45 slides I have made which consists of three important learning theories; Classical Conditioning Theory, Operant Conditioning Theory and Observant Conditioning Theory and empirical studies of each.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
45 slides I have made which consists of three important learning theories; Classical Conditioning Theory, Operant Conditioning Theory and Observant Conditioning Theory and empirical studies of each.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. What is behaviorism all
about?
• Behavioral psychology is the study of
external behavior
• Behavior is objective and observable,
where as what goes on in one’s mind
can never really be known or measured
(the mind is a “black box”)
• Behavior is the response of an
organism to stimuli
3. History of Behaviorism
• Pavlov (1927),
a Russian
physiologist
discovered
classical
conditioning in
dogs.
4. “Give me a dozen healthy
infants, well-formed, and
my own special world to
bring them up in and I’ll
guarantee to take any
one at random and train
him to be any type of
specialist I might select
– a doctor, a lawyer,
artist…”
-Watson 1924
5. Classical Conditioning
• Explains some learning of involuntary
emotional and physiological responses.
– Dog drooling when it smells food and later when it
hears a bell
• It’s important for us as teachers to understand
since school is often the cause of unintentional
learning through classical conditioning,
especially anxiety.
– Test anxiety conditions us to have general school
anxiety
6. Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
Before Conditioning
Unconditioned
Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Neutral Stimulus No Response
7. Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
During Conditioning
Unconditioned
Stimulus
Neutral
Stimulus
Unconditioned
Response
8. Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
After Conditioning
Conditioned
Stimulus
Conditioned
Response
9.
10. Examples of Classical
Conditioning
• Kids who often get strep throat, after much
swabbing of their throat, begin to gag as soon as
they see the doctor with the swab.
• Hearing a teacher, roommate, boyfriend/girlfriend
say to you, “We need to talk”. Upon hearing this
phrase your stomach “flutters”.
• The point is, we learn to associate a stimulus
with a response, and eventually our body does
this automatically in the presence of the stimulus.
Our response is involuntary.
11. Classical Conditioning …..
• Classical conditioning can face “extinction”,
where the learning is undone.
– This can happen naturally (the dog stops getting
meat when music is played)
– Or can happen through some type of therapy in
the case of severe anxiety reactions
• Ex: people who are afraid to fly….
• Remember: Classical conditioning is more
than forming an association – it is an
involuntary, physiological response
12. Classical Conditioning in
the Classroom
• Playing soothing music, dimming the
lights to calm and relax students
• Unintentional classical conditioning:
– Test anxiety
– Math anxiety
– Public speaking anxiety
– General school anxiety
13. B.F. Skinner (1904 –1990)
• American psychologist - influential from the 1930’s -
60’s – developed operant conditioning
• Skinner was interested in education
– He believed that behavior is sustained by
reinforcements or rewards, not by free will.
• Famous for the skinner box & the teaching machine
• Often worked with pigeons
& rats and applied what he learned
with these animals to human learning
14. Operant Conditioning
(Skinner)
• This involves conditioning voluntary,
controllable behaviors, not the automatic
physiological responses in Classical
Conditioning
• With Operant Conditioning the Response
comes before the Stimulus (the opposite of
CC)
R S
15. Operant Conditioning
• Teachers can deliberately use operant
conditioning with their students (training)
• How someone reacts to our behaviors
determines whether or not we continue
the behavior
– if we are rewarded for something we will
likely do it again - do you do this as a
teacher?
17. Consequences for Behaviors
• Positive Reinforcement – You behave in a certain
way that results in a reward, and as a result, you are
more likely to repeat that behavior
• Negative Reinforcement – You behave in a certain
way that results in the removal of something
unpleasant, and as a result you are more likely to
repeat that behavior (ex: doing a paper early)
– In both cases, something happened that you saw as
“good” and as a result, you exhibited the behavior more.
18. Consequences for Behaviors
• Punishment – A consequence that follows a
behavior so that you do the behavior less
often in the future.
– Punishment can involve adding something
(paying a fine, staying after school) or involve
removing something you like (losing recess
time, leaving your friends)
– In both cases, adding something or removing
something, you perceive it as “bad” and as a
result, you exhibit the behavior less.
19. Differences Between Negative
Reinforcement & Punishment
• Negative reinforcement: Something
unpleasant is removed & as a result you are
more likely to do it again
– Something happened that was “good”
• Punishment: A consequence happens that
you don’t like and you are less likely to do it
again. The punishment can add something
or take something away.
– Something happened that was “bad”
20. Shaping New Behaviors
• Shaping is a process of reinforcing a series of
responses that increasingly resemble the
desired final behavior
• When a desired behavior occurs rarely or not
at all, we use shaping
– First reinforce any response that in some way
resembles the desired behavior, then one that is
closer etc.
– Think of animal training or the hyper kid who
can’t sit in his chair in class – do things in small
steps
21. Critiques of Behaviorism
• External rewards may diminish intrinsic motivation
–Studies where participants work on an interesting task
(ex: puzzles) - experimental group is given a reward
when finished while the control group is not.
– After initial period, during a non-rewarded time
participants are given a choice between continuing to
work on the task or switching to another activity. Typical
result is that participants in the experimental group spend
less time on the activity than the control group. This is
taken as indicating that reward reduces intrinsic
motivation. Pizza Hut used to give away free pizza to kids
who read a certain number of pages. This practice was
discontinued as it actually eroded students intrinsic
motivation to read!
22. More Critiques …
• Behaviorism doesn’t account for anything
that isn’t an observable behavior
– There has to be more going on than what is
observable - doesn’t there?
• Behaviorism only accounts for learning
through direct experience with the
environment (not observational learning)
23. Check yourself…
• Can you come up with classroom examples
of:
– Classical Conditioning (use all the right
labels)
– Operant Conditioning (again, use all the
right labels)
– Positive and Negative Reinforcement
– Punishment