the TBM for this project are also listed.
This document summarizes various methods and procedures for tunnel construction. It discusses requirements for tunnels such as efficient transportation compared to bridges and protection in wartime. Main procedures include probe drilling, grouting, excavation using drilling and blasting, supporting structures, transporting debris, lining installation, draining, and ventilation. Methods include classical techniques using timber supports, cut-and-cover construction, drilling and blasting, tunnel boring machines (TBMs), immersed tunnels, and tunnel jacking. Choice of method depends on geological and length factors, required construction speed, and managing ground variability risks.
This document provides information about tunnel construction using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). It discusses the various steps of NATM tunneling including drilling, blasting, mucking, shotcreting, installing lattice girders and rock bolts, and ventilation. NATM is advantageous for tunneling in soft ground as it monitors rock deformation and designs support structures accordingly. The document outlines the typical sequence of NATM tunnel construction and importance of factors like geology and ventilation.
Atal Rohtang Tunnel - construction process ,challenges and featuresBimenpreet Kaur
The Atal Tunnel is a 9.02 km highway tunnel that runs under the Rohtang Pass in the Himalayas. It connects Manali to Lahaul and Ladakh and reduces travel time significantly. Construction began in 2010 using the New Austrian Tunnelling Method and involved overcoming challenges like inclement weather, unstable geology, and water ingress. The tunnel enhances national security by providing faster supply routes to the Chinese border. It opened for traffic in 2020.
The document provides an overview of tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and their history and use in tunnel construction. Some key points:
- The first shield-based tunneling method was developed by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1825 to construct the Thames Tunnel, though miners still did the digging. Later improvements led to round-shaped "tube" tunnels in London.
- Early mechanical TBMs in the mid-1800s had limited success digging through rock and shale. The modern breakthrough was the rotating cutting head, based on earlier percussion drills.
- TBMs can be specialized for different soil/rock types, using slurry, earth pressure balance, or cutting wheels for rock.
The document provides an overview of the "Cut-and-Cover" and "Cover-and-Cut" tunnel construction techniques. The "Cut-and-Cover" method involves excavating a trench and constructing the tunnel structure within it, then refilling the trench. The "Cover-and-Cut" method first constructs a retaining concrete shell, then excavates underneath it for tunnel construction. Both methods are used for highway and railway tunnels where shallow depths or unstable ground conditions require extra support during construction. The document discusses the design process and construction steps for each method.
This document discusses various sealants, lubricants, and soil conditioning additives used in tunnel boring machines (TBMs). It introduces several product lines from Global Seal including GlobalSeal-TBM/C tail sealant, GlobalSeal-TBM/T main bearing sealant, and GlobalCryl-46 and GlobalFoam-HG foaming agents for soil conditioning. It then provides details on the applications and characteristics of these products for sealing, lubricating, and conditioning soils for various TBM methods like EPB and hard rock boring.
1) Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross-section through various ground types and diameters ranging from 1-20 meters.
2) A TBM consists of one or two large metal cylinder shields at the front, fitted with a cutting wheel, and hydraulic jacks that push the machine forward as it removes material.
3) TBMs allow for safer, more consistent tunneling compared to conventional methods and reduce risks from manual labor or explosives, though they require more supporting infrastructure and have higher costs.
Tunnel-boring machines are the main equipment for the construction of trenchless underground engineering projects such as rail transit, municipal engineering, railway tunnels, etc. This paper reviews various tunnel boring machine types, cutting tools, and machine performance through several case studies. It was found that these machines are highly efficient in various projects associated with hydropower, sewerage, water supply, machination, and transportation.
Tunnel surveying is a type of underground surveying used to construct tunnels. It involves aligning the tunnel center line underground and transferring it to the tunnel. Leveling of the surface and internal tunnel is also done. There are different types of tunnels based on use such as traffic, hydro power, and public utility tunnels. Construction methods include cut-and-cover, bored tunnel, pipe jacking, and box jacking. Tunnel shapes are commonly circular or horseshoe. A gyroscope is a device that measures rotational changes and is used during tunnel construction in the absence of GPS to help with orientation underground.
NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method ) in TunnelingHamed Zarei
1. NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) is a flexible tunneling method that utilizes shotcrete, wire mesh, rock bolts, and lattice girders for tunnel support. It mobilizes the strength of the rock mass and uses dynamic design that adapts the support based on rock conditions.
2. Excavation in NATM progresses from top heading to benches in poor rock. It is done in small sequential cells to support unstable ground. Primary lining of shotcrete is applied immediately after excavation.
3. Rock mass is classified using methods like RQD, RMR, and Q-factor to determine appropriate support. Flexible shotcrete and bolting allow adaptation to changing geology encountered during tunnel
This document discusses tunneling and provides information on various topics related to tunnels. It introduces tunnels and their uses for transportation. It covers topics like lighting, ventilation, lining, size and shape of tunnels. It describes different types of tunnels and their applications. It also discusses advantages of tunnels and some limitations. In conclusion, it states that tunneling is effective for high traffic densities and has environmental benefits, but requires specialized expertise.
Practices in Planning, Design and Construction of Head Race Tunnel of a Hydro...Mohit Shukla
This paper has been selected for oral presentation as well as inclusion in the conference proceedings of the ICCCGE 2016 : 18th International Conference on Civil,Construction and Geological Engineering held in Toronto, Canada during June,
13-14, 2016. This paper was also able to find a position in the international conference of Dams and Hydropower held at Laos in May 2016.
Tunnel is an artificially constructed underground passage to by- pass obstacles safely without disturbing the over burden. This module explains about tunnels, their parts, types and importance.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. Key points from the document:
- Tunnels can carry vehicles, trains, water, sewage, and more underground or under water obstacles.
- They are built when roads encounter obstacles like mountains or water barriers to provide an alternative to bypassing or bridging over the obstacle.
- Tunnel construction has a long history dating back thousands of years, with modern techniques now using tunnel boring machines and advanced engineering methods.
This document provides terminology and descriptions related to underground structures like tunnels. It includes definitions of different tunnel construction elements and methods. Some key points covered include:
- Definitions of tunnel construction terms like adit, shaft, chamber, support, failure modes, and tunnelling methods.
- Descriptions of different tunnelling methods including shield tunnelling, cut-and-cover tunnelling, and tunnelling boring machines (TBMs).
- Factors that influence rock excavation for tunnels like geological structures, rock properties, and resistance to excavation.
- Examples of large irrigation tunnels including details of the Urfa Irrigation Tunnel in Turkey.
This document discusses the Bord and Pillar method of coal mining. It involves leaving pillars of coal as support during initial mining, allowing for around 20% output. Later, the pillars can be extracted to increase output to 60%. The document focuses on the process of depillaring, or extracting the remaining coal from the pillars. This involves techniques like depillaring with stowing, where the emptied areas are filled with incombustible materials to control subsidence. Principles of safe pillar extraction are outlined, along with case studies and conclusions that depillaring must be done scientifically and safely according to regulations.
1. The document discusses various terminology used for underground structures related to excavation such as adits, tunnels, shafts, chambers, and portals.
2. It also discusses tunnel construction methods like shield tunneling and cut-and-cover tunneling as well as tunnel boring machines (TBMs).
3. Key challenges with underground excavations discussed include rock falls, rock bursts, squeezing ground, and ensuring long-term stability, especially in challenging ground conditions.
This document discusses extraction of coal pillars using open cast mining methods. It outlines several open cast mines where pillar extraction is occurring and provides reasons for converting underground mines to open cast, including higher coal recovery rates and lower production costs with open cast mining. The document then discusses challenges with conversion like gallery collapse and fire risks, and provides details on survey procedures, zone demarcation, drilling and blasting patterns, and safety precautions used to effectively compact underground galleries during conversion to prevent collapse.
This document provides information on various topics related to tunnelling including introduction, role of geology, factors improving tunnelling, problems associated with tunnelling, future considerations, terms related to mining practices and tunnelling, tunnel service classification, methods of tunnelling, development of drills, equipment used, drilling processes, and specific drilling equipment. It discusses the importance of tunnels, describes different types of tunnels based on use and ground conditions, and outlines key factors to consider for tunnel design and construction methods.
Construction Technology II (Seminar) - Deep excavationYee Len Wan
The document discusses various aspects of deep excavation construction methods. It begins by listing the three main types of construction methods - open cut, bottom-up, and top-down. It then provides details on the top-down method, including a five-step sequence of construction. Next, it identifies two major design considerations for deep excavation as subsurface investigation/testing and evaluating adjacent foundation properties. It concludes by discussing different types of excavation support systems, including soldier piles and lagging, and identifying considerations for selecting support methods.
The document provides details on executing tunnel drives using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) in Manipur, India. It describes the various support elements of NATM including forepoling, drilling, blasting, mucking, shotcreting, installing wire mesh and lattice girders, and systematic rock bolting. A typical drive sequence is also outlined, beginning with forepoling installation and ending with rock bolting after two layers of shotcrete have been applied. The document emphasizes controlling deformation, stabilizing the surrounding rock mass, and providing flexible but active support during tunnel drives when using the NATM approach.
Every Step you need in planning to extend a working open cast mine to underground mine on reaching a pit bottom.
Step-wise procedure to be followed is clearly mentioned.
Justifies the Indian Laws.
Sublevel Stoping method is explained in detail.
Case study of a copper mine is presented for eg.
This listening lesson plan teaches students about the five senses using school vocabulary. The teacher reminds students how to sit and listen, discusses the five senses and lists them on a chart. Then the teacher reads a book about the five senses, asking students to point to their eyes, ears, nose, tongue and fingers. Finally, the teacher has students brainstorm and provide examples of things they see, hear, smell, taste and feel in school, writing a collaborative story incorporating the five senses.
The document provides an overview of tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and their history and use in tunnel construction. Some key points:
- The first shield-based tunneling method was developed by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1825 to construct the Thames Tunnel, though miners still did the digging. Later improvements led to round-shaped "tube" tunnels in London.
- Early mechanical TBMs in the mid-1800s had limited success digging through rock and shale. The modern breakthrough was the rotating cutting head, based on earlier percussion drills.
- TBMs can be specialized for different soil/rock types, using slurry, earth pressure balance, or cutting wheels for rock.
The document provides an overview of the "Cut-and-Cover" and "Cover-and-Cut" tunnel construction techniques. The "Cut-and-Cover" method involves excavating a trench and constructing the tunnel structure within it, then refilling the trench. The "Cover-and-Cut" method first constructs a retaining concrete shell, then excavates underneath it for tunnel construction. Both methods are used for highway and railway tunnels where shallow depths or unstable ground conditions require extra support during construction. The document discusses the design process and construction steps for each method.
This document discusses various sealants, lubricants, and soil conditioning additives used in tunnel boring machines (TBMs). It introduces several product lines from Global Seal including GlobalSeal-TBM/C tail sealant, GlobalSeal-TBM/T main bearing sealant, and GlobalCryl-46 and GlobalFoam-HG foaming agents for soil conditioning. It then provides details on the applications and characteristics of these products for sealing, lubricating, and conditioning soils for various TBM methods like EPB and hard rock boring.
1) Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross-section through various ground types and diameters ranging from 1-20 meters.
2) A TBM consists of one or two large metal cylinder shields at the front, fitted with a cutting wheel, and hydraulic jacks that push the machine forward as it removes material.
3) TBMs allow for safer, more consistent tunneling compared to conventional methods and reduce risks from manual labor or explosives, though they require more supporting infrastructure and have higher costs.
Tunnel-boring machines are the main equipment for the construction of trenchless underground engineering projects such as rail transit, municipal engineering, railway tunnels, etc. This paper reviews various tunnel boring machine types, cutting tools, and machine performance through several case studies. It was found that these machines are highly efficient in various projects associated with hydropower, sewerage, water supply, machination, and transportation.
Tunnel surveying is a type of underground surveying used to construct tunnels. It involves aligning the tunnel center line underground and transferring it to the tunnel. Leveling of the surface and internal tunnel is also done. There are different types of tunnels based on use such as traffic, hydro power, and public utility tunnels. Construction methods include cut-and-cover, bored tunnel, pipe jacking, and box jacking. Tunnel shapes are commonly circular or horseshoe. A gyroscope is a device that measures rotational changes and is used during tunnel construction in the absence of GPS to help with orientation underground.
NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method ) in TunnelingHamed Zarei
1. NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) is a flexible tunneling method that utilizes shotcrete, wire mesh, rock bolts, and lattice girders for tunnel support. It mobilizes the strength of the rock mass and uses dynamic design that adapts the support based on rock conditions.
2. Excavation in NATM progresses from top heading to benches in poor rock. It is done in small sequential cells to support unstable ground. Primary lining of shotcrete is applied immediately after excavation.
3. Rock mass is classified using methods like RQD, RMR, and Q-factor to determine appropriate support. Flexible shotcrete and bolting allow adaptation to changing geology encountered during tunnel
This document discusses tunneling and provides information on various topics related to tunnels. It introduces tunnels and their uses for transportation. It covers topics like lighting, ventilation, lining, size and shape of tunnels. It describes different types of tunnels and their applications. It also discusses advantages of tunnels and some limitations. In conclusion, it states that tunneling is effective for high traffic densities and has environmental benefits, but requires specialized expertise.
Practices in Planning, Design and Construction of Head Race Tunnel of a Hydro...Mohit Shukla
This paper has been selected for oral presentation as well as inclusion in the conference proceedings of the ICCCGE 2016 : 18th International Conference on Civil,Construction and Geological Engineering held in Toronto, Canada during June,
13-14, 2016. This paper was also able to find a position in the international conference of Dams and Hydropower held at Laos in May 2016.
Tunnel is an artificially constructed underground passage to by- pass obstacles safely without disturbing the over burden. This module explains about tunnels, their parts, types and importance.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. Key points from the document:
- Tunnels can carry vehicles, trains, water, sewage, and more underground or under water obstacles.
- They are built when roads encounter obstacles like mountains or water barriers to provide an alternative to bypassing or bridging over the obstacle.
- Tunnel construction has a long history dating back thousands of years, with modern techniques now using tunnel boring machines and advanced engineering methods.
This document provides terminology and descriptions related to underground structures like tunnels. It includes definitions of different tunnel construction elements and methods. Some key points covered include:
- Definitions of tunnel construction terms like adit, shaft, chamber, support, failure modes, and tunnelling methods.
- Descriptions of different tunnelling methods including shield tunnelling, cut-and-cover tunnelling, and tunnelling boring machines (TBMs).
- Factors that influence rock excavation for tunnels like geological structures, rock properties, and resistance to excavation.
- Examples of large irrigation tunnels including details of the Urfa Irrigation Tunnel in Turkey.
This document discusses the Bord and Pillar method of coal mining. It involves leaving pillars of coal as support during initial mining, allowing for around 20% output. Later, the pillars can be extracted to increase output to 60%. The document focuses on the process of depillaring, or extracting the remaining coal from the pillars. This involves techniques like depillaring with stowing, where the emptied areas are filled with incombustible materials to control subsidence. Principles of safe pillar extraction are outlined, along with case studies and conclusions that depillaring must be done scientifically and safely according to regulations.
1. The document discusses various terminology used for underground structures related to excavation such as adits, tunnels, shafts, chambers, and portals.
2. It also discusses tunnel construction methods like shield tunneling and cut-and-cover tunneling as well as tunnel boring machines (TBMs).
3. Key challenges with underground excavations discussed include rock falls, rock bursts, squeezing ground, and ensuring long-term stability, especially in challenging ground conditions.
This document discusses extraction of coal pillars using open cast mining methods. It outlines several open cast mines where pillar extraction is occurring and provides reasons for converting underground mines to open cast, including higher coal recovery rates and lower production costs with open cast mining. The document then discusses challenges with conversion like gallery collapse and fire risks, and provides details on survey procedures, zone demarcation, drilling and blasting patterns, and safety precautions used to effectively compact underground galleries during conversion to prevent collapse.
This document provides information on various topics related to tunnelling including introduction, role of geology, factors improving tunnelling, problems associated with tunnelling, future considerations, terms related to mining practices and tunnelling, tunnel service classification, methods of tunnelling, development of drills, equipment used, drilling processes, and specific drilling equipment. It discusses the importance of tunnels, describes different types of tunnels based on use and ground conditions, and outlines key factors to consider for tunnel design and construction methods.
Construction Technology II (Seminar) - Deep excavationYee Len Wan
The document discusses various aspects of deep excavation construction methods. It begins by listing the three main types of construction methods - open cut, bottom-up, and top-down. It then provides details on the top-down method, including a five-step sequence of construction. Next, it identifies two major design considerations for deep excavation as subsurface investigation/testing and evaluating adjacent foundation properties. It concludes by discussing different types of excavation support systems, including soldier piles and lagging, and identifying considerations for selecting support methods.
The document provides details on executing tunnel drives using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) in Manipur, India. It describes the various support elements of NATM including forepoling, drilling, blasting, mucking, shotcreting, installing wire mesh and lattice girders, and systematic rock bolting. A typical drive sequence is also outlined, beginning with forepoling installation and ending with rock bolting after two layers of shotcrete have been applied. The document emphasizes controlling deformation, stabilizing the surrounding rock mass, and providing flexible but active support during tunnel drives when using the NATM approach.
Every Step you need in planning to extend a working open cast mine to underground mine on reaching a pit bottom.
Step-wise procedure to be followed is clearly mentioned.
Justifies the Indian Laws.
Sublevel Stoping method is explained in detail.
Case study of a copper mine is presented for eg.
This listening lesson plan teaches students about the five senses using school vocabulary. The teacher reminds students how to sit and listen, discusses the five senses and lists them on a chart. Then the teacher reads a book about the five senses, asking students to point to their eyes, ears, nose, tongue and fingers. Finally, the teacher has students brainstorm and provide examples of things they see, hear, smell, taste and feel in school, writing a collaborative story incorporating the five senses.
El documento habla sobre las relaciones entre Jennifer, Jacqueline y sus padres. Menciona el amor verdadero entre Jennifer y Jacqueline y sus cumpleaños. Finaliza diciendo las iniciales J & J.
1) WNCC professor Stacy Wilson reconnected with her Egyptian friend Ghada Waly after the anti-government uprising in Egypt due to concerns for Ghada's safety.
2) Ghada witnessed the protests in Tahrir Square firsthand over 17 days as the protestors grew in numbers and police cracked down violently.
3) After President Mubarak resigned, Egypt established an interim government and hopes to hold elections within a year, but security issues remain as the country transitions to a new system of government.
El sacerdote preguntó a la congregación durante el servicio dominical cuántos habían perdonado a sus enemigos. La mayoría levantó la mano excepto una anciana de 101 años, quien dijo que no tenía enemigos porque ya habían muerto.
Political economy of agricultural policy processes in Africa with a focus on ...futureagricultures
Presentation by Colin Poulton at the event "The Political Economy of Agricultural Policy Processes in Africa", September 2014.
http://www.future-agricultures.org/events/the-political-economy-of-agricultural-policy-processes-in-africa
El documento proporciona instrucciones en 5 pasos para el uso correcto de un preservativo, incluyendo revisar la fecha de vencimiento, abrirlo con cuidado, colocarlo en el pene erecto desenrollándolo completamente hasta la base, y retirarlo después del acto sexual amarrando el extremo y desechándolo.
The document provides background information on the British invasions by Vikings in the 9th-10th centuries and discusses the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf. Vikings from Norway, Scotland, Wales, and Denmark invaded and gained control of most of England by the mid-9th century before King Alfred the Great pushed back the Danes. By the late 10th century, the Danes had regained territory in England and forced the Saxons to select Danish kings until 1042. It then introduces Beowulf as an Old English heroic poem that reflects the dreams and fears of Anglo-Saxons, describing its unknown author, origins in the 6th century, and plot involving the Geatish hero Beowulf battling
Circassia, Genocide and Ethnic cleansing - Part 2Walid Hakouz
The document summarizes the expulsion and resettlement of Circassians from their homeland in the Caucasus region between 1864 and 1875. It provides population figures and locations for groups of Circassians who disembarked and were transferred to settlements in Turkey, Romania, Macedonia, and Greece totaling over 1,000,000 people fleeing genocide and ethnic cleansing by Tsarist Russia.
La NBA es considerada la mejor liga de baloncesto del mundo debido a que reúne a los mejores jugadores como LeBron James, Dwight Howard, Kobe Bryant y Michael Jordan, aunque a veces estos grandes jugadores pueden ser superados por sus competidores.
IS IT WORTH IT JUST TO LOWER MY RATE BY A HALF OF PERCENTClint Hammond
This document discusses whether refinancing a mortgage is worth it for a small interest rate reduction. It argues that the common rule of thumb that a refinance is only worthwhile if the rate is reduced by 2% or more is misleading, as it does not consider transaction costs or the homeowner's goals. The document presents examples showing that a refinance could make sense even with a 1% rate reduction, and outlines different options for utilizing the savings, such as paying off the loan faster or investing the difference.
This document appears to be a slide presentation with 6 slides. It includes navigation buttons like "next", "back", and a button to go "home". The final slide is labeled "Slide 6" and there is an additional word in another language at the end that may indicate the end of the presentation.
This 3 paragraph summary provides the essential details about the murder of Jason Vesper in 2008 and its impact on his daughter Dani Vesper:
1) Jason Vesper, a well-liked family man and businessman, was murdered in 2008 while getting a soda in Scottsbluff, Nebraska. His daughter Dani Vesper, now a senior at Scottsbluff High School, was very close to her father and they shared many happy childhood memories together.
2) Surveillance video showed Jason Vesper's vehicle stopping between two streets where it was blocked from view by a tree and house. 49 seconds later, his vehicle was seen driving away while the other vehicle that had followed him drove off in another direction
Dealing with growing social demands in the mining industryWayne Dunn
Slides from a presentation to a World Bank panel discussion on the growing social demands on the mining industry in Latin America and the Caribbean. The presentation dealt with how those demands were manifesting and the general themes that government responses are taking. While the focus of the panel was Latin America the growing demands and the manifestation of responses is similar in all countries and regions
To keep updated on postings and events go to www.csrtraininginstitute.com and sign up for the newsletter. If interested the CSR Knowledge Centre http://bit.ly/CSRknowledge contains a series of short, pragmatic articles on CSR Strategy, Management and related areas.
The document discusses different types of tunnels used for transportation, including those resting on the sea bed, floating in the sea, and tunnels dug below the sea bed. It focuses on submerged floating tunnels, which are tube-like structures that float underwater at a certain depth, fixed by cables. This allows tunnels to be constructed in extremely deep waters where conventional bridges or tunnels are not feasible. The document outlines the principles behind submerged floating tunnels and describes their construction process which involves building segments on dry dock and joining them together underwater. Examples of significant tunnels discussed include the Channel Tunnel between Britain and France, and the Seikan Tunnel in Japan. Tunnel boring machines are also described as the method used to excavate underwater and below sea bed tunnels
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavates tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. TBMs can bore through varying ground conditions including soft ground, mixed face conditions and hard rock. The document discusses different tunnel construction methods such as drill-and-blast, TBMs, cut-and-cover and immersed tunnels. It also describes the various processes involved in tunnel boring including drilling, excavation, muck removal, ground treatment and tunnel lining. Selection of the appropriate construction method depends on geological conditions, tunnel dimensions, construction timelines and other factors.
1) Tunnels are underground passages dug through soil/earth/rock, enclosed except for entrances and exits. Proper alignment, cross-section, drainage, ventilation and construction methods are important.
2) Tunneling methods include the full-face method for small tunnels, and the heading and benching method commonly used for rail tunnels. Drifting involves first excavating a small tunnel then expanding it.
3) Tunnels require lining to reinforce weak ground, with materials including brick, stone, timber, cast iron or concrete. Ventilation, drainage, and safety measures are also critical aspects of tunnel construction and maintenance.
Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross-section through various ground conditions ranging from soft ground to hard rock. TBMs can bore tunnels continuously with minimal ground disturbance compared to traditional drilling and blasting methods. Modern TBMs function as a single, self-contained unit that can drill, excavate soil and rock, apply concrete segmental lining, and remove spoils, making them highly efficient for tunneling projects.
This document provides an overview of the Busan-Geoje Fixed Link project in South Korea. The project includes a three-pylon cable-stayed bridge, approach bridges with additional cable-stayed and tunnels on islands, and a 3.2km immersed tube tunnel under the sea. Construction involved improving the soft soil foundation with cement deep mixing and sand compaction piles. Eighteen precast 180m tunnel elements were installed by floating and sinking them into place. The total cost was $1.8 billion and it was designed to last 100 years, overcoming challenging conditions like weak soils and extreme weather.
Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes such as transportation, infrastructure, and military use. They are built using various tunneling methods that depend on ground conditions and the intended use of the tunnel. A geological survey of the proposed tunnel route is crucial for determining the subsurface conditions and appropriate construction method. Tunnels require linings and ventilation systems to safely support the structure and remove gases during construction and use.
The document provides information about tunnel construction. It begins with an introduction and then discusses why tunnels are constructed, the history and classification of tunnels, different tunnel shapes, the tunnel construction process, and various tunnel construction methods. It also outlines the advantages of tunnels. Key points include that tunnels provide underground passages for transportation and utilities, and that modern construction methods include cut-and-cover, drill-and-blast, tunnel boring machines (TBM), and New Austrian tunneling.
This document summarizes the construction of the Channel Tunnel between the UK and France. It involved digging three parallel tunnels, each over 50 km long, with over 30 km under the English Channel. 11 tunnel boring machines (TBMs) were used to excavate the tunnels from both sides. The TBMs on the French side had to operate underwater and were designed with advanced sealing and pressure control systems to excavate in difficult ground conditions. Precise surveying and guidance systems were required for the TBMs to meet with accuracy at the midpoint under the Channel. The best TBM excavation rates achieved over 1,700 meters in 30 days in good ground conditions.
The document provides details about the Mumbai Coastal Road Project which includes construction of India's first undersea tunnel. Some key points:
1) A 2.07 km long twin tunnel is being constructed as part of the project, with 1 km being under the sea, making it unique from other tunnels worldwide.
2) India's largest Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) named 'Mavala' has been deployed to excavate the tunnel and broke excavation records.
3) The tunnels will be 11 meters in diameter and constructed using concrete segmental lining for structural support and stability.
4) Numerical analysis of stress redistribution during various construction stages and the long-term condition will be conducted
Abhishek S. Kulkarni's project discusses tunnel boring machines (TBMs). Some key points:
- TBMs excavate tunnels through a variety of geological conditions with diameters from 1-15m, allowing underground passages to be constructed without disturbing the surface.
- TBMs are preferred over conventional tunneling methods in urban areas and underground mining due to increased safety and speed of construction.
- Main components of TBMs include the cutter head, shield, trailing support mechanisms, conveyor systems, and control cabin.
- Earth pressure balance TBMs are suitable for urban tunneling as they control subsurface pressures and subsidence during tunneling in soft, water
Hybrid epb tunnelling in rio de janeiro 2015Abner Silva
This document summarizes the first experiences from tunneling works on the Metro Rio Line 4 project in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A 5.2 km long tunnel is being excavated using an innovative hybrid Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) tunnel boring machine (TBM). The first 470 meters of the tunnel passed through sandy soils. Conditioning the sands with polymer foam mixtures allowed the TBM to excavate smoothly in full-face EPB mode while maintaining stable face pressure and conveying mucks through the screw conveyor. Initial experiences showed the benefits of dry, stabilized muck for conveyance compared to wetter, plastic mixtures. No issues were encountered in transferring muck from the screw to the belt conveyor.
Tunnel engineering involves constructing underground passages through various materials like hard rock and soft soils. Key aspects of tunnel engineering include preliminary considerations like geological investigations of the tunnel route to understand ground conditions, selecting an appropriate tunnel shape and size based on factors like surrounding material and purpose, and using methods like timbering and shafts to excavate the tunnel safely. Drilling equipment suitable for the rock type and purpose is used to drill blast holes for excavating rock tunnels. Safety measures like adequate ventilation and drainage are also important considerations in tunnel engineering.
This document discusses different types and construction methods of tunnels. It describes various tunnel shapes including rectangular, elliptical, circular, and horseshoe shapes. Common tunnel lining materials are discussed such as brick, concrete, precast segments, and sprayed concrete. Construction methods for tunnels include cut-and-cover, pipe jacking, shield tunnelling, tunnel boring machines (TBMs), and drill-and-blast for rock tunnels. The New Austrian Tunnelling Method and construction of submerged tunnels are also summarized.
Tunnels can be constructed using various methods depending on factors like geological conditions and the length and diameter of the tunnel. Traditional methods include cut-and-cover where a trench is excavated and covered, drill-and-blast where explosives are used to break rock, and the use of tunnel boring machines. The New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) employs flexible supports and monitoring to optimize reinforcement based on the rock type. It relies on conserving the inherent strength of the surrounding rock mass.
This document discusses geological considerations for successful tunneling. It describes how the rock type, geological structures, and groundwater conditions can impact tunnel construction. Competent rocks like massive igneous rocks allow safe but slow tunneling without lining, while incompetent or fractured rocks require support. Folded or jointed rocks, fault zones, and water-bearing formations present challenges. Proper site investigation is needed to evaluate the geology and plan appropriate excavation and support methods.
The document discusses various methods for railway track construction, maintenance, and operation. It describes the process for earthwork and preparing the track bed, including stabilizing poor soils. It then covers several tunneling methods for passing through rock and soft ground, as well as underwater. These include the full face method, heading and benching, drift system, pilot tunnel method, shield tunneling, and cut and cover method. It also discusses forepoling for tunneling through soft ground.
Metro Underground civil structures and track structures AR.pdfAshutoshRankawat
The document discusses underground structures for metro rail systems, including tunnels and stations. It describes the types of tunnels as generally using a twin bore single track structure. It outlines three main methods for constructing tunnels: cut and cover, NATM (New Austrian Tunnelling Method), and TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine). It provides details on the construction processes for each method. It also describes the typical design of underground metro stations and the two main construction methods: cut and cover (bottom up) and top down.
This document discusses rock tunnel engineering. It introduces different types of tunnels and their purposes. Tunnels can have various cross-sectional shapes and be located underground in different ground types. Tunnels are constructed using methods like cut-and-cover, drilling and blasting, or mechanized boring machines. Geotechnical investigations for tunnels are challenging due to uncertainties in ground conditions. Rock mass classification systems help characterize rock strength. The principles of tunnel stabilization and design aim to control ground movements rather than carry ground loads by mobilizing the strength of the surrounding ground.
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Metro Torino Extension - Design and construction problemsgifanta
Infratrasporti.To S.r.l. owns and manages existing infrastructure and plans new infrastructure projects, such as the extension of Line 1 of the Turin Metro between the Marconi and Lingotto stations. The 3 km tunnel extension was constructed using an earth pressure balanced tunnel boring machine, with measures taken to carefully monitor and control support pressures during excavation in variable ground conditions.
The document discusses the Torino Metro Line 1 project in Italy. It describes the general characteristics of the metro line including the tunnel dimensions, length, and stations. It then discusses several key aspects that had to be managed for the project, including the contract type, procurement of a tunnel boring machine, complex design process due to the urban environment, public opinion, legislative conditions, and environmental requirements. The geology of the tunnel route consisting of quaternary deposits is also summarized.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
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To download this presentation, visit:
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2. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 : GENERAL DESCRIPTION
GTT is the concessionary for design, construction
and management of the Metro Line 1, one of the
main infrastructures in the public transportation
plan for the Torino area.
The civil works design was governed by the VAL
(Automated Light Vehicle) system characteristics.
The train is 2.08 m wide, 52 m long and its
maximum passenger capacity is 440 people (6
pass./m2).
Base on width of train, a single 6.8 metre diameter
circular tunnel contains the double track line has
been chosen.
The tunnel was bored by TBM.
3. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 : CIVIL WORKS
Tunnel 3.000 m tunnel bored using a TBM EPB (earth pressure balanced
shield machines)
Stations 6 stations cut & cover with diaphragms. First station (Marconi) was
TBM job site and the last (Lingotto) with train interchange
Shafts 5 aeration shaft, built using micropiles
3
4. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 : GEOLOGY / GEOTECHNICS
The formation interested from the tunnel line is mainly constituted by fluvio-glacial and fluvio-Rissian deposit (Quaternary), of gravel
sand and cobbles in silty matrix. Within this formation there are 4 units identified by specific granulometric characteristics and
different cementation:
• unit 1 – superficial ground
• unit 2 – gravel with sand from loose to slightly cemented
• unit 3 – gravel with sand from weak to medium cemented
• unit 4 - gravel with sand from medium to highly cemented.
The tunnel excavation interested mainly unit 2 and 3. The ground water level varied from tunnel invert up to a maximum height of 7
m measured at crown (Shaft n°6).
5. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1
MAJOR PROBLEMS:
• Interferences with utilities and facilities;
• Presence of peoples opposed to the project;
• Interferences with existing structures;
• Surveys to remove archaeological and weapons
from 2nd War;
• Traffic management near work sites,
interferences with commercial activities;
• Public opinion;
• High groundwater level.
5
6. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 : FIRST OPERATIONS
Job site alteration
Facility relocation
Diaphragms execution
Station box execution
Site cleaning and preparing for TBM
TBM assembly
8. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1
Utility relocation
Tecnological wires:
- Electric
- Telephonic
- Gas pipe
- Acqueducts
- Sewer
- Parking
- Monuments
- Other
8
9. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 : STATION GEOMETRY
• Station dimensions 55x20m;
• Station deep from 20 to 25m;
• Two entrances and one lift for each station;
9
10. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 – THE EPB MACHINE
Mechanized excavation : Basic principles
The Earth Pressure Balanced (EPB) tunnelling method owns it’s name
from the way the front face of the TBM is supported during excavation,
using earth pressure. The principles of the EPB-tunnelling method can
described as follows (Kanayasu, Yamamoto and Kitahara, 1995):
• The soil is excavated by rotating cutter heads;
• The excavated soil is mechanically agitated and fills the face and an
excavation chamber.;
• Using the thrust of the shield machine, by means of hydraulic jacks,
the excavated soil is pressurized to stabilize the excavation front (force
equilibrium);
• Control of the soil pressure in the chamber is done by adjusting the
amount of soil discharged through the screw conveyor or other soil
removal devices and the amount of soil excavated to counterbalance
earth and groundwater pressure (volume equilibrium);
• The excavated soil in the chamber and the screw conveyors work as
a water seal.
The earth pressure support method is generally used in cohesive soils,
enabling it to be used as a supporting medium itself, with the use of
conditioning materials if necessary.
A
11. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 – THE RING
The tunnels have inner diameter of 6.8mt and is lined with pre-cast 30 cm thick segments in reinforced concrete,
connected by EPDM gaskets to insure water tight conditions. Even withrather small curves and consequent assembly
offsets of the segment ring, there is no water passage within the tunnel.
Each 1.4 m long ring consists of 5 “normal” elements plus one “key” element that enables the closure of the ring, a
“universal” lock that permits to adapt the ring to any kind of radius, from the minimum to the linear one, by a simple
rotation of every ring compared to the previous one along the tunnel axis at a given angle.
The injection of mortar behind the segments, performed immediately at the beginning of the excavation procedures,
ensures the reduction of superficial collapse and the correct confinement/bedding of the lining.
13. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1
MANAGEMENT OF THE GREEN ELEMENTS
The ante-operam activities are:
• Census of all the trees which could interfere with the works;
• Evaluation, for each tree, of the interference percentage;
• Evaluation of the possibility of maintaining the trees
(properly protected by crashes) in the area;
• Evaluation of the necessity of removing the trees;
• Definition of the removal intervention typology (cutting
down or transplanting) in accordance with:
species
dimension
phytopathological status
• Evaluation of the possibility of relocating the trees in original
site, at the end of the works.
14. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1
MANAGEMENT OF THE GREEN ELEMENTS
The transplanting has been realized by special equipments in order
to safeguard the trees radical planting and guarantee a correct
rooting in the new site.
44. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 – SOIL IMPROVEMENT
To avoid water inflow
Break In TBM
Break Out TBM
Bottom grouting
To reduce settlements
Lateral shield Full improvement at crown
44
45. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 – SOIL IMPROVEMENT
Soil improvement solutions have been implemented where the
assessments indicate potential risk of damage to the pre-existing
structures. Such interventions include improving the properties of the
ground and mitigating the deforming effects induced by tunnelling by
means of low-pressure cement injection grouting. A consolidated slab
is created above the tunnel section in order to avoid any localized
instability from developing around it.
Different grouting geometry have been defined, based on relative
position between the tunnel and pre-existing structures, as well as
site accessibility and surface site areas use.
The project includes full-face cement grouting in the areas adjacent
to the stations where the TBM will enter into or exit from the stations:
the diaphragm walls in these particular areas will be partially
demolished to let the TBMs in and out. In accordance with the
environmental conditions, the drilling and grouting operations were
done from the surface and/or from in service shafts and tunnels.
46. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 – ENVIRONEMENTAL
MONITORING
NOISE
The noise monitoring campaigns are carried out on 20 receptors with:
• 39 measurements semi-fixed workstations;
• 41 measurements fixed workstations;
• 15 short period measurements, living environment.
VIBRATION
The vibration monitoring campaigns are in
progress and realized on 14 receptors:
• 37 short period measurements
• 10 long period measurements (24 hours)
AIR
In the following chart have been highlighted
the reference and results with the trends
and the PM10 limits exceeding.
46
47. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 – STRUCTURAL MONITORING
To reduce the residual risk we defined trigger levels for displacement/rotations on
structures and surrouding buildings
TRIGGER LEVELS
• Attention: increase the frequency
of monitoring data to understand
the real behaviour
•Alarm: apply counter-measures to
solve the problems
47
49. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 – STRUCTURAL MONITORING
Automatic monitoring with
electrolevels : the distortions
measured during the excavation
phase was less than the
established trigger levels
49
50. TORINO SUBWAY LINE 1 – CONCLUSION OF WORK
START: 08.01.2007
Finishing date (CONTRACTUAL) : 03.05.2010
Finishing date (REAL) : 03.02.2010
TECNIMONT finished the civil works
two months before the foreseen
contractual date
50
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