padoa schioppa_ragazzi_biodiverisity e pathology
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This document discusses biodiversity and pathology in urban parks. It notes that urban parks contain not just urban species but also show the effects of biogeography rules with more species found in larger parks and parks farther from urban centers. While distant from natural systems, urban parks can contain invasive species. The study of plant pathology began in the late 1800s in Italy and now includes the pathology of urban forests, which face different challenges than natural forests due to factors like compact soil, pollution, and artificial lighting that stress trees. Management of diseases is more difficult in urban forests where conditions make trees more susceptible and chemical treatments may be necessary.
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Summary of topic 5.2
Pollution can be monitored directly by measuring chemical indicators in soil, water, and air. Soil is monitored by measuring properties like texture, organic matter, and nutrient levels. Water is monitored by measuring concentrations of chemicals like nitrates, chlorine, and heavy metals. Air is monitored by measuring levels of pollutants like sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.
Pollution can also be monitored indirectly. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measures how quickly microorganisms in water consume oxygen, indicating organic pollutants. A higher BOD means more pollution. While slower than chemical tests, BOD reflects biological impacts. Biotic indices use the diversity of indicator species to indirectly estimate pollution levels
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Environmental buffers
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Bioindicators
Bioindicators are organisms, such as lichens,birds and bacteria, that are used to monitor the health of the environment. The organisms and organism associations are monitored for changes that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem. The changes can be chemical, physiological or behavioural. Bioindicators are relevant for Ecological health
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Bioindicators in river ecosystems
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Contamination
Soil contamination is caused by chemicals introduced by humans through underground storage tanks, pesticide application, leaky landfills, and industrial storage on soil. Common contaminants include petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides and others. Soil pollution poses health risks directly and to drinking water sources. Identifying contaminated areas and cleaning them up is an expensive and time-consuming process requiring expertise in geology, hydrology, chemistry and other fields. When various products like paper, glass, plastics and organic waste are disposed of in soil, they can change the soil chemistry and negatively impact living things. Pesticides are widely used due to population growth increasing demand for food, but some insecticides like DDT accumulate in
Water pollution Group6
Water pollution occurs through various sources and affects plants and organisms living in bodies of water. Point source pollution comes from identifiable sources like pipes or ditches that discharge untreated waste. Groundwater pollution is difficult to classify since contaminants can seep underground away from surface water. Thermal pollution causes temperature changes in water bodies from activities like power plant cooling, impacting oxygen levels and biodiversity.
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Summary of topic 5.2
Pollution can be monitored directly by measuring chemical indicators in soil, water, and air. Soil is monitored by measuring properties like texture, organic matter, and nutrient levels. Water is monitored by measuring concentrations of chemicals like nitrates, chlorine, and heavy metals. Air is monitored by measuring levels of pollutants like sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.
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Bioindicators
Bioindicators are organisms, such as lichens,birds and bacteria, that are used to monitor the health of the environment. The organisms and organism associations are monitored for changes that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem. The changes can be chemical, physiological or behavioural. Bioindicators are relevant for Ecological health
Benefits from aquatic ecosystems
This document discusses the benefits and threats to aquatic ecosystems. It notes that mangroves provide building materials, fuel from charcoal production, and medicines from bark and leaves. Threats include modernization, deforestation, and water pollution. Protection methods involve planting mangroves, regulating fertilizers and insecticides, and proper waste disposal.
Bioindicators in river ecosystems
This document provides a review of biomonitoring approaches and bioindicators used for river ecosystems. It discusses key concepts in biomonitoring and defines bioindicators. The most common bioindicators for rivers - periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish - are described in detail. Their importance in river ecosystems and advantages for biomonitoring are highlighted. Commonly used biomonitoring approaches include diversity indices, biotic indices, multimetric indices, and functional trait approaches. Biotic indices and multimetric approaches are frequently applied to evaluate river health, but functional measures are increasingly used as a complementary approach. Recent research also demonstrates the potential of molecular techniques to enhance taxonomic
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Soil contamination is caused by chemicals introduced by humans through underground storage tanks, pesticide application, leaky landfills, and industrial storage on soil. Common contaminants include petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides and others. Soil pollution poses health risks directly and to drinking water sources. Identifying contaminated areas and cleaning them up is an expensive and time-consuming process requiring expertise in geology, hydrology, chemistry and other fields. When various products like paper, glass, plastics and organic waste are disposed of in soil, they can change the soil chemistry and negatively impact living things. Pesticides are widely used due to population growth increasing demand for food, but some insecticides like DDT accumulate in
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Padoa schioppa fauna monitoring
This document summarizes research on monitoring biodiversity in urban forests in Lombardy, Italy. Birds and insects were used as indicators of biodiversity. Over 20 species of birds were recorded during point counts in forests. Butterfly and beetle species were also recorded at forest sites. Analysis found links between biodiversity and forest structure, with more species found in areas with greater tree diversity, coverage, and distance from city centers. Specific bird species like the blue tit were examined in relation to diameter at breast height statistics of forest trees. The research aims to inform management decisions about maintaining and enhancing biodiversity in urban forests.
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Jurc et urban forest health problems_slo
This document compares two methods for monitoring the health of urban trees and forests: the Intensive Site Monitoring method and an Urban Forest Management Oriented method. The ISM method requires qualified personnel and specialized labs, collects detailed data on permanent plots. The UFMO method uses a transect approach along paths to collect GPS located data on trees needing management. Both methods were tested on an urban forest in Ljubljana. The UFMO method assessed over double the number of trees in similar time, identified more damaging agents and dead trees requiring action, and provided more management recommendations than the ISM method.
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This document summarizes research on monitoring fauna in urban forests in Slovenia. It studied hoverflies as indicators of biodiversity using transect and malaise trap methods. For hoverflies in Rožnik, some species increased while others decreased or remained stable between 2012 and 2013 depending on the monitoring method. The study also monitored birds using point counts, finding 50 species and differences in species assemblages between urban and peri-urban forests. Forest patch size was found to influence bird species composition, and factors like this should be considered in establishing a long-term urban forest bird monitoring network.
Davies european experiences of upf
The document discusses urban and peri-urban forestry experiences across Europe. It describes how urban forestry focuses on both street trees and larger woodlands near cities. Green infrastructure, including urban forests, provides key ecosystem services and benefits. The key message is that urban forests are a major component of urban green infrastructure, and investing in urban forests can improve health, sustainability, and quality of life. The document outlines different approaches to urban forestry in several European cities and countries and emphasizes participation, adaptive management, and aligning urban forestry with green infrastructure planning.
Slo for inst_sarajevo_8_5_2012
The Slovenian Forestry Institute has a long history dating back to 1941 when Slovenian foresters first recommended establishing a forestry research institution. It has evolved over the decades, changing names and organizational structures. Currently, it has six research departments and conducts research on forest ecology, physiology, protection, techniques/economics, inventory, and yield/silviculture. It receives financing from various government agencies and international projects. Its vision is to strengthen its status in society through innovative forest research and knowledge sharing to support sustainable development.
Colangelo synergies it
This document contains analytical data and evaluations of topsoil and subsoil samples from a forested urban area. It includes measurements of pH, organic matter content, nutrient levels, particle size distribution, and other characteristics. The topsoil is classified as loam with medium organic carbon and total nitrogen. Both topsoil and subsoil mixtures are strongly acidic with very low base saturation and available calcium and magnesium. They have high available phosphorus and are evaluated as having unstable structure, low plasticity, and high risk of crusting.
Ginetti patologia it
This report summarizes observations of defoliation in lowland forests in Lombardy and urban plantations in Slovenia between 2012 and 2013. Key findings include:
1) Forests in Milan showed significantly higher defoliation than those in Mantova-Cremona, likely due to urban impacts.
2) The Boscoincittà forest in Milan had the highest recorded defoliation levels.
3) Plots with thinning showed slightly lower defoliation than unthinned plots, though differences were not statistically significant.
4) Defoliation decreased from September 2012 to June 2013 after a severe drought in 2012, but did not change significantly from June to September 2013.
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Fungi play several important ecological roles. As decomposers, they break down dead organic matter and release nutrients back into the soil, recycling them for other organisms. As mycorrhizal partners with plants, fungi help plants absorb water and minerals in exchange for carbohydrates. Lichens, which consist of fungi and algae, are pioneers in plant succession and weather rocks into soil. Some fungi also help bioremediate polluted environments and produce antibiotics. However, some fungi can also cause diseases or destroy plants, wood, food, and other materials.
Green Infrastructure
Green infrastructure provides environmental, social, and economic benefits that can help cities become more sustainable and resilient to climate change. The document discusses how green infrastructure in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia could help the city with issues like high temperatures, air and water pollution, flooding, and loss of biodiversity, but that currently the urban forest is degraded and not well-managed to provide these services. Maintaining and improving green infrastructure in Addis Ababa would help enhance the city's sustainability and resilience to climate change impacts.
Environmental Science And Engineering
- ENVIRONMENT,ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY
- ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
- NATURAL RESOURCES
- SOCIAL ISSUES AND ENVIRONMENT
- HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Forest protection
Heart rot is a fungal disease that causes decay of the heartwood in tree trunks and branches. Fungi enter through wounds in the bark and slowly decay the inner wood, weakening the structural integrity of the tree. This can cause branches and trunks to break. Heart rot has major economic and environmental impacts. It causes significant losses to the logging industry by damaging timber. In forests, trees weakened by heart rot are more susceptible to disturbances and allow new growth, changing the forest environment over time. Heart rot is diagnosed through visual examination of symptoms and signs like mushrooms or decayed wood.
Andy Moldenke - Insects in Early Seral Habitats
The document discusses how insect communities differ between open canopy and closed canopy forest environments. It finds that about 50% of total arthropod species are only found in early succession open canopy areas in the short time after clearcutting. Open canopy areas tend to have higher species richness and abundance than closed canopy forests. Individual insect species, functional guilds, and whole taxa have different preferences and responses to shade versus sun conditions. Riparian zones also have distinct insect communities that can extend 50-70 meters from the stream, with higher richness and abundance closer to water.
Environmental Changes and Effects on a Population of Smooth Newt Lissotriton ...
The population of Lissotriton meridionalis in the area of “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park are monitored since 1995. From 2004 to 2005 in the area it was carried out a massive cutting of dead trees with evidence of alteration of the undergrowth. The study aims to verify, through the index of the population estimate, if the species has suffered changes in the size of the population following environmental changes. For the research were chosen three ponds in the wood and the data collection took place from the breeding season of 1995 – 1996 to 2014 – 2015, in each of the seasons was made an estimation of the population density. The data obtained are been compared in order to make assessments on the conservation status and persistence of the species in the site, also as a result of environmental changes suffered by “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park. The analysis of the population estimate, used in this work as an index of the conservation status of the species in the Park, confirms that, in the previous period and in the period following the die-off of trees and cutting plant health, we have substantially the same values of population size.
Unit-1 Ecosystems.pptx
This document discusses ecosystems, including their components, functions, and threats. An ecosystem consists of biotic factors like plants, animals and microorganisms interacting with abiotic factors like climate and soil. Ecosystems transfer energy from sunlight through producers to consumers and decomposers in a food chain. Forest and wildlife conservation are important to maintain ecological balance. The ten major threats to ecosystem viability are loss of land and forests, species extinction, overpopulation, water shortages, overfishing, pollution, health issues, climate change, acid rain, and energy pressures.
Biodiversity and conservation
Biodiversity and Conservation
THE PPTS COVERS GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF Biodiversity, Threats to Biodiversity AND STEPS TO Conserving Biodiversity
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Kutnar flora and_vegetation
The document summarizes a study monitoring the flora and vegetation in urban and peri-urban forests in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Three forest sites were selected for the study: Rožnik, dominated by oak, pine and chestnut; Gameljne-Poplar, dominated by maple, alder and poplar; and Gameljne-Pine, a secondary pine forest. Vegetation plots of different sizes were established at each site to assess plant diversity, species composition and changes over time. The goals were to understand forest condition and changes related to environmental impacts and natural factors.
Skudnik emonfur
National Forest Inventory protocols could potentially be used for Urban Forest Inventories with some adjustments. A study applied NFI sampling methods at an urban forest in Ljubljana, measuring variables like tree species, size, health as well as deadwood, carbon storage, and recreational/aesthetic services. While these protocols provided initial information, fully assessing urban forest ecosystem services would require additional social and planning variables. Monitoring urban forests requires both field data collection and GIS analysis to understand forest structure and functions as well as stakeholder interests.
Ragazzi disease management_in_urban_forests_it
1) The document describes a study on disease management in urban forests in Italy and Slovenia. Samples of various tree species were taken from 2005-2006 and analyzed to identify fungal pathogens.
2) Several fungal pathogens were found that cause cankers or other diseases in trees, including Biscogniauxia mediterranea, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Diplodia seriata. A high number of endophytic fungi were also detected.
3) In addition to the pathogens found in the study sites, other important pathogens detected elsewhere included various Phytophthora species, the new pathogen Phytophthora acerina, and Anthostoma decipi
Colangelo_introduction
The document describes the monitoring protocols used for forests and soils in Italy and Slovenia as part of the EMoNFUr Project. The forest monitoring protocol involves surveying dendrometric parameters, carbon sequestration, deadwood, and biodiversity indicators. The soil monitoring protocol involves describing soil profiles, analyzing soil samples from topsoil and subsoil for properties like pH and organic carbon, and optionally sampling litter and testing for contamination. The protocols were harmonized between the two countries while allowing for differences in plot size and mandatory parameters. The monitoring will provide preliminary results on forest and soil conditions in urban areas.
Colangelo forests results_it
The document provides preliminary results from monitoring urban forests in sample areas, including:
1) Dendrometric parameters such as tree height, diameter, and crown size were measured at the tree level, while stand characteristics like canopy cover were analyzed.
2) Carbon storage was estimated in four pools: above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, soil, and dead organic matter. One plot was found to store over 180 Mg C/ha.
3) Biodiversity was assessed by measuring tree species richness and annual increases across plots, ranging from 1-16 species.
Comolli suolo
1) The document summarizes preliminary results from a soil monitoring study in Italian forests. Soil characteristics and types were analyzed for different forest plots, including pH, organic matter, and biological quality indices.
2) Soil types varied between plots and included Luvisols, Umbrisols, Calcisols, and Cambisols. Soil profiles were described and classified.
3) Comparisons were made between forest soils and adjacent meadow soils, finding higher organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and biological quality in the forest soils. Soil properties like pH and organic carbon generally increased with longer time since forest establishment.
Bascietto
This document summarizes presentations from the LIFE+ EMoNFUr final conference on forest monitoring. It discusses:
1) Experience monitoring forests in Europe and Italy, including networks of permanent sample plots.
2) Efforts to reorganize Italy's monitoring to optimize variables measured and minimize costs while ensuring representativeness.
3) The LIFE+ EMoNFUr and ManFor C.BD projects, which monitor impacts of forest management on carbon, biodiversity, and human well-being in natural and urban forests.
4) The importance of dead wood for biodiversity and carbon storage, and challenges of incorporating it into urban forest management.
Emonfur protocol sanesi
The document proposes a monitoring protocol for evaluating environmental changes in forests at multiple levels of biological organization, including species, communities, habitats, and forest characteristics. It outlines recommended and optional methodologies for monitoring flora, fauna, trees, deadwood, soil, weather, and visitor use. Standardized measurement methods are suggested along with the aims of each monitoring approach. The protocol was applied in study sites across Italy and Slovenia. Additionally, the document discusses establishing a network of research plots applying some or all of the protocol activities to promote data acquisition across different contexts.
Calvo sanesi i_risultati_emonfur
1. The EMoNFUr project monitored urban and periurban forests in Lombardy, Italy and Slovenia to assess their ecosystem services and the impacts of climate change.
2. Monitoring plots were established to study biodiversity, pedology, climate mitigation, and other indicators. Results showed species numbers were affected by forest size and vegetation structure.
3. The project found urban forests help reduce the urban heat island effect, with higher temperatures found in more urbanized areas. It also quantified the carbon storage contribution of urban forests in Lombardy.
Ozone upf rupel_emonfur_17062014_pptx
1. Ground-level ozone is produced by chemical reactions between volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight. It can adversely affect crop yields, tree health and growth.
2. The Slovenian Forestry Institute has monitored ozone levels and visible injury on forest trees for over 10 years. Studies in 2013 and 2014 found no visible ozone symptoms in urban forests in Ljubljana, though symptoms have been observed in other years.
3. Global models predict that ground-level ozone concentrations will increase in the future without measures to reduce precursor emissions. Urban areas can help by planting native, ozone-resistant tree species and increasing education about trees and air pollution.
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The document discusses the urban forest management of Ljubljana, Slovenia. It notes that Ljubljana was a finalist for European Green Capital in 2016. The city has over 1,444 hectares of protected urban forest, with intensive recreational use by over 1.7 million visitors annually to the Rožnik urban forest. Managing the urban forest presents challenges like private ownership of land and damage from ice storms. Key areas discussed include the forests around Castle Hill, Rožnik, and Šmarna Gora.
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The document summarizes research being conducted on urban and peri-urban forests in Ljubljana, Slovenia. It discusses (1) forest inventory and crown condition assessments using permanent monitoring plots, (2) assessing plant diversity and invasive species at three forest sites, and (3) monitoring of birds, insects, soil conditions, hydrology, and atmospheric deposition. The goal is to establish long-term monitoring of the forest conditions to evaluate health and changes over time.
Andrej verlic e mo_nfur_ws_uc_jan 2014
This document provides an overview of urban forest governance in Slovenia, using the cities of Ljubljana and Celje as examples. It discusses some background information about Ljubljana and Celje, common conflicts in urban forests, and recent activities in urban forestry in the two cities. It also presents ideas for the future, including revising an ordinance designating forests of special purpose in Ljubljana and conducting pilot projects in Celje to address increased recreation demands through new walking and cycling paths while considering private landowner needs and perspectives. The document contains slides with details on forest ownership, protected areas, relevant legislation and policies, challenges faced, and specific programs and initiatives in the urban forests of Ljubl
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原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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原件一模一样【微信：6496090】【(UMTC毕业证书)明尼苏达大学双城分校毕业证成绩单学位证】【微信：6496090】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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padoa schioppa_ragazzi_biodiverisity e pathology
- 1. Biodiversity and pathology in urban parks Emilio Padoa-Schioppa University of Milano-Bicocca Alessandro Ragazzi University of Firenze
- 2. Biodiversity in urban parks Not only «urban» species
- 3. Biodiversity in urban parks Biogeography rules confirmed N°ofspecies Area of the park N°ofspecies Distance of the park from urban center
- 4. Biodiversity in urban parks Far from natural systems
- 5. Biodiversity in urban parks Invasive species
- 6. Forest ecosystem Urban forest Urban system Pathosystem Pathology in «urban forest»
- 7. 1896, Vallombrosa (Florence), Royal Forest Institute: Forest Pathology 1902, Rome, Experimental Institute of Plant Pathology: Plant Pathology 2000, Florence, Padua, Viterbo, Sassari: Institutes of Forest Pathology: Urban Forest Pathology Timeline of discipline “Plant pathology" in Italy Until the end of 1800 the phytopathological problems were studied by botanists and mycologists
- 8. Forest ecosystem Urban forest (system) Natural control of pathogens Organic matter recycling Mineral compounds Well-structured and aerated soil Good microbial activity Wounds Compact soil Altered microbial activity Antifreeze salt Smog Artificial light Wounds Freytet, 1990, modificato F. Bello Ecosystem in balance Good resistance to climatic adversity and parasitic diseases H2O Altered ecosystem Exposure to climatic adversity and parasitic diseases The expression “urban forest” includes the concept of “urbanity” and those of “forest” (Randrup et al., 2005) ……..and, adds the pathologist, the relative problems……
- 9. Change the “concept of disease” in urban forest?????? The relationship is with the population and not with the single plant Diffusion on vast territories High probability of natural healing No possibility of chemical treatments Relationship also with the single plant Damage threshold is lowered Premature senescence Altered physiological state Deficiency of water and nutrients Harder and slower natural healing Possibility of chemical treatments Forest ecosystem Urban forest (System) The concept of disease does not change!! Change the management Prophylaxis is more difficult
- 10. Foliage diseases, which under general forest conditions cause little damage and therefore require minimal attention beyond a diagnosis, under urban forestry conditions become "serious diseases" requiring disease control application. Foliage diseases Defoliation can totally destroy the landscape value (Jorgensen. Modified)
- 11. Stem decays and cankers, which under forest conditions contribute to natural succession, and which in many cases can be eliminated through regular silvicultural thinnings, become, under urban forestry conditions, diseases worthy of treatment in that hazardous to the citizens. Stem decays and cankers (Jorgensen. Modified)
- 12. Wilt and die-back diseases are, under urban forestry conditions, major problems of concern. These diseases appear readily to adapt to introduced hosts or to the altered environmental conditions of the urban area. Wilt and die-back diseases (Jorgensen. Modified)
- 13. Root disease problems are different under urban forestry conditions where soil disturbances through earth excavation work are commonplace. Diseases like root rot (Armillaria mellea) which under forestry conditions causes killing of young as well as overmature trees (conifers and hardwood), under urban conditions are often found associated with sudden death of hardwoods. Root rot diseases (Jorgensen. Modified)
- 14. The "ecological" conditions of the urban environment are favorable to the settlement and development of numerous cryptogams and insects; however both are often found in natural systems. In the urban system however some associations fungi/insects showed more incidences. Associations fungi/insects The disease management in urban forest is discussed in the next relation