This document summarizes a study that investigated using combination treatments of heat and irradiation to inactivate Bacillus cereus spores in liquid foods like milk and carrot juice. The researchers characterized the heat and radiation resistance of B. cereus spores by determining their D-values (decimal reduction times/doses) and Z-values (temperature increase needed for a 10-fold reduction in D-values) in different media. They found that pre-irradiation at 4 kGy followed by heating reduced D90-values (time to reduce population by 90% at a given temperature) 2.8 to 3.4 times compared to heating alone. The combination treatment was more effective at ensuring safety of foods contaminated with B. cere
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Extraction, chemical composition, use in induced protection and cross-reactiv...IJEAB
Exopolysaccharides (PS) are the major components on the surface of bacteria and also produced by fungi. These molecules are important in human health, in order to control diabetes as well as protect plants against attacks of foliage diseases. The objective of the present work was to study the partial chemical structure of the carbohydrate, use in control disease in plants and cross-serological relationship (cross-reactive antigens between isolates from fungi (Tremella fuciformis (Tf) and bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Xcc)). Tf was developed in culture medium containing sorghum seeds during 20 days, and Xcc in the PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium for an 8 days period. The polysaccharide was removed from the culture medium, precipitated with ethanol, and quantified total sugar. By TLC was observed that 2 isolates presented galactose, glucose, mannose, arabinose and xylose in different proportions. Fucose and ribose was not found in the PS from Xcc but present in Tf. In ELISA, antiserum to Xcc revealed an antigenic homologous reaction with the same bacteria and heterologous with Tf. Barley plants pretreated with PS from Tf and later challenged with conidia from B.sorokiniana, demonstrated protection against the pathogen. Results suggested that PS from Tf presented induction of protection. Both PS (antigens) present an identical epitope demonstrated by reaction in Elisa test. The antibody against Xcc was specific for an epitope and bounded to another antigen due to having similar chemical properties.
Isolation and Characterization of Thermostable Protease Producing Bacteria fr...IOSR Journals
This study is a search for potential thermostable protease producing strain. Among nine protease
producing strains screened from soap industry effluent, one was selected as promising thermostable protease
producer and identified as Bacillus subtilis. The activity of the protease produced by this organism is stable up
to 70ºC. The optimum yield was achieved after 48 hours of culture, at 65ºC with the pH 8.0. The maximum
protease activity was observed at 65ºC and at pH 8.0.
Preservative potentials of crude bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus tucce...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Extraction, chemical composition, use in induced protection and cross-reactiv...IJEAB
Exopolysaccharides (PS) are the major components on the surface of bacteria and also produced by fungi. These molecules are important in human health, in order to control diabetes as well as protect plants against attacks of foliage diseases. The objective of the present work was to study the partial chemical structure of the carbohydrate, use in control disease in plants and cross-serological relationship (cross-reactive antigens between isolates from fungi (Tremella fuciformis (Tf) and bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Xcc)). Tf was developed in culture medium containing sorghum seeds during 20 days, and Xcc in the PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium for an 8 days period. The polysaccharide was removed from the culture medium, precipitated with ethanol, and quantified total sugar. By TLC was observed that 2 isolates presented galactose, glucose, mannose, arabinose and xylose in different proportions. Fucose and ribose was not found in the PS from Xcc but present in Tf. In ELISA, antiserum to Xcc revealed an antigenic homologous reaction with the same bacteria and heterologous with Tf. Barley plants pretreated with PS from Tf and later challenged with conidia from B.sorokiniana, demonstrated protection against the pathogen. Results suggested that PS from Tf presented induction of protection. Both PS (antigens) present an identical epitope demonstrated by reaction in Elisa test. The antibody against Xcc was specific for an epitope and bounded to another antigen due to having similar chemical properties.
Isolation and Characterization of Thermostable Protease Producing Bacteria fr...IOSR Journals
This study is a search for potential thermostable protease producing strain. Among nine protease
producing strains screened from soap industry effluent, one was selected as promising thermostable protease
producer and identified as Bacillus subtilis. The activity of the protease produced by this organism is stable up
to 70ºC. The optimum yield was achieved after 48 hours of culture, at 65ºC with the pH 8.0. The maximum
protease activity was observed at 65ºC and at pH 8.0.
Preservative potentials of crude bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus tucce...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
General Principles of Food Preservation:
a. Preservation using High temperature (12D concept), principle of canning
b. Low temperature
c. Drying
d. Food preservatives (organic acids & their salts, Sugar & salt)
e. Ionizing radiations
In vitro and in vivo evaluation on fishes of anti-inflammatory potential of A...SriramNagarajan16
Agaricus bisporus has been studied for many activities except for its anti-inflammatory potential completely both by
in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the present study it was evaluated for the same using egg albumin for in vitro
study and fish as the model for in vivo evaluation and found to have remarkable anti-inflammatory activity on both
experiments. As expected with any natural drug the activity was better at higher doses.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
To study of the genetic variations among the Azospirillum lipoferu isolates u...ijsrd.com
Among free-living microorganisms, which can be practically used in agriculture, bacteria from the Azospirillum genus as well as other endophytes are nowadays thought of as the most active component of associative dinitrogen fixation. The investigation was carried out to study the characterization of Azospirillum lipoferu found in the soils of the ten agro-climatic zones which Karnataka, is classified. By using RAPD markers, 75 bands were scored out of which 78.6 % were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data enabled the classification of 10 Azospirillum isolates into two major groups. . In this, the cluster analysis based on 75 RAPD bands revealed that the ten A. lipoferu isolates examined clustered at a linkage distance of about 40 units on the dendrogram. There was no correlation between RAPD and geographical origin of isolates.
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
General Principles of Food Preservation:
a. Preservation using High temperature (12D concept), principle of canning
b. Low temperature
c. Drying
d. Food preservatives (organic acids & their salts, Sugar & salt)
e. Ionizing radiations
In vitro and in vivo evaluation on fishes of anti-inflammatory potential of A...SriramNagarajan16
Agaricus bisporus has been studied for many activities except for its anti-inflammatory potential completely both by
in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the present study it was evaluated for the same using egg albumin for in vitro
study and fish as the model for in vivo evaluation and found to have remarkable anti-inflammatory activity on both
experiments. As expected with any natural drug the activity was better at higher doses.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
To study of the genetic variations among the Azospirillum lipoferu isolates u...ijsrd.com
Among free-living microorganisms, which can be practically used in agriculture, bacteria from the Azospirillum genus as well as other endophytes are nowadays thought of as the most active component of associative dinitrogen fixation. The investigation was carried out to study the characterization of Azospirillum lipoferu found in the soils of the ten agro-climatic zones which Karnataka, is classified. By using RAPD markers, 75 bands were scored out of which 78.6 % were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data enabled the classification of 10 Azospirillum isolates into two major groups. . In this, the cluster analysis based on 75 RAPD bands revealed that the ten A. lipoferu isolates examined clustered at a linkage distance of about 40 units on the dendrogram. There was no correlation between RAPD and geographical origin of isolates.
UV Mutagenesis Enhanced Biotransformation Efficiency of Rutin to Isoquercitri...iosrjce
In order to obtain high biotransformation efficiency of rutin to isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-Oglucoside),
Bacillus litoralis C44 was treated by UV mutagenesis to screen the thermo- and alkali-tolerant
mutants, for these conditions allow for a very high substrate concentration. The optimal mutagen dose for strain
C44 was irradiation for 50s with a 15W UV lamp from 30 cm away. The mutants were preliminary screened by
quantitative TLC, and 16 mutant strains were faced to second-screening by HPLC. As a result, a genetic stable
mutant strain UV-2-45 was obtained, which got a biotransformation rate of 3.9 times more than the original
strain Bacillus litoralis C44, and its mole yield reached as high as 91% from 3 g/L of rutin in glycine-sodium
hydroxide buffer (pH 9.0) at 45°C for 2 days.
Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against esc...Innspub Net
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.
Invitro Assessment of the Growth and Biomass Level of Chlorella in Textile an...ijtsrd
Chlorella has the capacity to sustain in both fresh water and wastewater. The present study deals with a comparison of the growth and yield of Chlorella in fresh water and textile and tannery wastewaters. The wastewaters used in the study were collected from textile and tannery dyeing units. The wastewater was diluted with tap water in different dilutions 60 , 70 and 80 . Higher dilution yields better biomass parallel to tap water. The result of present study confirms that Chlorella can sustain in almost all wastewaters but gives the maximum yield in textile wastewater. P. S. Subashini | Dr. P. Rajiv "Invitro Assessment of the Growth and Biomass Level of Chlorella in Textile and Tannery Wastewater" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20291.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/20291/invitro-assessment-of-the-growth-and-biomass-level-of-chlorella-in-textile-and-tannery-wastewater/p-s-subashini
Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Load of Alternanthe...Premier Publishers
The present study analyses the antimicrobial activity and the microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb growing in polluted and unpolluted site. The plants were collected and tested against various Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of aerial parts A. philoxeroides collected from polluted and unpolluted site that showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal organisms. The extracts were compared with standards like Amoxicillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity as measured from the zone of inhibition and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organisms tested. The microbial load is also enumerated in the cooked and cooked refrigerated samples from polluted and unpolluted site. In conclusion, plant extract of A. philoxeroides collected from polluted site showed less antimicrobial activity and higher antimicrobial activity in unpolluted site. The ethanol extract showed higher activity when compared to other extracts. The microbial load is higher in cooked refrigerated sample when compared to cooked sample.
Enhancing the Nutritive Values of Agrowastes for Animal Feed Production Using...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Detection of Slime-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms producing biofilm, implies a high cost for the food industry and represents a serious risk for the health of consumers. The antibacterial activity of organic extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii was evaluated against 4 Staphylococcus aureus slime-producing strains isolated from bakery foods and against S. aureus ATCC 35556 slime-producing strain and S. aureus ATCC 25923 non slime-producing strain. The plant extracts showed antibacterial effectiveness against all the strains of S. aureus tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 500 and 8000 µg/ml. M. echegarayii 30:70% AcOEt:HEX showed the best activity: five strains of S. aureus showed MIC of 1000 μg/ml and S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inhibited at doses of 500 μg/ml. The values of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts assayed were one or two times higher than corresponding MIC values. This study showed that extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii are promising for future natural therapy against slime-producing S. aureus. Plant extracts with activity against slime producing S. aureus strains could provide benefits for of food technology and public health.
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Generation time, D and Z - values of pseudomonas fluorescens under different ...IJAEMSJORNAL
The aim of this study is to observe and assess the performance of Psychrotrophic Gram-negative bacteria, namely Pseudomonas fluorescens, which pose a significant spoilage problem in food, under different temperature, water activity (aw) and pH conditions. Noting that at aw 0.6 and 0.75 irrespective of temperature or pH and at temperatures 600 and 1000C irrespective of water activity or pH no survival was recorded. The D-value (Decimal reduction time) at 40, 250, 370 and 420C differ significantly, with the one at 370C was significantly the highest and that at 420C was significantly the lowest. The optimum conditions were found to be at pH=6, aw=0.97 and temperature=370C showing the significantly lowest generation time (7.69 min). At pH=6, aw=0.97 and temperatures of 40 and 250C we have significantly different generation times of 46.75 and 10.9 min respectively. Concerning the z-value it was calculated at pH=4 (high acid food), pH=6 (low acid food) and pH=8 (alkaline food), at aw 0.82, 0.93 and 0.97 and from consequent D-values at temperatures 40, 250, 370 and 420C and was shown to be 25.31±3.68. Outside of the optimum conditions, Pseudomonas fluorescens died at different rates. Within all pH-values, D-values at 420C were significantly the lowest when compared to those at 40, 250 and 370C among the different aw-values. Thus changing only one factor, either storage temperature, pH or aw out of the optimum neighborhood will lead to the reduction of this bacteria, although at different rates.
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Development of a Bioactive Food Additive for Controlling of Fungal GrowthIJEAB
Fresh foods have a great importance in human nutrition. However, they are marketed with greatly reduced shelf life mainly due to fungal spoilage. In this work, cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Trichoderma asperellum T00 (TCWDE) were immobilized onto cashew gum polysaccharide (CGP) in order to evaluate the potential use of this material as food additive aiming to increase the shelf life by inhibiting fungal growth. Results from factorial design (32) evidenced that the best conditions for TCWDE immobilization was achieved with 20 min of reaction using 1 mmol L-1 of NaIO4. On these conditions it was observed 91% of retention yield for NAGase (30.1 ± 0.38 U mL-1), 41% for chitinase (0.67 ± 0.05 U mL-1), and 24% for β-1,3-glucanase (0.017± 0.001 U mL-1). CGP/TCWDE was effective for growth inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium sp. and the inhibition mechanism seems to involve changes in the cell wall of those microorganisms. Finally, the CGP/TCWDE presented high stability after drying, maintaining enzymatic and biological activity after 200 days of storage at room temperature (25 ºC).
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 preview
Inactivation of bacillus cereus spores in liquid food by combination treatments of heat and irradiation
1. Food Science and Quality Management
ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
Vol.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
Inactivation of Bacillus cereus spores in liquid food by
combination treatments of heat and irradiation
Salwa Abu El-Nour* , Ali Hammad
Microbiology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology
3 Ahmed El-Zommor St., Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
Email of the corresponding author: salwaaboulnour@yahoo.com
Abstract
Spores of Bacillus cereus, like other bacterial spores, are heat and radiation resistance causing problem in food
processing because of the high temperature or irradiation dose needed to inactivate them. In this work,
combination treatments of heat and irradiation were tested for their potential to reduce heat-resistance of B.
cereus spores in raw milk, carrot juice and water. DT and Z-values were used to characterize heat resistance of
these spores, whereas D10-values were used to characterize radiation resistance. The results obtained indicated
that D85-values ranged from 24.9 to 35.2 min, D90-values ranged from 7.6 to 11.6 min and D95-values ranged
from 2.4 to 4.7 min. The Z-values of B. cereus spores in the used media ranged from 9.81 to 11.24oC. The D10values ranged from 1.9 to 2.6 kGy. Pre-irradiation treatment at 4 kGy followed by heating reduced D90-values
2.8 to 3.4 times. The obtained findings indicated the effectiveness of irradiation at 4 kGy followed by heating in
a same process to ensure safety of raw milk or carrot juice contaminated with Bacillus cereus.
Key words: Bacillus cereus spores, heat resistance, radiation resistance.
1. Introduction
B. cereus is a sporeforming, Gram-positive, motile, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium associated
with food spoilage and food poisoning in humans. From the food safety point of view, B. cereus is considered
the most important among other bacterial species contaminating food because of its ability to form two types of
enterotoxins: thermostable emetic enterotoxin or a thermosensitive diarrheal enterotoxin (Goepfert et al. 1972
and Schneider et al. 2004). Farinaceous foods are the most common vehicles of the emetic type endotoxin
whereas the diarrheal type is associated with meat, soups, sauces, vegetables and milk products (Kramer and
Gilbert, 1989). B. cereus has been isolated from fresh vegetables and refrigerated-minimally processed foods
(Valero et al. 2002), raw and cooked rice (Sarrias et al. 2003), spices (Choo et al. 2007), fresh and heat treatment
milk (Bartoszewicz et al. 2008) and seafood (Rahmati and Labbé, 2008). B. cereus form endospores which are
resistance to inactivation agents such as heating, desiccation, UV, γ-radiation, high pressure and oxidizing agents
(Van German et al. 1999 and Seltow, 2006).
Heat treatment is commonly used to inactivate both spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in liquid food in
order to improve food safety and extend shelf-life. Spores produced by various Bacillus species including B.
cereus (a causative agent of food poisoning) are heat resistance (Setlow, 2006 and Uemura et al. 2010). There
are many factors affecting the heat resistance of bacteria to food preservation, among of which are the type of
bacteria and its strains, sporulation conditions and the nature of suspending media (Farkas, 1990 and Mazas et al.
2007).
Irradiation of food using ionizing radiation (γ and x-rays or electron beam) is used to inactivate both spoilage
and pathogenic microorganisms and to guarantee the hygienic quality of several foodstuffs (Diehl, 1990). This
technology has been approved as a safe and alternative preservation technique by Codex Alimentarius
Commission (1992), WHO (1994), and International Atomic Energy Agency (2006). Microorganisms differ
greatly in their resistance to ionizing radiation. Vegetative cells of bacteria are sensitive to ionizing radiation;
with D10-value usually lower than 1 kGy (D10-value is the radiation dose, usually expressed in kGy, necessary to
reduce the bacterial counts one log cycle). Bacterial spores are found to be more resistant than yeasts, molds and
vegetative cell of bacteria, their D10-values usually in the range of 1-4 kGy (VanGermen et al., 1999).
Microorganisms highly resistant to heat or ionizing radiation cause big problem in food processing because of
the sever treatment required to eliminate them. Such severe treatment may adversely affect the quality of the
processed food as a result of the induced changes in organoleptic characteristics and loss of nutrients (Valero et
al., 2006). Therefore, less severe heat or irradiation treatments, i.e. combination treatment of heat and irradiation
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ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
Vol.19, 2013
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during food processing is preferable. A pre-irradiation treatment followed by heating has been found to have a
synergistic effect on the destruction of bacterial spores (Farkas, 1990). Therefore, the heat resistance of
microorganisms can be reduced by medium doses of ionizing radiation (Gombas and Gomez, 1978 and De-Lara
et al., 2002). Since the degradation of food sensory quality by ionizing radiation and by thermal treatments are
dose and temperature dependent, it suggests that reduction of the radiation dose and thermal temperature would
result directly in improving sensory properties of the treated food.
The main objectives of the present work are to investigate the heat resistance of B.cereus spores in raw milk,
fresh carrot juice and water. The radiation resistance of these spores in the above suspending media was also
investigated. Sensitization of B.cereus spores to heat by gamma radiation and vice versa were also investigated
in order to identify the optimum time, temperature and irradiation dose necessary to inactivate B.cereus spores in
liquid food.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Bacterial culture
B.cereus used in this experiment was isolated from fresh-cut carrots on polymyxin-manitol-egg yolk phenol red
agar (PMYPA) medium at Food Microbiology Lab, Microbiology Department, National Centre for Radiation
Research and Technology, Egyption Atomic Energy Authority. The isolated B.cereus was identified by
conventional methods which include Gram-staining, shape and position of endospores and biochemical testing
according to the description of Cowan and Steel (1974), Parry et al., (1983) and Bergey's Manual of Systemic
Bacteriology (Holt et al., 1993) . The identified B.cereus was confirmed by the PCR amplification method of
16S rRNA method and the 16S rRNA was deposited in the Gene bank database under accessions (AB 599718.1).
2.2. Spore preparation
Stock culture of B. cereus on TSA slant was inoculated in 125-ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 50ml of nutrient
broth (NB) using inoculated loopfull and incubated overnight at 30oC to achieve the stationary phase. 0.2 ml of
this culture were spread into the surface of Fortified nutrient Agar (5 plates were used) and incubated at 30oC for
5 days. The produced spores were harvested by flooding the FNA plate with 10 ml sterile distilled water and
scratching the surface with a glass spatula. After harvesting, spores were washed four times with saline solution
(0.85% W/V) by centrifugation at 10 000 rpm for 20 min. The resultant pellet was re-suspended in sterile
distilled water. Spore suspension was heat treated in a water bath at 80oC for 10 min to kill remaining vegetative
cells. The concentration of spore suspension was estimated by spread –plating 0.1 ml portions on plates of PCA
which were incubated at 30oC for 24 h. The spore suspension was adjusted to concentration 107–108 cfu/ml and
maintained 4oC until use (De-Lara et al., 2002).
2.3. Heat treatments
Experiments were conducted by adding 0.5 ml of spore suspension to 4.5 ml of radiation sterilization (20 kGy)
raw milk, fresh carrot juice and water in 10 ml screw- capped test tubes. The tubes were completely submerged
in a water bath at 85, 90 and 95 °C constant temperature for various times. The temperature of the water bath and
inoculated tubes were monitored with a digital thermometer. After 5, 10, 20 and 30 min, a single tube was
removed, cooled in ice-water bath. The spores survivor counts were enumerated by serial dilution and plating in
duplicates on PCA. The inoculated plates were incubated at 30 °C for 24-48 h. All heat treatments were
performed in triplicate.
2.4. Calcuation of DT- and Z values
The Thermal-decimal reduction time/ (DT- values) which is defined as the time in minutes at temperature needed
to reduce the spores population by 10-fold, were calculating from the slope of the regression line obtained with
the values of the heat survival curves. The survival curves were obtained by plotting the log10 numbers of
surviving spores against heating time (min) at each temperature. Z-value (oC) (the increase in temperature
required to reduce the decimal reduction time by 10-fold or by 90%) were determined by plotting log DT value
means against the corresponding temperature.
2.5. Irradiation treatments
For irradiation treatment, 0.5 ml of the spore suspension was added to 4.5 ml of radiation sterilization (20 kGy)
raw milk, fresh carrot juice and water in the 10 ml – screw capped test tubes. The tubes were exposed to gamma
radiation doses of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10 kGy. The spores' survivor counts were enumerated by serially
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dilution and plating in duplicates on PCA using pour plating technique. The inoculated plates were incubated at
30°C for 24-48 h. Three replicate were used in each dose.
2.6. Calculation of D10-values
Radiation decimal reduction doses (D10- values) were calculated from the regression line obtained with the
values of the radiation survival curves which are obtained by plotting the log survivor curves vs. the
corresponding dose of irradiation.
Irradiation processes were performed using Nordion International Gamma Cell 220, located at the National
Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. The dose rate of this source was 3.08
kGy/h at the time of irradiation and irradiation treatments were achieved at room temperature. Irradiation
dosimetry was carried out by putting reference alanine dosimeters traceable to National Physical Laboratory
(NPL), UK.
2.7. Determination of heat resistance before and after irradiation
B. cereus spores were suspended in radiation (20 kGy) sterilized raw milk, fresh carrot juice and saline solution,
in screw-capped test tubes, then heated at 90°C for 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes before and after irradiation at 4
kGy. Determination of viable counts and construction of thermal survival curves have been carried out as
previously mentioned. All experiments were performed in triplicate and values were recorded as the mean of the
three replicate.
3. Results
3.1. Heat resistance of B. cereus spores
Heat resistance of bacterial spores measured by the so-called thermal decimal reduction time (DT-value). Figures
(1, 2, 3) show thermal survival curves at 85, 90, and 95oC of B. cereus spores suspended in raw milk, fresh carrot
juice and water.
9
8
R² = 0.938
y = -0.028x + 8.169
7
Log count (cfu/ml)
6
y = -0.085x + 8.136
R² = 0.997
5
4
3
2
y = -0.212x + 8.125
R² = 0.999
1
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Heating time (min)
Fig (1): Thermal survival curves of B. cereus spores suspended in raw milk, heated
at 85 (●), 90 (■) and 95 oC (▲).
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4. Food Science and Quality Management
ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
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9
8
R² = 0.9916
7
y = -0.0322x + 8.1991
6
y = -0.0888x + 8.2543
R² = 0.9941
Log count (cfu/ml)
5
4
3
2
R² = 0.998
y = -0.288x + 8.32
1
0
-1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Heating time (min)
Fig (2): Thermal survival curves of B. cereus spores suspended in carrot juice,
heated at 85 (●), 90 (■) and 95 oC (▲).
9
8
R² = 0.967
7
y = -0.040x + 8.042
Log count (cfu/ml)
6
5
R² = 0.997
4
y = -0.131x + 7.945
3
2
R² = 0.997
y = -0.42x + 8.066
1
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Heating time (min)
Fig (3): Thermal survival curves of B. cereus spores suspended in water, heated
at 85 (●), 90 (■) and 95oC (▲).
It is clear from these curves that D10-values of B. cereus spores under investigation ranged from 24.9 to 35.2 min
at 85 oC, calculated D-values at 90oC ranged from 7.6 to 11.6 min and at 95oC ranged from 2.4 to 4.7 min
depending on the type of heating medium. It is obvious that B. cereus had low heat resistance in water than raw
milk and fresh carrot juice.
Z-values which characterized and quantified spores heat resistance suspended in different media were
determined and shown in Fig (4). Z-values ranged from 9.81 to 11.24oC.
34
5. Log DT -values
Food Science and Quality Management
ISSN 2224-6088 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0557 (Online)
Vol.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
y = -0.087x + 8.970
R² = 0.997
y = -0.094x + 9.570
R² = 0.998
y = -0.101x + 10.05
R² = 1
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
Tempreature (OC)
Fig (4): Z-values (oC) for B. cereus spores suspended in raw milk (●), fresh carrot
juice (■) and water (▲).
3.2. Radiation resistance of B. cereus spores
Radiation resistance of bacterial spores measured by the so-called radiation decimal reduction dose (D10-value).
B. cereus spores suspended in raw milk, fresh carrot juice and water were exposed to incremental gamma
radiation doses (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy) to determine their radiation resistance. Fig (5) shows mean log
survivors spores counts (cfu ml-1) at different doses. Generally, there was a progressive decrease in survival
counts as irradiation dose increased. The calculated D10-values of B. cereus spores in raw milk, fresh carrots
juice and water were 2.6, 2.4 and 1.9 kGy, respectively.
9
8
7
y = -0.385x + 8.395
R² = 0.998
Log count (cfu/ml)
6
5
4
y = -0.415x + 8.195
R² = 0.986
y = -0.535x + 8.195
R² = 0.996
3
2
1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Radiation dose (kGy)
Fig (5): Radiation-dose response curves of B. cereus spores inoculated into raw milk
(●), fresh carrot juice (■) and water (▲).
3.3. Heat resistance of B. cereus spores before and after irradiation
In this experiment, B. cereus spores suspended in raw milk, fresh carrot juice and water were tested for their heat
resistance before and after irradiation to know what effect the reverse treatment. Figures (6, 7, and 8) illustrate
the thermal survival curves of B. cereus spores suspended in the above media and heated at 90oC before and after
irradiation at 4 kGy.
The calculated D90-values of B. cereus suspended in raw milk decreased from 11.6 to 5.7 and 4.1 min when heat
treatment achieved before and after irradiation, respectively. D90-valules of B. cereus spores suspended in carrot
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juice reduced from 11.3 to 5.4 and 3.8 min when heat treatment achieved before and after irradiation
respectively. In water, the D90-values reduced from 7.6 to 3.8 and 2.2 min.
7
Log Survivors count (cfu/ml)
6
5
4
y = -0.175x + 6.886
3
R² = 0.997
2
y = -0.241x + 6.74
1
R² = 0.994
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Heating time (min)
Fig. (6): Thermal survival curves of Bacillus cereus spores suspended in raw
milk: heated at 90oC before (●), and after irradiation (▲) at 4 kGy.
7
Log Survivors count (cfu/ml)
6
5
4
3
y = -0.182x + 6.091
R² = 0.974
2
1
y = -0.265x + 6.32
R² = 0.997
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Heating time (min)
Fig. (7): Thermal survival curves of Bacillus cereus spores suspended in fresh
carrot juice: heated at 90oC before (●), and after irradiation (▲) at 4
kGy.
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7
Log Survivors count (cfu/ml)
6
5
4
3
y = -0.242x + 6.02
R² = 0.995
2
y = -0.45x + 5.916
1
R² = 0.995
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Heating time (min)
Fig. (8): Thermal survival curves of Bacillus Cereus spores suspended in water:
heated at 90oC before (●), and after irradiation (▲) at 4 kGy.
4. Discussion
Spores of B. cereus are heat and radiation resistance, causing a big problem in food processing because of the
high temperature or irradiation dose needed to inactivate them. In this work, the heat and radiation resistance of
B. cereus spores in raw milk, carrot juice and water were investigated. Combination of heat and irradiation as
reverse treatments was also studied to reduce the temperature or heating time required in liquid food processing
for inactivation of these spores. D85-values of B. cereus spores under investigation ranged from 24.9 to 35.2 min,
D90-values ranged from 7.6 to 11.6 min, whereas D95-values ranged from 2.4 to 4.7 min depending on the type of
suspending medium. The resistance of these spores was greater in raw milk than in the carrot juice or water.
Heating at 95oC showed higher spore destruction than at 85oC or 90oC. The mechanism involved in the heat
destruction of the bacterial spores towards to the most sensitive targets which likely seem to be core enzymes
(Palop et al., 1998) or spore membranes (Setlow, 1995), since spores DNA is very well protected by its
combination with small acid soluble proteins (SASP).
The DT-values of B. cereus spores obtained here in our investigation fell within those previous reported in the
literature. Johnson et al., (1982) examined spores of eight strains of B. cereus representing diarrheal, emetic and
toxigenic strains. They found that D85-values in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7) ranged from 32.1 to 106 min,
D95-values ranged from 1.2 to 20.2 min. El-Fouly et al., (1989) found that D90-value for B. cereus spores in
phosphate buffer (pH 8) was 17.8 min. Dufrenne et al., (1994) published D90-values from 4.6 to 14 min for B.
cereus strains isolated from different sources. Valero et al., (2002) examined thirty-two strains of B. cereus
isolated from different kinds of fresh vegetables and refrigerated minimally processed foods for their spores heat
resistance. They found that D90-values in sterilized water ranged from 1.4 to 21.2 min. Sarrias et al., (2002)
tested spores of eight B. cereus strains isolated from Spanish rice and found D-values at 90oC in the range of
2.23 to 23.26 min, the calculated D95-values ranged from 0.69 to 5.17 min. and D100-values were in the range of
0.43 to 1.09 min. Montville et al., (2005) examined spores of three B. cereus strains (ATCC 9818, ATCC 4342
AND ATCC 7004) for their heat resistance. They found D90-values in buffer (pH 4 and 7), milk and orange juice
in the range of 0.74 to 22 min according to the strains and type of suspending medium. Aguirre et al., (2012)
found D94-values of B. cereus spores suspended in whole milk, saline solution and tryptone soya broth (TSB) to
be 9.26, 8.64 and 8.49 min, respectively.
It is obvious from the DT-values obtained in this work and from the published data in the literature that there was
a wide range in spores heat resistance among B. cereus strains and our data fell within the published range. In
this concern, Mazas et al., (2007) reported that the properties of B. cereus spores thermal resistance are
influenced by strain, sporulation conditions and heating medium.
Z-values on the basis of the DT-values data obtained in our investigation, varied from 9.18 to 11.24oC. These
data are similar to that obtained by Montville et al., (2005), who found Z-values for spores of eight strains of B.
cereus, B. thuringinesis, B. mycoid and B. subtilis in pH 4.5 and milk averaged 10.5oC, whereas in pH 7.0 and
orange juice were significantly higher and averaged 12.9 and 13.9oC, respectively. Johnson et al., (1982) found
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8. Food Science and Quality Management
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Z-values in the range of 6.8 to 13.9 for spores of eight strain of B. cereus. Meanwhile Z-values obtained here in
our investigation were higher than those reported by Sarrias et al., (2002) who found Z-values for spores of eight
B. cereus strains in the range of 7.4oC to 8.2oC, with an average 7.7oC.
Radiation-decimal reduction doses (D10-values) are used to characterize radiation resistance of B. cereus spores
suspended in raw milk, carrot juice and water. It was found that B. cereus spores were higher resistance to
gamma radiation in raw milk than in carrot juice or water indicating protective effect of the raw milk on the
spores. This is true and could be attributed to that raw milk may contain certain compounds such as protein and
fat which act as quencher or scavengers of the free radicals formed upon radiolysis of water in milk, leaving
fewer ions to react with the spores thereby reducing the net effect of radiation damage (Urbain, 1986).
The mechanisms of inactivation viable microbial cells or spores by ionizing radiation include both direct and
indirect action. Direct action involves absorption of photon energy by a target molecule in the cells (e.g. DNA)
leading to damaged to that target. Indirect action resulted from absorption of photon energy by a nearby
molecule (e.g. water) leading to the formation of highly reactive free radicals (Ho, OHo, é) which in turn react
with target molecule in the cells causing its damage (Thompson and Blachely, 2000).
The obtained D10-values (1.9 - 2.6) in this work fell within the range previously reported by various
investigators. Thayer and Boyde (1994) found D10-values of approximately 2 kGy for spores of different strains
of B. cereus gamma irradiated in several food products. Monk et al., (1995) revised D10-values of several
foodborne microorganisms, including B. cereus spores and vegetative cells, and found D10-values between 1.25
and 4.0 kGy when B. cereus spores were irradiated in different media. Also, Van German et al., (1999) reported
that the typical D10-values for bacterial spores exposed to ionizing radiation coming from radionuclides were in
the range of 1 ~ 4 kGy. De-Lara et al., (2002) found higher D10-values of spores of two strains of B. cereus being
3.0 and 3.8 kGy. Sarrias et al., (2003) calculated D10-values for spores of eight B. cereus strains suspended in
distilled water. They observed diversity in radiation resistance among strains with average D10-values ranged
from 2.07 to 2.68 kGy. Valero et al., (2006) found that the D10-values for spores of two B. cereus strains
suspended in sterilized water ranged between 2.48 and 2.75 kGy with an average of 2.62 kGy which is higher
than the obtained D10-value in our investigation. Ayari et al., (2012) studied radiation resistance of B. cereus
spores in sterile saline solution and in minced meat. They found that the D10-values in saline was 1.75 kGy
whereas in minced meat was about 3.7 kGy. B. cereus spores in our investigation showed radiation resistance
values corroborate the previous findings.
Figures (6,7,8) show that heating before irradiation reduced D90-values of B. cereus spores suspended in raw
milk, fresh carrot juice and water by two times. Whereas, pre-irradiation treatment at 4 kGy followed by heating
reduced D90-values by 2.8, 3.0 and 3.4 times, respectively. This indicates that combination treatment of heat and
irradiation greatly reduced the heat resistance of B. cereus spores. A pre-irradiation treatment had more
synergistic effect on the destruction of B. cereus spores than pre-heating treatment. The synergistic effect of
heating and irradiation would be easily explained, since their targets are different, and these exclude the
possibility of cross-resistance (De-Lara et al., 2002). Stegeman (1977) suggested that the sensitizing mechanism
of pre-irradiation induced chain breaks in the peptidoglycan polymer and reduced the ability of spores to
maintain the hydrated state of the cortex.
The pre-irradiation induced heat-sensitivity of B. cereus spores has been reported by other investigators. ElFouly et al., (1989) found that heating (90oC for 30 min) before irradiation (6 kGy) reduced spore counts of B.
cereus by 4.25 log cycles, whereas heating after irradiation reduced the counts by 7.82 log cycles. De-Lara et al.,
(2002) found that radiation had an important heat-sensitizing effect on bacterial spores. After 3.3 kGy treatment
DT-values were reduced more than three times for both B. cereus and B. subtilis spores suspended in double
distilled water. Valero et al., (2006) investigated the effect of electron beam irradiation on spore heat resistance
of two B. cereus strains. They found that after irradiation doses of 1.3, 3.1 or 5.7 kGy followed by heating at
90oC calculated D90-values were reduced more than 1.3, 2.4 and 4.6 times.
It could be concluded that pre-irradiation treatment followed by heating was more effective in reducing heat
resistance of B. cereus spores suspended in different media. These combination treatments can be used to ensure
safety of raw milk and carrot juice contaminating with heat resistant B. cereus spores without impairing product
quality. 4 kGy irradiation dose used here in our investigations will not enough for inactivating bacterial spores in
foodstuffs, but it sensitize spores to heat treatment applied in food processing.
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