The document discusses underground lending businesses operated by informal money lenders in Batasan Hills, Quezon City. It provides background on formal and informal financial institutions in the Philippines. Informal lenders, including Filipino and Indian money lenders, provide loans primarily to small businesses and entrepreneurs through daily payment collection. The study aims to understand the problems encountered by both lenders and borrowers in these underground lending operations, and to recommend solutions. It will examine the demographic profiles of lenders and borrowers, and how respondents rate issues like preferences in lending, difficulty in repayment or loan renewal, and convenience.
Receivable management or accounts receivable managementMohammed Jasir PV
This document discusses receivables (accounts receivable) management. It defines receivables as amounts owed to a firm for goods or services sold. Maintaining the right level of receivables is important to meet competition and increase sales and profits, but it also incurs costs like financing, administration, collection, and bad debts. The document outlines factors that influence the size of receivables like credit terms, collection efforts, and customer habits. It describes the key aspects of receivables management including forming credit policies, executing those policies, and formulating and executing collection policies.
CASE STUDY ON GROWING SAGA OF E – COMMERCE GIANT SNAPDEAL IN INDIA WITH SPECI...VARUN KESAVAN
India has an internet user base of about 243.2 million as of January 2014.[1][2] Despite being third largest user base in world, the penetration of Internet is low compared to markets like the United States, United Kingdom or France but is growing much faster, adding around 6 million new entrants every month.[3] The industry consensus is that growth is at an inflection point.[4]
In India, cash on delivery is the most preferred payment method, accumulating 75% of the e-retail activities.[5] Demand for international consumer products (including long-tail items) is growing much faster than in-country supply from authorised distributors and e-commerce offerings.
As of Q1 2015, seven Indian e-commerce companies have managed to achieve billion-dollar valuation. Namely, Flipkart, Snapdeal, InMobi, PosterGuy,[6] Quikr,OlaCabs, and Paytm (wing of, One97).[7]
This document discusses key concepts related to investing, including:
- The differences between saving (short-term goals) and investing (long-term goals)
- The impact of time on the value of money through compound interest and inflation
- Common investment options like stocks, bonds, and mutual funds that provide different balances of risk and reward
- Strategies for successful investing like diversification and dollar cost averaging to reduce risk over time
Examine the components of investment management with our content ready Portfolio Analysis PowerPoint Presentation Slides. The topic-specific investment strategies PowerPoint complete deck has various content ready PPT slides such as introduction to investments, objectives of portfolio management, types of investment, market scenario overview investment instruments, securities portfolio, analysis and valuation of equity securities, industry analysis PESTEL, SWOT analysis, discounted cash flow method, financial statement analysis, company cash flow statement, investment in special situations, fixed income and leveraged securities, bond valuation system, reinvestment risk table, type of convertible securities, options analysis, warrants summarization overview, derivative products, put and call options, stock index futures and options, stock indexes comparison table, broaden the investment perspective, international security market highlights, global market trends, mutual funds investment criteria overview, investment in real estate, diversified real estate classification, KPIs and dashboards, etc. Download this visually appealing easy to use financial management PPT slide to showcase factors of investing. Bedeck your ideas with our Portfolio Analysis PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Your audience will get glued onto them.
Ayekart is an integrated supply chain platform that aims to organize and empower traditional businesses in the food and agriculture sector through technology, finance, and services. It provides a digital platform for businesses across the supply chain from farmers to processors to distributors and retailers. The platform facilitates business-to-business transactions, working capital financing, and logistics. Ayekart has partnerships with various financial institutions and has achieved over 300 crores in gross transaction value. It aims to further scale operations through new entities focused on specific areas of the supply chain.
Financial analysis provides stakeholders with an external view of a company's financial health and outlook based on its financial reports and statements. Key financial issues are highlighted and potential risks and benefits identified. Ratio and trend analysis against industry standards can reveal strengths or weaknesses that may impact profitability or require management attention. The results of financial analysis may indicate areas for further operational or strategic analysis and improve a company's financial efficiency.
Financial modeling is a necessary tool that allows companies to forecast their future financial performance. It is based on making assumptions about key factors like revenues, costs, growth rates, and debt levels. These assumptions are then integrated into financial statements like income statements and cash flows to analyze how changes might impact the company. Financial models are useful for planning, financing needs, analyzing major changes, and new ventures. Experts can create customized models for any industry that clients can interact with to test different scenarios and assumptions.
Receivable management or accounts receivable managementMohammed Jasir PV
This document discusses receivables (accounts receivable) management. It defines receivables as amounts owed to a firm for goods or services sold. Maintaining the right level of receivables is important to meet competition and increase sales and profits, but it also incurs costs like financing, administration, collection, and bad debts. The document outlines factors that influence the size of receivables like credit terms, collection efforts, and customer habits. It describes the key aspects of receivables management including forming credit policies, executing those policies, and formulating and executing collection policies.
CASE STUDY ON GROWING SAGA OF E – COMMERCE GIANT SNAPDEAL IN INDIA WITH SPECI...VARUN KESAVAN
India has an internet user base of about 243.2 million as of January 2014.[1][2] Despite being third largest user base in world, the penetration of Internet is low compared to markets like the United States, United Kingdom or France but is growing much faster, adding around 6 million new entrants every month.[3] The industry consensus is that growth is at an inflection point.[4]
In India, cash on delivery is the most preferred payment method, accumulating 75% of the e-retail activities.[5] Demand for international consumer products (including long-tail items) is growing much faster than in-country supply from authorised distributors and e-commerce offerings.
As of Q1 2015, seven Indian e-commerce companies have managed to achieve billion-dollar valuation. Namely, Flipkart, Snapdeal, InMobi, PosterGuy,[6] Quikr,OlaCabs, and Paytm (wing of, One97).[7]
This document discusses key concepts related to investing, including:
- The differences between saving (short-term goals) and investing (long-term goals)
- The impact of time on the value of money through compound interest and inflation
- Common investment options like stocks, bonds, and mutual funds that provide different balances of risk and reward
- Strategies for successful investing like diversification and dollar cost averaging to reduce risk over time
Examine the components of investment management with our content ready Portfolio Analysis PowerPoint Presentation Slides. The topic-specific investment strategies PowerPoint complete deck has various content ready PPT slides such as introduction to investments, objectives of portfolio management, types of investment, market scenario overview investment instruments, securities portfolio, analysis and valuation of equity securities, industry analysis PESTEL, SWOT analysis, discounted cash flow method, financial statement analysis, company cash flow statement, investment in special situations, fixed income and leveraged securities, bond valuation system, reinvestment risk table, type of convertible securities, options analysis, warrants summarization overview, derivative products, put and call options, stock index futures and options, stock indexes comparison table, broaden the investment perspective, international security market highlights, global market trends, mutual funds investment criteria overview, investment in real estate, diversified real estate classification, KPIs and dashboards, etc. Download this visually appealing easy to use financial management PPT slide to showcase factors of investing. Bedeck your ideas with our Portfolio Analysis PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Your audience will get glued onto them.
Ayekart is an integrated supply chain platform that aims to organize and empower traditional businesses in the food and agriculture sector through technology, finance, and services. It provides a digital platform for businesses across the supply chain from farmers to processors to distributors and retailers. The platform facilitates business-to-business transactions, working capital financing, and logistics. Ayekart has partnerships with various financial institutions and has achieved over 300 crores in gross transaction value. It aims to further scale operations through new entities focused on specific areas of the supply chain.
Financial analysis provides stakeholders with an external view of a company's financial health and outlook based on its financial reports and statements. Key financial issues are highlighted and potential risks and benefits identified. Ratio and trend analysis against industry standards can reveal strengths or weaknesses that may impact profitability or require management attention. The results of financial analysis may indicate areas for further operational or strategic analysis and improve a company's financial efficiency.
Financial modeling is a necessary tool that allows companies to forecast their future financial performance. It is based on making assumptions about key factors like revenues, costs, growth rates, and debt levels. These assumptions are then integrated into financial statements like income statements and cash flows to analyze how changes might impact the company. Financial models are useful for planning, financing needs, analyzing major changes, and new ventures. Experts can create customized models for any industry that clients can interact with to test different scenarios and assumptions.
Real Estate Investment Analysis PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Are you looking for a real estate investment analysis PowerPoint presentation to share your amazing business plan for real estate? No problem! To help you out here we are presenting a readymade slide presentation to highlight the factors to consider when investing in real estate. Furthermore, before launching your next property business plan using presentation templates included in this PPT example you can illustrate real estate location analysis. This PowerPoint slide deck also supports to underline significant features of a business plan financials so as to convince potential purchasers to go for the deal. Going further, this sample of PPT presentation assists property investment companies to introduce themselves as well as to unveil curtain over their services. To make our PPT model more precise we have included exclusive presentation slides like real estate – market size, real estate market activity, real estate trends, real estate – sales growth, real estate rents and many more. In short, with our pre designed property investment analysis PowerPoint show you are one step closure in turning your analysis into an amazing visual communication. Influence their impressions with our Real Estate Investment Analysis PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Get folks feeling good about the days to come.
The document describes SmartMenu, a personalized ordering software for restaurants. It provides customized meal suggestions for customers based on their personal health goals, preferences, allergies and other factors. SmartMenu has spoken to over 180 customers to understand their needs and selected fast casual restaurants as their initial market focus. Their business model involves licensing fees and transaction commissions paid by restaurants to SmartMenu.
A presentation on The Art of Pitching by Kashyap Pandya - Founder & Director of Syncoro Ventures Pvt Ltd. The presentation covers the key points to be included in your pitch deck while presenting it to the prospective investors.
Current liabilities management involves spontaneous sources of financing like trade credit and accrued expenses. Trade credit is automatically obtained when purchasing goods on credit from suppliers and is more readily available than other short-term credit. Stretching payments beyond the credit period can eventually damage supplier relationships. Accrued expenses represent liabilities for services provided but not yet paid, like accrued wages and taxes. Deferred income involves advance payments or deposits from customers for future deliveries.
This document discusses sources of funds for businesses. It describes internal sources like retained earnings and depreciation, as well as external sources like share capital, loan capital, overdrafts, leasing, and trade credit. Long-term sources include share capital in the form of ordinary, preference, and deferred shares, as well as debt like debentures and mortgages. Short-term sources are those under one year, such as overdrafts, credit cards, and trade credit. The choice of funds depends on costs, use, business size and status, financial situation, and gearing level.
Financial Analysis and Types of Financial AnalysisNEETHU S JAYAN
The document discusses financial analysis, which involves critically examining financial statements to understand a firm's financial position and performance. Financial analysis identifies strengths and weaknesses by establishing relationships between balance sheet and income statement items. It has several objectives, including providing reliable financial information to assess a firm's profitability, financial position, and ability to meet obligations. Financial analysis can be conducted internally or externally and has various types depending on the materials used, methodology, entities involved, and time horizon considered. Its limitations include potential to mislead users or make wrong judgments if not done properly.
This document discusses various ways that businesses can improve their cash flow to avoid or address cash flow problems. It identifies key causes of cash flow issues such as low profits, too much inventory, allowing too much customer credit, and overtrading. It then provides recommendations for improving cash flow through better cash flow forecasting, managing accounts receivable and payable more effectively, using different sources of financing, and reducing inventory levels.
The document discusses key accounting principles including the four main financial statements, the basic accounting equation, and different types of accounts. It also covers topics like accrual versus cash accounting, depreciation, financial analysis methods, and financial ratios used to evaluate business performance and health. The document is intended to provide an overview of basic accounting concepts.
Introduction to Accounting and Business
Accounting, 21st Edition
Warren Reeve Fess
Materi Matrikulasi Pengantar Akuntansi
Magister Manajemen
Universitas BSI Bandung
Maret 2013
Accounting for non accounting professionalsMunir Ahmad
This document provides an overview of basic accounting concepts for non-accounting professionals. It defines accounting as the process of recording, analyzing, and communicating financial transactions. It then outlines key accounting concepts like the basic accounting equation of assets equaling liabilities plus equity, the different accounting cycles like purchase, sales, and payroll, and basic financial statements including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. It concludes with explaining tools for analysis like ratio analysis and an introduction to cost accounting, financial planning, and taxation.
Overview of Digital Financial Services LandscapeJohn Owens
This presentation reviews the digital financial service landscape and is a primer for regulators and policy makers wishing to better understand current market developments.
This document discusses various topics relating to financial assets, including cash, marketable securities, receivables, and notes receivable. It provides information on how these assets are valued for financial statements, cash management techniques, accounting for uncollectible accounts receivable, and calculating interest revenue for notes receivable. Worked examples are provided to illustrate estimating credit losses and recording interest earned on a short-term note receivable.
The document discusses common mistakes made when creating pro forma financial statements for a business, including underestimating costs and revenues, and not accounting for the time needed to generate revenue and secure financing. It then provides guidance on building accurate pro forma financial statements through bottom-up forecasting of revenues and costs, comparison to industry benchmarks, and creation of income statements, cash flow projections, and balance sheets on a monthly and annual basis for the first few years of the business.
This document provides an overview of financial statement analysis and various methods used for analysis. It discusses the key users and purposes of analysis, as well as common analysis techniques like horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, trend analysis, and ratio analysis. It then provides an example of calculating ratios for a company called Norton Corporation using information from their financial statements.
Behavioral finance is the study of how psychology affects the behavior of investors and financial markets. It challenges the assumption of traditional finance that investors are always rational. Behavioral finance argues that investors are influenced by cognitive biases and emotions and do not always act rationally. Some of the major theories of behavioral finance include prospect theory, which shows how risk is viewed differently depending on whether the context is gains or losses, and anchoring bias, where investors rely too heavily on recent information. Behavioral finance aims to understand both how individual investors behave and how their aggregate behaviors impact market outcomes.
Financial management deals with acquiring and allocating capital funds to meet a business' financial needs and objectives. It involves making decisions around how large and fast a firm should grow, what assets it should hold, and how it should structure its financing. The traditional approach to financial management focused on raising and administering funds, while the modern approach views it as integral to overall management, involving investment, financing, dividend, and funds requirement decisions aimed at profit maximization, wealth maximization, or stakeholder value.
The document discusses capital structure and methods for analyzing its impact, including the EBIT-EPS approach. It provides an example calculation of EBIT, earnings before tax, earnings after tax, and earnings per share under different capital structures involving debentures, preference shares, and equity shares. The example examines which form of financing - debentures, preference shares, or equity shares - would be best for a company needing Rs. 200,000 based on the impact on earnings per share. Tables show the calculations and impact on EPS under each alternative.
IPA is partnering with three rural banks in the Philippines to develop and test credit scoring systems tailored to each bank using historical lending data. The credit scoring systems aim to objectively predict a client's likelihood of repayment based on factors like cash flow, debt capacity, and past repayment patterns of similar clients. Electronic loan applications could provide high quality borrower data to help build these credit scoring models, and would offer benefits like immediate loan decisions, objective decisions, improved client quality, and more accurate data for both clients and banks.
Physical development from infancy through late adulthood involves changes in size, proportions, and motor abilities. Growth occurs fastest in early life and again during adolescence. Puberty introduces sexual maturation as boys and girls transition to adulthood. Physical changes are influenced by genetics, hormones, nutrition, stress, disease, and culture. Proper nutrition, immunizations, safety practices, and emotional support promote healthy development across the lifespan.
Real Estate Investment Analysis PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Are you looking for a real estate investment analysis PowerPoint presentation to share your amazing business plan for real estate? No problem! To help you out here we are presenting a readymade slide presentation to highlight the factors to consider when investing in real estate. Furthermore, before launching your next property business plan using presentation templates included in this PPT example you can illustrate real estate location analysis. This PowerPoint slide deck also supports to underline significant features of a business plan financials so as to convince potential purchasers to go for the deal. Going further, this sample of PPT presentation assists property investment companies to introduce themselves as well as to unveil curtain over their services. To make our PPT model more precise we have included exclusive presentation slides like real estate – market size, real estate market activity, real estate trends, real estate – sales growth, real estate rents and many more. In short, with our pre designed property investment analysis PowerPoint show you are one step closure in turning your analysis into an amazing visual communication. Influence their impressions with our Real Estate Investment Analysis PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Get folks feeling good about the days to come.
The document describes SmartMenu, a personalized ordering software for restaurants. It provides customized meal suggestions for customers based on their personal health goals, preferences, allergies and other factors. SmartMenu has spoken to over 180 customers to understand their needs and selected fast casual restaurants as their initial market focus. Their business model involves licensing fees and transaction commissions paid by restaurants to SmartMenu.
A presentation on The Art of Pitching by Kashyap Pandya - Founder & Director of Syncoro Ventures Pvt Ltd. The presentation covers the key points to be included in your pitch deck while presenting it to the prospective investors.
Current liabilities management involves spontaneous sources of financing like trade credit and accrued expenses. Trade credit is automatically obtained when purchasing goods on credit from suppliers and is more readily available than other short-term credit. Stretching payments beyond the credit period can eventually damage supplier relationships. Accrued expenses represent liabilities for services provided but not yet paid, like accrued wages and taxes. Deferred income involves advance payments or deposits from customers for future deliveries.
This document discusses sources of funds for businesses. It describes internal sources like retained earnings and depreciation, as well as external sources like share capital, loan capital, overdrafts, leasing, and trade credit. Long-term sources include share capital in the form of ordinary, preference, and deferred shares, as well as debt like debentures and mortgages. Short-term sources are those under one year, such as overdrafts, credit cards, and trade credit. The choice of funds depends on costs, use, business size and status, financial situation, and gearing level.
Financial Analysis and Types of Financial AnalysisNEETHU S JAYAN
The document discusses financial analysis, which involves critically examining financial statements to understand a firm's financial position and performance. Financial analysis identifies strengths and weaknesses by establishing relationships between balance sheet and income statement items. It has several objectives, including providing reliable financial information to assess a firm's profitability, financial position, and ability to meet obligations. Financial analysis can be conducted internally or externally and has various types depending on the materials used, methodology, entities involved, and time horizon considered. Its limitations include potential to mislead users or make wrong judgments if not done properly.
This document discusses various ways that businesses can improve their cash flow to avoid or address cash flow problems. It identifies key causes of cash flow issues such as low profits, too much inventory, allowing too much customer credit, and overtrading. It then provides recommendations for improving cash flow through better cash flow forecasting, managing accounts receivable and payable more effectively, using different sources of financing, and reducing inventory levels.
The document discusses key accounting principles including the four main financial statements, the basic accounting equation, and different types of accounts. It also covers topics like accrual versus cash accounting, depreciation, financial analysis methods, and financial ratios used to evaluate business performance and health. The document is intended to provide an overview of basic accounting concepts.
Introduction to Accounting and Business
Accounting, 21st Edition
Warren Reeve Fess
Materi Matrikulasi Pengantar Akuntansi
Magister Manajemen
Universitas BSI Bandung
Maret 2013
Accounting for non accounting professionalsMunir Ahmad
This document provides an overview of basic accounting concepts for non-accounting professionals. It defines accounting as the process of recording, analyzing, and communicating financial transactions. It then outlines key accounting concepts like the basic accounting equation of assets equaling liabilities plus equity, the different accounting cycles like purchase, sales, and payroll, and basic financial statements including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. It concludes with explaining tools for analysis like ratio analysis and an introduction to cost accounting, financial planning, and taxation.
Overview of Digital Financial Services LandscapeJohn Owens
This presentation reviews the digital financial service landscape and is a primer for regulators and policy makers wishing to better understand current market developments.
This document discusses various topics relating to financial assets, including cash, marketable securities, receivables, and notes receivable. It provides information on how these assets are valued for financial statements, cash management techniques, accounting for uncollectible accounts receivable, and calculating interest revenue for notes receivable. Worked examples are provided to illustrate estimating credit losses and recording interest earned on a short-term note receivable.
The document discusses common mistakes made when creating pro forma financial statements for a business, including underestimating costs and revenues, and not accounting for the time needed to generate revenue and secure financing. It then provides guidance on building accurate pro forma financial statements through bottom-up forecasting of revenues and costs, comparison to industry benchmarks, and creation of income statements, cash flow projections, and balance sheets on a monthly and annual basis for the first few years of the business.
This document provides an overview of financial statement analysis and various methods used for analysis. It discusses the key users and purposes of analysis, as well as common analysis techniques like horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, trend analysis, and ratio analysis. It then provides an example of calculating ratios for a company called Norton Corporation using information from their financial statements.
Behavioral finance is the study of how psychology affects the behavior of investors and financial markets. It challenges the assumption of traditional finance that investors are always rational. Behavioral finance argues that investors are influenced by cognitive biases and emotions and do not always act rationally. Some of the major theories of behavioral finance include prospect theory, which shows how risk is viewed differently depending on whether the context is gains or losses, and anchoring bias, where investors rely too heavily on recent information. Behavioral finance aims to understand both how individual investors behave and how their aggregate behaviors impact market outcomes.
Financial management deals with acquiring and allocating capital funds to meet a business' financial needs and objectives. It involves making decisions around how large and fast a firm should grow, what assets it should hold, and how it should structure its financing. The traditional approach to financial management focused on raising and administering funds, while the modern approach views it as integral to overall management, involving investment, financing, dividend, and funds requirement decisions aimed at profit maximization, wealth maximization, or stakeholder value.
The document discusses capital structure and methods for analyzing its impact, including the EBIT-EPS approach. It provides an example calculation of EBIT, earnings before tax, earnings after tax, and earnings per share under different capital structures involving debentures, preference shares, and equity shares. The example examines which form of financing - debentures, preference shares, or equity shares - would be best for a company needing Rs. 200,000 based on the impact on earnings per share. Tables show the calculations and impact on EPS under each alternative.
IPA is partnering with three rural banks in the Philippines to develop and test credit scoring systems tailored to each bank using historical lending data. The credit scoring systems aim to objectively predict a client's likelihood of repayment based on factors like cash flow, debt capacity, and past repayment patterns of similar clients. Electronic loan applications could provide high quality borrower data to help build these credit scoring models, and would offer benefits like immediate loan decisions, objective decisions, improved client quality, and more accurate data for both clients and banks.
Physical development from infancy through late adulthood involves changes in size, proportions, and motor abilities. Growth occurs fastest in early life and again during adolescence. Puberty introduces sexual maturation as boys and girls transition to adulthood. Physical changes are influenced by genetics, hormones, nutrition, stress, disease, and culture. Proper nutrition, immunizations, safety practices, and emotional support promote healthy development across the lifespan.
This document provides an overview of a handbook for business model innovators and disruptors. It was co-created by 470 practitioners from 45 countries and provides guidance for visionaries seeking to challenge outdated business models and design new enterprises. The handbook is written by Alexander Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur and was designed by Alan Smith of The Movement design studio.
Here are two examples of activities to help preschoolers remember what they learn:
1. Role playing and dramatization - Allow children to act out stories, concepts, or skills they have learned. Embodying information through role playing helps cement it in long-term memory.
2. Creating arts and crafts projects - Engage children in arts, crafts, or building projects that represent or reinforce the concepts being taught. For example, making puppets of story characters or building with blocks what was learned in a math lesson. Hands-on creation solidifies abstract ideas.
1. Growth and development involve the progressive increase in size and skills over time. Growth refers to increases in size, while development is the acquisition of abilities.
2. Milestones indicate the typical ages when children gain certain skills, though each child develops at their own pace.
3. Factors like genetics, environment, lifestyle, and experiences influence a child's growth and development. Favorable factors like nutrition, learning opportunities, and emotional support promote development.
The document discusses early childhood development from birth to age 18. It covers the factors that influence development, including nature (genetics) and nurture (environment). Development occurs across four main areas: physical, cognitive/intellectual, emotional, and social. Key theorists like Piaget are mentioned in regards to stages of cognitive development. Preschool-aged children from ages 3-6 are characterized, with examples of typical abilities and behaviors at different ages. Overall principles of growth and development are outlined such as maturation, progression from simple to complex, and variability in individual rates of development.
The document discusses online advertising and becoming an affiliate for the website bannersbroker.com. It explains that online advertising is a half trillion dollar industry. It promotes joining as an affiliate, noting they provide tools for campaign success and payment is made from advertising revenue shared. Typical monthly affiliate income is estimated at $39.58.
This document provides background information on underground lending businesses operated by informal money lenders in the Philippines. It discusses how informal lenders provide loans to consumers and small businesses who may not qualify for loans from formal financial institutions. Both local and foreign literature are reviewed that examine the role of informal lending in filling credit needs, as well as concerns about high interest rates charged. The document outlines the scope, significance and objectives of a proposed study on the problems encountered in underground lending businesses in Batasan Hills, Quezon City.
Poojya Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha held several spiritual discourses and workshops in Delhi from March 16-29, 2011. These events covered topics such as harnessing inner resources, the Bhagavad Gita, living joyfully based on spiritual texts, and value-based leadership. He addressed gatherings at temples and organizations. Interactive question-answer sessions were also held. Devotees had the opportunity for satsang with the Swami at his residence in Delhi on the concluding dates of his visit.
- Erik Erikson developed eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy to late adulthood, with each stage building on the last and contributing to one's evolving sense of self.
- In the early stages, successful completion leads to feelings like trust, autonomy, initiative, and identity, while failure can result in outcomes such as mistrust, shame, guilt and role confusion.
- As people progress through the stages, their relationships with parents, peers and partners play an important role in developing self-awareness and a healthy self-esteem and worldview.
Marcia (1966) proposed four ego identity statuses that apply to adolescents based on Erikson's theory: achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity diffusion. Foreclosers tend to have closer relationships with parents while identity diffuse students are more likely to respond to peer pressures. Levinson identified five stages of development across the lifespan: childhood/adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes that social interactions fuel development and the zone of proximal development refers to what a child can achieve with assistance versus independently.
Educational psychology applies the principles of psychology to education to help teachers better understand how children learn and develop. It assists teachers in handling student behavior and emotions. Understanding concepts like instincts, drives, needs, and motivation can help teachers structure effective lessons and create a supportive learning environment. Educational psychology also provides insight into growth, development, learning styles, personality differences, evaluation methods, and teaching strategies to optimize the learning process.
The document provides an overview of developmental psychology and the genetic and environmental influences on human development from conception through adulthood. It discusses genetic foundations including DNA, genes, alleles, and patterns of inheritance. It also examines environmental contexts such as family, socioeconomic status, and prenatal influences including teratogens. Key stages of prenatal development and characteristics of newborns are outlined.
This document summarizes various theories related to thinking skills and learning styles:
- Roger Sperry's research on left brain and right brain functions showed that each side controls different types of thinking. The right brain handles creative tasks while the left brain handles logical tasks.
- Howard Gardner identified nine multiple intelligences including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, and existential. Teachers should implement various teaching strategies and activities to engage students with different intelligences.
- Dunn and Dunn's learning style model considers environmental, emotional, sociological, physical, and psychological elements that influence how students learn. Students have unique
- Whom? When? Where? What? How?
Definition of telehealth and Hot-Line Counselling.
Describe the potential benefits and risks associated with telehealth services.
Explain the role of professional ethics codes and guideline
Establishing an effective provision of mental health services via telehealth.
Resources
The document discusses strategies for teaching moral education to preschoolers. It outlines developing a curriculum with topics like citizenship, discipline, and critical thinking skills. It emphasizes teaching values both explicitly and implicitly through all subjects and activities across the curriculum. Various teaching strategies are proposed, like storytelling, role-playing, puppet shows, and games to engage children in learning values in an interesting way. Evaluation methods like checklists are also discussed to assess learning.
underground lending business in the Barangay Batasan Hills, Q.C.annajanerr
The document discusses underground lending businesses operated by informal money lenders in Batasan Hills, Quezon City. It provides background on formal and informal financial institutions in the Philippines. Informal lenders, including Filipino and Indian money lenders, provide loans to small businesses and entrepreneurs through daily payment collection at nominal 20% interest rates. The study aims to understand the problems encountered by both lenders and borrowers in these underground lending operations through surveys and interviews with lenders and their clients in the community.
This document summarizes the findings of a CGAP survey of the global outreach of alternative financial institutions (AFIs), which include microfinance institutions (MFIs) as well as other institutions that aim to serve clients below the level served by commercial banks. The survey found over 750 million savings and loan accounts across AFIs globally. However, it cannot be concluded that this represents the number of poor and near-poor clients served, as the data includes clients from various economic levels and the percentage of poor vs non-poor clients is unknown. While MFIs accounted for 18% of total accounts, other AFIs like credit unions, rural banks, and postal savings banks collectively account for the large majority and also
Project study on establishing lending businessReymar27
This document provides a feasibility study for establishing a lending business in Naujan, Oriental Mindoro. It examines the market potential, technical requirements, and financial viability of the proposed business. The study finds sufficient demand among the target market of government employees, teachers, other office workers, and pensioners. It outlines the business operations, location, equipment needs, and compliance with relevant regulations. The feasibility study concludes there is opportunity for a profitable lending business by meeting the financial needs of the local community.
This study analyzed the factors affecting loan repayment performances in Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) with
a case study of (Promotion of Rural Initiatives and Development Enterprises) PRIDE Arusha, Tanzania. The
study used both quantitative and qualitative techniques to investigate factors affecting loan repayment
performances. The findings show that clients’ characteristics (age, household size, gender and level of
education), nature of business (business type, business stability and income level) and loan characteristics
(repayment period, repayment mode, and repayment amount) were among the factors that influenced borrowers
in repaying their loans. Lack of business knowledge was another factor mentioned by clients which leads to low
productivity hence failure to have enough fund to repay their loans.
The study further revealed that there was a significant relationship between loan repayment performances with
clients’ businesses challenges, loan diversification to other non-income activities, and other outside factors such
market imperfections, higher interest charges, drought, among others.
Unsgsa investor principles for inclusive finance how investors can contribut...Dr Lendy Spires
1) The document introduces the Investor Principles for Inclusive Finance, which provide guidance for investors to help build strong, sustainable, and responsible financial institutions that can better serve clients' needs.
2) It discusses how microfinance has helped millions but also faced challenges as the sector rapidly grew, such as over-indebtedness. The principles aim to address such issues and ensure long-term viability.
3) The first signatories of the principles are commended for their commitment to responsible finance and vision for inclusive financial systems that improve lives worldwide in a sustainable manner.
P2P lending –a “financial intermediary in social democracy” – indian scenarioPrashanth Ravada
This document discusses the emergence of peer-to-peer (P2P) lending as a new financial intermediary model in India. P2P lending platforms allow individuals and businesses to access loans at lower interest rates compared to traditional lenders. The model provides a new investment opportunity for retail investors. The document notes that India's rural and semi-urban areas are underserved by traditional banks and have high reliance on informal lending. P2P platforms could help expand access to credit for small businesses and individuals in these areas by using an online platform to efficiently connect lenders and borrowers. The document examines the role and process of P2P lending in India and how it might contribute to financial inclusion.
A project report on credit dispensation by commercial banks to the personal s...Babasab Patil
A project report on credit dispensation by commercial banks to the personal segment with special emphasis on loan against property lap By Babasab Patil
Measurement of economic and social impact of short term loans in Sub Saharan ...Soami Mabiala Stephane
Three major types of microfinance systems characterize the Western African sub-region: credit unions (“Systèmes Mutualistes”); solidarity group systems (based on the replication of the Grameen model, where what we call a Self Help Group or SHG is financed after identifying certain activities which can generate a profit), and; village-bank type systems (“Réseaux de Caisses Villageoises”)
Commercial banks are beginning to recognize microfinance as a viable market and offer financial services like loans, deposits, and money transfers to low-income households and small businesses. While banks have advantages over non-bank microfinance institutions like established infrastructure and access to deposit funding, they also face challenges in adapting traditional banking practices to the needs of poor clients. The document discusses various approaches banks can take to engage in microfinance, such as direct lending, creating a microfinance subsidiary, or partnering with existing microfinance organizations.
This document provides a table of contents for a project on microfinance and private equity investment. It outlines the objectives of studying the evolution of microfinance, business models, funding needs, and private equity deals in India. Microfinance institutions face acute funding shortages due to delayed loan repayment cycles. The research aims to understand this growing sector and investment opportunities despite challenges like over-indebtedness of borrowers. Various sources are referenced to collect data on microfinance institutions, regulations, and deals in India.
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) regulates many lending institutions in the Philippines, including thrift banks, rural banks, and pawnshops. Microfinance institutions provide financial services like loans, payments, and insurance to low-income households and are made up of credit unions, NGOs, and some commercial banks. Previously, lending companies were unregulated, leading to predatory practices, but they are now required to incorporate as financing companies. Currently, bank lending rates in the Philippines have fallen to an average of 6.34% as of July 2012, increasing demand for loans.
This document discusses the demand for savings services among microentrepreneurs and the environment needed for microfinance institutions (MFIs) to effectively mobilize savings. It notes that microentrepreneurs save for reasons like consumption, investment, social/religious purposes, retirement, and seasonal cash flow variations. For MFIs to offer savings services, they need proper licensing and regulatory oversight, deposit insurance, and sufficient institutional capacity in terms of governance, management, staff, and operations. Successfully mobilizing savings requires MFIs to understand local markets and design convenient, liquid, and secure savings products that meet client needs and preferences.
THERE ARE NO BAD BORROWER ONLY BAD LOANS.pdfRoshan Pant
Microfinance institutions face the challenge of loan delinquency and default. There are various potential causes of default, including lack of willingness to pay, diversion of funds, improper loan appraisal, economic factors, and management failures. To control delinquency, MFIs must have clear lending policies, screen borrowers carefully, monitor loans, and take swift action on problem loans. Strategies include rescheduling loans, legal action, community pressure, and writing off uncollectible loans. Regulators must also monitor MFIs to ensure safety and mitigate risks.
This document discusses financial inclusion in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia. It defines financial inclusion as access to affordable and usable financial services. The importance of financial inclusion is discussed, including its role in job creation, poverty alleviation, and boosting incomes. While financial inclusion can help the poor and small businesses, the literature suggests governments in the Middle East are not doing enough to increase uptake of financial services through education campaigns. The document will examine prevalence of banking, loans, and mobile banking in Saudi Arabia in 2017.
The document discusses the history and impact of microfinance, specifically the Grameen Bank founded by Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh. It notes that traditional banks often exclude the poor due to lack of collateral and perceived repayment risk. The Grameen Bank pioneered an innovative group lending model where loans are provided to groups of borrowers who are jointly liable for repayment, incentivizing monitoring and reducing costs. This model has enabled over 5 million poor Bangladeshis, especially women, to access credit and engage in entrepreneurship. The success of the Grameen Bank in alleviating poverty demonstrates that traditional perceptions of lending to the poor may be outdated.
1. The document discusses opening savings accounts by meeting customers for a project at HDFC Bank. It describes the process of recruiting and training sales executives to generate business by using their personal contacts to convince customers to open accounts.
2. It then provides an overview of the banking industry and HDFC Bank, describing their role in economic development and how they provide various financial products and services.
3. The importance of sales executives for generating business by meeting customers and converting them into real customers is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of banks and banking in India. It discusses how banks play an important role in economic development by facilitating commercial and industrial activities. It also describes the evolution of banking in India from the early days of basic deposit and lending services, to modern banks that offer a wide variety of functions. The nationalization of banks in 1969 and 1980 helped channel financial resources towards uplifting weaker sections of society and aiding development projects. Marketing of banking services involves decisions around products, distribution, pricing, and promotion tailored to meet customer needs in the changing business environment. The Reserve Bank of India regulates all banking activities and different types of banks that make up the banking structure in India, including public sector banks and new guidelines for private banks
The document provides instructional material for auditing specialized industries, focusing on auditing banks and other financial institutions. It begins with an overview of the banking sector in the Philippines, including its role in mobilizing savings and providing financing. It then outlines the objectives and nature of auditing the banking industry. The document discusses the types of banks and non-bank financial institutions in the Philippines, as well as statistics on the size and performance of the banking sector. It concludes with a discussion of audit considerations and risks specific to banks.
The document provides an overview of auditing the business process outsourcing (BPO) industry. It discusses the nature and background of the BPO industry, including how BPO works and the different types of services BPO companies provide. It notes that BPO remains a strong trend and accounts for 10-15% of the global BPO market, with the Philippines consistently ranking among the top destinations. The document outlines the objectives of understanding the specialized industry, learning Philippine statistics and updates, and identifying audit considerations.
Effects of micro- finance institutions' services on sustainability of small e...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the principles of banking in Islam. It explains that in Islam, banking revolves around the word "Massraf" which means purpose, and the purpose of Islamic banking is to unite the primary factors of production - man, money, and commodities - for economic activities that benefit the community. It notes that Islamic banking does not involve lending or borrowing money and charging interest, but rather involves investment partnerships between depositors and wealth managers, with profits shared accordingly. The document cautions that simply removing interest from conventional banking is not sufficient to make it compliant with Islamic principles, as other forms of impermissible increase known as "Riba" must also be eliminated.
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Cryptocurrency is digital money that operates independently of a central authority, utilizing cryptography for security. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments (fiat currencies), cryptocurrencies are decentralized and typically operate on a technology called blockchain. Each cryptocurrency transaction is recorded on a public ledger, ensuring transparency and security.
Cryptocurrencies can be used for various purposes, including online purchases, investment opportunities, and as a means of transferring value globally without the need for intermediaries like banks.
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KYC Compliance: A Cornerstone of Global Crypto Regulatory FrameworksAny kyc Account
This presentation explores the pivotal role of KYC compliance in shaping and enforcing global regulations within the dynamic landscape of cryptocurrencies. Dive into the intricate connection between KYC practices and the evolving legal frameworks governing the crypto industry.
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
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China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
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Delhi, the heartbeat of India, offers a rich blend of history, culture, and modernity. From iconic landmarks like the Red Fort to bustling commercial hubs and vibrant culinary scenes, Delhi's real estate landscape is dynamic and diverse. Discover the essence of India's capital, where tradition meets innovation.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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The eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, a strategic collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank, represents a significant advancement in India's digital financial landscape. Spearheaded by Abhay Bhutada, MD of Poonawalla Fincorp, the card leverages deep customer insights to offer tailored features such as no joining fees, movie ticket offers, and rewards on UPI transactions. IndusInd Bank's solid banking infrastructure and digital integration expertise ensure seamless service delivery in today's fast-paced digital economy. With a focus on meeting the growing demand for digital financial services, the card aims to cater to tech-savvy consumers and differentiate itself through unique features and superior customer service, ultimately poised to make a substantial impact in India's digital financial services space.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
3. Finance is a branch of economics’ concerned with resource allocation as well as resource management, acquisition and investment. Simply, finance deals with matters related to money and the market (www. Dictionary.com). Finance is the crucial aspect of any economic development in the world. It affects every individual in the society. The financial system operates in an environments were economic and social conditions were affected its performance (Tomy Thalachirakuxchy). As a developing country, the Philippines have a large informal sector as comprised of micro-enterprises. Many of these are severely resource-constrained small scale retailers or neighborhood store owners, market vendors and many other/ including night time workers in karaoke bars, whose survival in the business relies heavily on access to financing. This usually comes from the informal sector as well in the form of informal financiers, called “5-6” lending business. There are two types of “5-6” financiers are commonly found in such Barangays, each with a distinctive lending mechanism, Filipinos and Indian lenders. This study will give central attention to Indian financier for some several reasons. First they are considered “last resource Lenders”, because they are mostly crucial to the marginalized micro-entrepreneurs sources (Mari Kondo). Second, Indian financier exist because there is a strong demand for them (Magsaysay-2006).
4. The financial institution can be classified into formal and informal institutions. Formal institutions are those objectives and functions are defined and based on government laws, policies, even the rules and regulations. Example of this is banks, lending association (www.yahoo.com). The informal institution, is engaged in the business whose that come under the direct preview of the government. Examples are the Filipino and the Indian Lenders (www.google.com). The Central Bank of the Philippines is the major agency that is responsible for monitoring, regulating and oversees the operations of the country’s financial system. It is the power machinery for economic and social development (Tomy Thalachirakuxchy). Informal money lenders, both Filipinos and Indians provide loans mostly to the consumers and small time entrepreneurs. These informal institutions group normally no formal officers, office and other similar facilities like formal institutions. This is known as “5-6” among their clients and communities dependent on them. This informal money lender plays an important role in channeling credit to small borrowers in the urban as well as rural areas of the Philippines.
5. The Five-Six Money Lenders so-called because of the manner in which they lend, “5-6” money lenders charge a nominal interest rate of 20% over an agreed period of time. A person who borrows 5 pesos from a “5-6”over a period of one week repays 6 pesos, including 1 peso interest. Neither Filipino nor Indians “5-6” money lenders require collateral or documents from their borrowers. The success of the borrower’s business and loan repayment history provide a gauge of the borrower’s credibility. Five-Six money lenders undertake daily collections of payment in the morning, afternoon or both. A client’s daily payment is determined by the sum of the principal borrowed plus its 20% nominal interest divided by the credit term. The loan arrangement is flexible; if the clients fails to pay one day, it is understood that he or she will pay for the day missed the next time around( Mari Kondo). Renewal of loans depends on the money lenders policy. Some “5-6” money lenders will renew clients only after the previous loan is paid in full. More accommodating lenders will renew a client’s loan earlier, subtracting the outstanding balance of the old loan from the new loan and issuing the client the remainder. The favored clients of informal money lenders are proprietors of small businesses (such as market vendors, small scale retailer and small service providers). A key success factor for “5-6” business is the development of a large, good- quality client base which continually borrows and repays without default.
6. SCOPE AND LIMITATION An informal money lender is a vast subject and its operations how existed from time immemorial, the researcher limited the study on informal money lenders, its client which are informal sectors who reside and operate in the Barangay. Though informal money lender in the Philippines and us seem all over the Philippines. The researchers this study only to the Barangay Batasan Hills Quezon City. This study concentrated only in money lenders and money borrowing. These money lenders are mostly the so called five-six and the borrowers are mostly the informal sectors within the Barangay who operate in the vicinity. The scope of the study is limited to the lenders operating practices and problems encountered with their operation with respect to the informal sectors of the Barangay and their borrowing practices.
7. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study aims to focus on the informal lenders in the Philippines. How can they affect small enterprises, market vendors and store owners and even such individuals. The economic and social growth of any country depends on an effective financial system it is responsible for financing vital programs and projects that promote and accelerate social and economic development. This study will be useful to the Central Bank of the Philippines to knowing the informal financial institutions procure with, how they to operate this kind of institutions and what are their formalities. These study are useful the of Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) and Municipalities because they controlled and protect the illegal informal institutions. Such things are ignored because they had an “under the table” process to not report this kind transaction. Department of Trade and Industry to know the management practice s of these informal financial institutions for regulation papers. More over it will be helpful for the formal financial institutions to be diligent thus reducing their defaults. Further the modusoperandi of these money lenders in terms of their operational and debt collections could be a source of additional information. This study will also help the entrepreneur to know how these informal financial institutions are managing their business. This study will likewise be also useful to the student academe and researcher who wants to conduct further studies on the informal financial money lenders and their contribution and effects to the economy.
8. DEFINITON OF THE TERMS Formal finance -a financial institution with well defined structures objectives and functions and based on government laws and policies. Informal finance -an establishment of unlicensed money-lenders does operate without the requirements and documents before to start the business. Informal -money lenders they are not licensed to accept from the public such are coincident illegal because they charge very high interest. Credit -confidence in a purchaser’s ability and intention to pay without immediately payments displayed by entrusting the buyer with goods or services. Underground economy- refers to the part of the economy that generates income, but goes untaxed. It is a part of the lender who earns profit and money bur goes untaxed. Underground- business that operates illegally.
15. SPECIFIC PROBLEM Specifically it sought to answer the following sub problems. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the following variables? 1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Civil Status 1.4 Years in business 1.5 Sources of Loans 1.6 Sources of Initial Capital 1.7 Prefer to ask for a Loan 1.8 Higher in interest rate 1.9 Initial & Present Capital What is the demographic profile of the money lenders in terms of the following variables? Age Gender Civil Status Years of business From whom trade learned Size of clients Sources of funds 2. How do the respondents rate the problems in terms of:
16. 2.1 Internal Environment a. Money lenders prefer women as a potential borrower b. Difficulty in paying the informal money lenders c. Difficulty in the renewal of another loan from a Indian money lenders d. Difficulty in the renewal of another loan from Filipino money lenders e. Most convenient to ask a loan - Informal money lenders - Formal institutions (ex. Banks) f. Prefer mostly by the respondent to ask for a loan - Informal money lenders - Formal institutions (ex. Banks) g. Turning of the respondent into the informal money lenders after failing to get a loan from the banks, relatives, friends and other. h. Important to know the rights and responsibilities i. Indian as a moneylender j. Filipino as moneylender
17. 2.2 External Environment a) Respondent action by the Barangay Batasan Hills on underground lending business. b) Formal Institution threatened o informal money lenders. c) Effect of underground lending business on our economy. d) Imposing of taxes by the government on the informal money lenders. e) Money lending exists because there is a strong demand for them. 3. Is there any significant differences as how the respondents rate the informal money lenders against the formal institutions on which they prefer to ask for a loan. 4. What alternative course of action is necessarily to address the problems encountered as perceived by the respondents?
18. a) They will register with the barangay from which they were conducting and operating their business. b) Imposing taxes on the informal money lender. c) Registration of their money lenders business. d) Conducting seminars on the barangay by the money lenders within the community on how to earn profit from money lending.
21. LOCAL LITERATURE Various attempts have been made by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) - to regulate and bring into its preview, the functioning of money lenders and indigenous bankers. Recommendations from RBI that detailed accounting styles, rediscounting and deposit taking functions, support by commercial banks etc. were not accepted by associations and unions of lenders, disagreeing with some of the provisions made by RBI [Sundharam, 1996: 5.23-5.27]. Money Lenders in India come under control of the Money Lenders Act, promulgated by each of the different states. The Act essentially sets out the appointment of a Registrar-General of Money-Lenders who maintains a Register of Money-lenders in their jurisdiction. The Registrar provides for a license to money lenders to carry out their business, regulates the terms and conditions under which a loan is provided to borrowers, and arbitrates in disputes between money-lenders and borrowers in cases of default or other aspects. Compliance with the Act is rare however, and majority of the money-lenders do not obtain such a license to operate.
22. According to Feliciano R. Fajardo, “In general informal money lenders charged much higher interest rates than banks and other lending institutions. Those of them who charged very high interest rates are called ‘’usurers or loan sharks” their victims are always the poor people who are not qualified to borrow from banks according to him there are two kinds of financial institutions. They are formal financial institution and informal financial institution. The formal financial institution are licensed lenders, examples are banks etc. the informal financial institutions are unlicensed money lenders, who charged much higher interest rates.
23. In Depth by Manny Canto In Negros Opinion. On his article he states that “ it is an open secret that these Indian Nationals are doing business all over the Philippines and their business is within the ambit of economy. According to his research “Underground Economy: refers to the part of the economy that generates income, but goes untaxed.
24. Sun Star, Cebu by Godofredo M. Roperos On taxing “5-6” lenders. He states that “money lending among those whom the banks, would never extend a loan to, and those who believe borrowings from the banks is a lot of paper work and red tape, is a highly lucrative business operation, able it a lot of hard work, sacrifice and patience. Interest, I think it is well worth their sacrifice and patience. This kind of lending that is all over the rural areas is operated only by the so- called “Bombay” or the Indian Nationals.
25. Press Release by Alliance of Volunteer Educators (AVE). a party-list representative states that there is need for the money-lending sector to come up with a one-stop for a small-medium entrepreneurs to avert further proliferation of the so called ”5-6” lending business. AVERep. Eulogio “amang Magsaysay” said that the rising number of people engaged in money lending in the country is a positive indicator that the so-called “underground economy” is thriving. He also states that the illegal money lenders exorbitant interest rates, don’t pay taxes to the government and violate trade rules. That the money lenders exist because there is a strong demand for them.
26. Maro Kondo on his article on “The Bombay 5-6”. Last Resource Informal Financiers for Pilipino Micro-Enterprises states that she considers the implications of having different financiers contribute to the development of micro-enterprises. She gives central attention to the Indian Financiers for they are regarded as last resource lenders, that their group is crucial to the most marginalized micro-enterprises and a part of their lending money flows in from Indian through informal channels, guide an interesting phenomenon in this part of the world.
27. Foreign Literature The Great Greek Philosopher Aristotle has openly expressed his opposition against Money Lending on interest. He says: ‘’Money maybe a useful instrument of exchange but when it tempts people to pile up unused gains or accumulate wealth by lending money, it is sterile or unproductive and it promotes disparity in riches and financial irregularities. A Nigrian Nationals named I A. H Ekpo and O.J Umin on their writings in “The Informal Sector”. They states that in Nigerian there are also informal money lenders, saving and credit associations and credit unions. Money lenders are believed to be highly exploitative with high rates of interest through which they extract economic surplus provided by peasant labour, capital and land. The savings and credit associations as well as credit unions operate in more formalized ways than the esusu associations.
28. Article On Women and Informal Credit: Lessons from Morotele, South Africa report by M. Kongolo that on The Majority of women in South Africa’s developing areas still have no access to formal credit and inputs. Informal credit is part of the economy in which financial transactions that take place are not officially regulated or monitored; however it should not be dismissed as unimportant system. According to Eugene Mutura in Kigali on her write up about informal money lending, he states that “this illegal money lending has high side effects because it affects property and individual’s security as well as crippling the nation’s economy”.
29. In United Kingdom (UK) Loan Sharks with are normally unlicensed money lenders will offer loan to those who need cash. However, there is always a major catch-how much has to be paid back. The terms on offer will usually be very poor. There are many cases of people borrowing small sum and paying double, a loan shark is a person or triples that original sum in interest. By definition, a loan shark is a person or body that offers illegal unsecured loans at high interest rate to individuals, often backed by blackmail or threats of violence. A loan shark is an unlicensed money lender who provides credit to those who are unable to obtain credit from a legitimate financial organization. As the population continuously on growing still there is a informal money lenders in every area, in every places in the Philippines. Their numbers has still growing until nowadays.
30. Foreign Studies Credit/Importanceof Credit-confidence in a purchaser’s ability and intention to pay without immediately payments displayed by entrusting the buyer with goods or services. According to the Asia Development Outlook “Informal money lenders can be Categorized into four divisions: Intermittent Lenders, United Credits, tied Credit and Group finance (Tomy Thalachirazkuchy).
31. FIJI Daily post news on Money Lending (2009) It is a result study commissioned by the Consumer Council and the FIJI institute of Applied Studies (FIAS), found among other things, that there was a relatively significant demand for credit by urban and pre-urban households that commercials banks could not satisfy for many reasons, which includes the lack of collateral.
32. According to the Doctor Ganesh Chand a director of FIJI Institute of Technology, he conducted a study and states found out that there is a relatively significant demand for credit by urban and per-urban households that commercial banks cannot satisfy for numerous reasons, with includes the lack of collateral. The study observed that people were turning to moneylenders after failing to get a loan from banks, relatives. Friends and other sources. Doctor Ganesh Chand conducted a interview regarding on money lending. According to him “Repeat borrowing is a major feature of money lending industry in FIJI. This occurs largely for short-term borrowers who promise to pay at the next pay day whether this be weekly, fortnightly or monthly. Reasons given for borrowing. Money were investment, daily family needs, bill payment, children’s education purposes, special occasions, pocket expenses, drinking, socializing, fundraising for church activities, fathers bus fare, visa arrangement, travel to village rent, fundraising for matagali and payment for gang came cutting.
33. Wulan on the states in his study that informal money lending, informal credit in supply of formal credit in developing countries. Despite an increase in supply of formal credit in rural areas, informal lenders remain the dominant source of credit for the poorest households. Improvements of productivity are important in a development process. Productive investment requires funding and the access to credit us crucial for the purpose. Credit might also be a mean tide over bad time caused by sudden illness or an upcoming wedding for poor individuals. Previous studies of the informal credit market demonstrate extremely high informal interest rates charged on loans to poor individual order to make policies that can positively affect poor people’s living conditions; we must understand how informal lenders set the interest rates.
34. Local Studies As a developing country, the Philippines a larged informal sector comprised if micro-enterprises. Many of these are severely resource-constrained vendors operating in public markets, whose survival in business relies heavily on access to financing. This usually comes from the informal sector as well in the form of informal financiers called “ 5-6”. Two types of 5-6 financiers are found in Philippines public markets, each with a distinctive lending mechanism, Filipinos and Indians. The Vendors ranging from poor to middle class, these vendors fall into four categories determined by size, location, and type of enterprise: ambulant vendors, rolling vendors, stall vendors, and multiple stall vendors/private store owners. Ambulant vendors sell smoked fish, vegetables, fish balls, and the like. Unable to buy or rent a stall, they market their goods along the sidewalks, in front of the larger stalls, or at the back of the market near the fish and meat vendors. Many are wives of fishermen living along coast or of small farmers who sell their own harvest supplemented with fish bought from other, cheaper markets. The ambulant vendors are those in need of informal financing. If they cannot sell enough one day they need capital in order to buy goods to sell in the market the next day.
35. Rolling store vendors sell food, dresses, or shoes in customized vehicles, eliminating the need to rent a stall. They occupy spaces at the back of the public market together with other vendors. Five-Six Moneylenders. So-called because of the manner in which they lend, five-six (5-6) moneylenders charge a nominal interest rate of 20 percent over an agreed period of time. A person who borrows 5 pesos from a 5-6 moneylender over a period of one week repays 6 pesos, including 1 peso interest. Neither Filipino nor Indian 5-6 moneylenders require collateral or documents from their borrowers. The success of a borrower’s business and loan repayment history provide a gauge of the borrower’s credibility. Renewal of loans depends on the moneylender’s policy. Some 5-6 moneylenders will renew clients’ loans only after the previous loan is paid in full. More accommodating lenders will renew a client’s loan earlier, subtracting the outstanding balance of the old loan from the new loan and issuing the client the remainder. Filipino and Indian 5-6 lenders play different roles among the vendors at the Santa Rosa market, although the essence of the 5-6 business is the same.
36. Of the twenty to twenty-five Filipino 5-6 moneylenders operating in the Santa Rosa public market during the period of our survey, about 75 percent were women. Many are middle-class, long-time residents of Santa Rosa. The “big-time” lenders had other businesses, such as selling jewelry on installment. Many of the “small-timers” entered the 5-6 business to invest income generated by returning overseas contract workers (OCWs), either themselves or relatives. Client Development and Location. The favored clients of informal moneylenders are proprietors of small businesses (such as vendors) and small service providers (owners of groceries, eateries, tailor shops, and hair salons). Since the lenders’ standard collection schedule is daily, businesses that generate cash on a daily basis are sought. Food-related businesses are ideal because of the perishable nature of food, their daily need for working capital in the form of cash, and their daily generation of profits.
37. A key success factor for 5-6 businesses is the development of a large, good-quality client base which continually borrows and repays without default. However, as micro-entrepreneurs of tiny businesses, the clients of 5-6 financiers are vulnerable to any shocks – external, such as economic downturn, and internal, such as family sickness. In short, regardless of their willingness, micro-entrepreneurs’ ability to repay tends to be unreliable. Therefore, an existing “good” customer for a 5-6 business can easily become a “bad” customer. Thus, simply to maintain the current size of a 5-6 business, the lender needs to look for new clients constantly. For Filipino 5-6s, developing new clients is rather easy. First, people are more inclined to borrow from them as fellow Filipinos. They speak local languages freely, giving them a superior capacity to collect information – including rumors – about their borrowers’ credibility. Many Filipino 5-6s are women, and their preferred clients are also women, who aid in information collection and are easier to pressure for repayment. Because of their heavy reliance on information networks, Filipino 5-6s seek clients in wet markets and other sites where vendors congregate.
38. Credibility Check. Filipino 5-6s frequently use the mutual help scheme paluwagan to generate funds for their 5-6 business and at the same time check the credibility of their clients. The paluwagan is a kind of rotating savings and credit association: a group of people contribute the same amount of money toward a common fund and take turns collecting the total, often called the “salary,” over a fixed period (e.g., every seven days, every thirty days). The paluwagan is a common mechanism for saving money among Filipinos who do not enjoy access to banks Collection. Filipino 5-6s collect payments daily, talking to their clients and other vendors in a cheerful manner. This style is important as it allows updates on the creditworthiness of borrowers. A customer who does not want to pay may try to hide, but this tactic is not very helpful for clients of Filipino 5-6s, who, as residents of the town, can simply visit the borrower’s house. It is also dishonorable to default, so considerable community pressure will be felt to pay back the moneylender.
39. Indian financiers are called “Bombay 5-6s.” Mostly men, they number between fifteen and twenty in the Santa Rosa public market. Filipinos in general have a strongly unfavorable image of Indian 5-6 moneylenders. Who are these Indian 5-6 moneylenders who strike a certain amount of fear in Filipinos? The people called “Bombay” are overseas Indians and people of South Asian descent. Filipinos usually refer to people with South Asian features, regardless of actual nationality or origin, as “Bombay.” Because micro-credit financiers charge high interest rates, the term “5-6” can also invoke Client Development. The preferred clients of Indian 5-6s are the same as those of their Filipino counterparts. However, Filipinos enjoy access to relatively bigger and more established businesses than Indians, who are generally seen as lenders of last resort. It is rare for a micro-entrepreneur in need of financing to approach an Indian; he or she instead seeks referral to a Filipino from an existing client. Filipinos say they are afraid of these foreigners who look “scary” and extend loans at usurious rates and that Indians are known to resort to violence if they have difficulty collecting payments. This renders it difficult for Indian 5-6 moneylenders to attract many “good clients,” and they have adopted certain techniques to meet this challenge.
40. Seeing a thriving business, an Indian 5-6 moneylender will often approach its owner. Almost all those interviewed acknowledged that Indian 5-6 moneylenders take the initiative. But lacking inside information, Indian lenders conduct careful observation in order to pre-screen the profitability of their prospects by the following criteria: Size and location of the store – Bigger stores are deemed more creditworthy. Stores located inside the wet market have a lower chance of repayment default compared to ambulant vendors who can easily disappear. Inventory – A large inventory indicates good credit standing with suppliers and a profitable business. Volume of customers – The busier the store, the better the business. Presence of other 5-6s – Some clients borrow from multiple moneylenders and this can indicate creditworthiness. One Indian 5-6 explained, “I know one of my clients borrows from six Indian moneylenders. Do I give loans to her? Most likely, yes. If many moneylenders have transactions with her, then her business must be good and she must be a good payer.” This can also be checked directly through other Indians who have had business with the client.
41. Indian moneylenders also prefer female customers and told us they seldom have male clients. If a store is run by a couple, Indians prefer the husband to be absent when they make their initial approach. They cited the following reasons: Easier to begin a relationship – Women are responsible for purchasing small household items. One Indian 5-6 said, “Women are easier to convince because they tend to show off. They throw parties and celebrate even if they do not have enough money to spend. Then, after, they notice that their business capital is not enough, they start borrowing.” Security concerns – Since the initial acceptance of business is rare, an Indian 5-6 moneylender needs to stay in the store to build rapport. Women are less violent than men and will not kick him out. Confidentiality – Some women prefer to borrow without consulting their husbands and are afraid to go to Filipino 5-6s, since the information may leak out and reach their husband, other relatives, or friends. In this case, a stranger with little connection to the community is more likely to maintain confidentiality. Prevalence of women in business – Unlike in South Asian countries, women traders, storeowners, and service providers are common in the Philippines. Better chance of repayment – Though it was not explicitly stated by Indian moneylenders, a study on micro-credit shows that women borrowers have higher repayment rates than men.
42. Initial Approach and Credibility Check. Although many Filipinos speak English, for daily communication they use their local language, either Tagalog (Filipino) or a regional language in non-Tagalog regions. Indian 5-6 moneylenders can also speak some English, but many are more fluent in the local languages in which they conduct almost all their business. A Humble but Persistent Approach. The Indian 5-6 moneylenders admit that it is difficult to convince potential customers to do business with them. The key to penetrating the market is to be humble but persistent. Client Location and Business Mix for Risk Diversification. The time required to effect daily collections constrains the number of clients a moneylender can have and therefore profits. In order to increase collection and monitoring efficiency, geographically concentrated clients are better. Thus, wet markets, where hundreds of small stalls operate, are preferred by anyone in the 5-6 business.
43. Terms of the Transaction. Perhaps as a reflection of the difference in risk involved, Indian 5-6s offer shorter credit terms than their Filipino counterparts. The renewal of credit before completion of repayment is also more difficult with Indian than Filipino moneylenders. In 5-6 transactions, while legal documents are not signed, lenders get their customers’ signatures in notebooks, calendars, or even on a piece of paper Some lenders maintain these books at home; some keep the book with the customer and make an entry every day, and some do both. They make entries in their own handwriting so the customer cannot tamper with the record. We encountered one case, however, where an Indian 5-6 used a signed promissory note for a big loan. The contract was not notarized, however, and was therefore not legally binding. It was simply an IOU to psychologically bind the borrower to the lender. Collection from New Clients. The time spent on daily collection visits provides the lender an opportunity to assess the whether the client will pay daily without delay and in what manner. Upon receipt of goods, some clients insult, malign, or shout at the “Bombay” 5-6 when he comes to collect. When this happens, especially with a first-time client, the Indian lender is often quiet and tolerant. He tells the client that he will come back the next day.
44. Daily Collections and the Motorbike. Daily collection of payments is key to the success of 5-6 businesses. If clients of Indian moneylenders are located in the wet market, collection is usually conducted in the morning while they are selling their commodities. The wet markets open as early as 4:00 a.m., and by 8:00 a.m. vendors will have accumulated the day’s profit. Many Indian 5-6 moneylenders start their collections around this time or earlier in the case of a difficult client who has not paid for some days so that he or she is the borrower’s first collector of the day. Wet market vendors are busy until around 10:00 a.m., so many moneylenders finish collecting there by 11:00 a.m. For those clients whose stores are not in the market, the 5-6 collects later in the morning or in the early afternoon