The document provides information about various miscellaneous materials that will be covered in a group presentation by Group 7. It includes sections on asbestos, plaster of Paris, abrasives, cork, bitumen, asphalt, and road metal. Asbestos is described as a naturally occurring fibrous mineral. Plaster of Paris is formed when gypsum is calcined, turning it into a powder that can be molded when wet. Abrasives are hard materials used for shaping other materials and come in natural forms like diamond or synthetic forms. Cork comes from oak bark and is light, elastic, and impermeable. Asphalt is a sticky, black petroleum product used mainly for road construction. Road metal refers to broken
Flooring materials are selected based on factors like cost, appearance, durability, etc. Tile is a common flooring material made from stone or other hard materials. For tile flooring, a sub-floor provides support, tiles are set in mortar and grout is applied between tiles to strengthen the bond and finish. Proper slope, spacing, curing and installation techniques ensure durable and clean tile flooring.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
Plastic is a synthetic material made from organic polymers that can be molded while soft and set into a rigid form. It is classified based on its behavior with heat (thermoplastics soften with heat, thermosetting plastics harden permanently), structure (homogeneous or heterogeneous), and properties (rigid, semi-rigid, soft, elastic). Common thermoplastics include polyethylene, PVC, and nylon, while epoxies, phenolics, and polyesters are thermosetting plastics. Plastics are composed of polymers, carbon, oxygen, and other elements, and may include additives like fillers, pigments, plasticizers, and catalysts to modify their properties.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and their construction. It describes the key components of flooring as the sub-floor or base course, and floor covering. Common materials used include cement concrete, lime concrete, stones, bricks and wood. The selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, damp and fire resistance. Specific flooring types discussed include mud, muram, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, terrazzo, mosaic and tile flooring.
Gypsum is a mineral found in the earth's crust that is extracted and processed for use in construction. It has been used since ancient times by the Egyptians. Gypsum rock is mined, crushed, ground, and heated to remove water, producing plaster of paris or anhydrous gypsum. Modern uses include gypsum board/drywall, plasters, and prefabricated building materials. Gypsum board is made through a process of mixing calcined gypsum into a slurry between paper layers. Gypsum products have beneficial fire resistance, sound insulation, humidity regulation, and ease of installation properties well-suited for construction applications.
Mortar is a material used in masonry construction to bind bricks, blocks, and stones together. It provides strength and stability to walls. Mortar is a mixture of sand, a binding material like cement or lime, and water. The binding material determines the mortar type, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, or gypsum mortar. Mortars can also be classified based on density or special purpose, including fire resistant, sound absorbing, or chemical resistant mortars. The proper selection of mortar type depends on factors like durability, weather conditions, and intended use.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
Paint is a liquid composition that forms a solid film after application. It has pigments, a binder, additives, and a solvent. The main functions of paint are to give attractive colors, protect surfaces from weathering, and decorate structures. There are several types of paints including oil paints, emulsion paints, synthetic paints, and varnishes. Proper surface preparation and application techniques help ensure a high quality paint job.
Flooring materials are selected based on factors like cost, appearance, durability, etc. Tile is a common flooring material made from stone or other hard materials. For tile flooring, a sub-floor provides support, tiles are set in mortar and grout is applied between tiles to strengthen the bond and finish. Proper slope, spacing, curing and installation techniques ensure durable and clean tile flooring.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
Plastic is a synthetic material made from organic polymers that can be molded while soft and set into a rigid form. It is classified based on its behavior with heat (thermoplastics soften with heat, thermosetting plastics harden permanently), structure (homogeneous or heterogeneous), and properties (rigid, semi-rigid, soft, elastic). Common thermoplastics include polyethylene, PVC, and nylon, while epoxies, phenolics, and polyesters are thermosetting plastics. Plastics are composed of polymers, carbon, oxygen, and other elements, and may include additives like fillers, pigments, plasticizers, and catalysts to modify their properties.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials and their construction. It describes the key components of flooring as the sub-floor or base course, and floor covering. Common materials used include cement concrete, lime concrete, stones, bricks and wood. The selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, damp and fire resistance. Specific flooring types discussed include mud, muram, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, terrazzo, mosaic and tile flooring.
Gypsum is a mineral found in the earth's crust that is extracted and processed for use in construction. It has been used since ancient times by the Egyptians. Gypsum rock is mined, crushed, ground, and heated to remove water, producing plaster of paris or anhydrous gypsum. Modern uses include gypsum board/drywall, plasters, and prefabricated building materials. Gypsum board is made through a process of mixing calcined gypsum into a slurry between paper layers. Gypsum products have beneficial fire resistance, sound insulation, humidity regulation, and ease of installation properties well-suited for construction applications.
Mortar is a material used in masonry construction to bind bricks, blocks, and stones together. It provides strength and stability to walls. Mortar is a mixture of sand, a binding material like cement or lime, and water. The binding material determines the mortar type, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, or gypsum mortar. Mortars can also be classified based on density or special purpose, including fire resistant, sound absorbing, or chemical resistant mortars. The proper selection of mortar type depends on factors like durability, weather conditions, and intended use.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
Paint is a liquid composition that forms a solid film after application. It has pigments, a binder, additives, and a solvent. The main functions of paint are to give attractive colors, protect surfaces from weathering, and decorate structures. There are several types of paints including oil paints, emulsion paints, synthetic paints, and varnishes. Proper surface preparation and application techniques help ensure a high quality paint job.
1. The document discusses different types of decorative surface materials like laminates, veneers, plywood and their manufacturing processes.
2. It explains the types of laminates based on manufacturing process and surface finish. The main types are low pressure, high pressure, matte finish, glossy finish, textured finish and digital laminates.
3. Veneers are thin wood sheets used for decorative purposes. The manufacturing process of veneers involves slicing logs, grading, trimming and joining. Common types are oak, teak, walnut and birch veneers.
4. Plywood is made of layers of wood pressed together with grains oriented perpendicular to each other. The manufacturing
Lamination is a process that bonds multiple layers of materials together to improve the strength and properties of the composite material. There are various lamination processes that are used depending on the materials. Decorative high-pressure laminates are commonly used for furniture and consist of layers of paper soaked in resins and bonded under heat and pressure to form a durable surface. Laminates undergo various quality tests and standards and are used in applications such as kitchen countertops, walls, and furniture.
The document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes doors in terms of their components, sizes, frames, types and materials. The main types of doors covered are paneled doors, glazed doors, flush doors, louvered doors, revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors and collapsible doors. It also discusses different types of windows like fixed windows. Rolling shutters are described as curtain-like doors made of thin steel sheets used for shops and warehouses. The document provides detailed information on specifications and uses of different door and window components.
The document discusses the process of cement manufacturing. It begins with the raw materials used, which include limestone, clay, iron oxide, and aluminum. These materials are quarries, crushed, and transported to a plant for storage. They are then ground together and preheated before being burned in a kiln at 1500°C to produce clinker. The clinker is cooled, ground with gypsum, and stored in silos before being packaged and distributed. The document outlines the characteristics, types, grades, setting process, optimal storage conditions, and common uses of cement in construction.
Tiles are manufactured pieces of hard-wearing materials like ceramic, stone, or glass that are used to cover roofs, floors, walls, and other surfaces. They are created by quarrying raw materials from the ground like clay, then mixing and pressing them into molds before firing at high temperatures. There are many types of tiles including roof tiles, floor tiles, pebble tiles, ceiling tiles, and wall tiles that are used for both residential and commercial construction. Tiles can benefit applications in areas like counters, bathrooms, backsplashes, flooring, and wall accents due to their hygienic, moisture resistant, stain proof, fire proof, and long lasting qualities.
This document provides an overview of false ceilings, including their introduction, purposes, types, materials, and installation. It discusses how false ceilings can improve aesthetics, hide ducting and wires, provide insulation and acoustic improvements. The types of false ceilings covered include suspended/exposed grid, concealed grid, metal, gypsum board, fiberboard, POP, and plywood. Installation photos of concealed and exposed grid ceilings are also presented. Rates and common material suppliers are listed.
This document discusses the key components and characteristics of paints used for building construction. It describes how paints are composed of pigments, binders, and other constituents that form a protective coating on surfaces. The document outlines the ideal characteristics of a paint, such as forming a hard, durable surface while being inexpensive and easy to apply. It also examines the different types of bases, vehicles, driers, pigments, solvents, and paints used for various construction applications.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
A door is a movable barrier used in buildings to provide access. Doors are held in place by a door frame. The earliest doors date back to ancient Egypt and were made of wood. Different types of ancient doors included those made of olive wood, elm, cedar, oak and cypress. Modern doors come in many styles and materials depending on their purpose and location within residential or commercial buildings. Common door types include French doors, sliding doors, bifold doors and flush doors.
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
The document discusses various types of wall and wood finishing materials and methods. It provides details on different types of paint including distemper, emulsions, enamel paint, solvent based paints. It also discusses various wood finishes including transparent coatings like varnish and shellac, penetrating finishes like linseed oil, and opaque finishes like paint. The document outlines steps for applying wood finishes including stripping away old finishes, sanding, staining, sealing, and topcoating. It provides tips on selecting appropriate paint brushes and lists major paint brands.
Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
Sound insulation is the process of soundproofing an enclosed space to prevent sound from filtering in or out. Various materials can be used for sound insulation like fiberglass wool, rock wool, glass wool, mass loaded vinyl, cork, green glue and foam panels. These materials work by absorbing, reflecting or damping sound vibrations. Sound insulation is important in environments like recording studios, homes and offices to reduce noise transfer between spaces and for human health and safety.
Plastics are widely used in building construction and materials. They are used for roofing materials, cladding panels, sound and thermal insulation, decorative laminates, adhesives and sealants, and more. Plastics provide advantages over traditional materials like being lightweight, resistant to rot and weather, and requiring little maintenance. Common plastics used in buildings include polycarbonate, PVC, polystyrene, and foams for insulation. While plastics have advantages, they can also soften at high temperatures or become brittle in cold.
False ceilings, also known as dropped ceilings or suspended ceilings, were initially developed in the 14th century in Japan for aesthetic purposes. They later became popular in modern construction as a way to conceal wiring, ductwork, and other building elements above the ceiling. There are various types of false ceilings depending on the material used, such as wood, gypsum, thermocol, or PVC. False ceilings provide benefits like reducing room height, cooling rooms, and allowing for decorative lighting features. However, they also have disadvantages like reduced headroom, concealing functional building elements, and making maintenance and repairs more difficult. Common false ceiling installation methods involve setting up a framework to support ceiling tiles or panels made of various
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral found in rock formations. There are two main varieties: chrysotile and amphibole. Chrysotile is the only type still in production. Asbestos is used to make asbestos cement sheets and pipes, as well as products like floor tiles and insulation. Cork, felt, mica, adhesives, bakelite, and china clay are other natural and synthetic materials used in construction for purposes like insulation, waterproofing, and binding materials together. Bricks, fire resistant glass, concrete, plaster, and gypsum are some of the most common fire resistant building materials used due to their heat resistance and durability.
Gypsum and rubber use in building constructionDeepak Sharma
COMPOSITION OF GYPSUM
Types and source of gypsum
types
Properties of gypsum
Gypsum as BUILDING MATERIAL
RUBBER
It can be classified in two parts:
Types of Rubber :
USES:-
PROPERTIES
GREEN MATERIAL / ECO FRIENDLY MATERIAL
1. The document discusses different types of decorative surface materials like laminates, veneers, plywood and their manufacturing processes.
2. It explains the types of laminates based on manufacturing process and surface finish. The main types are low pressure, high pressure, matte finish, glossy finish, textured finish and digital laminates.
3. Veneers are thin wood sheets used for decorative purposes. The manufacturing process of veneers involves slicing logs, grading, trimming and joining. Common types are oak, teak, walnut and birch veneers.
4. Plywood is made of layers of wood pressed together with grains oriented perpendicular to each other. The manufacturing
Lamination is a process that bonds multiple layers of materials together to improve the strength and properties of the composite material. There are various lamination processes that are used depending on the materials. Decorative high-pressure laminates are commonly used for furniture and consist of layers of paper soaked in resins and bonded under heat and pressure to form a durable surface. Laminates undergo various quality tests and standards and are used in applications such as kitchen countertops, walls, and furniture.
The document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes doors in terms of their components, sizes, frames, types and materials. The main types of doors covered are paneled doors, glazed doors, flush doors, louvered doors, revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors and collapsible doors. It also discusses different types of windows like fixed windows. Rolling shutters are described as curtain-like doors made of thin steel sheets used for shops and warehouses. The document provides detailed information on specifications and uses of different door and window components.
The document discusses the process of cement manufacturing. It begins with the raw materials used, which include limestone, clay, iron oxide, and aluminum. These materials are quarries, crushed, and transported to a plant for storage. They are then ground together and preheated before being burned in a kiln at 1500°C to produce clinker. The clinker is cooled, ground with gypsum, and stored in silos before being packaged and distributed. The document outlines the characteristics, types, grades, setting process, optimal storage conditions, and common uses of cement in construction.
Tiles are manufactured pieces of hard-wearing materials like ceramic, stone, or glass that are used to cover roofs, floors, walls, and other surfaces. They are created by quarrying raw materials from the ground like clay, then mixing and pressing them into molds before firing at high temperatures. There are many types of tiles including roof tiles, floor tiles, pebble tiles, ceiling tiles, and wall tiles that are used for both residential and commercial construction. Tiles can benefit applications in areas like counters, bathrooms, backsplashes, flooring, and wall accents due to their hygienic, moisture resistant, stain proof, fire proof, and long lasting qualities.
This document provides an overview of false ceilings, including their introduction, purposes, types, materials, and installation. It discusses how false ceilings can improve aesthetics, hide ducting and wires, provide insulation and acoustic improvements. The types of false ceilings covered include suspended/exposed grid, concealed grid, metal, gypsum board, fiberboard, POP, and plywood. Installation photos of concealed and exposed grid ceilings are also presented. Rates and common material suppliers are listed.
This document discusses the key components and characteristics of paints used for building construction. It describes how paints are composed of pigments, binders, and other constituents that form a protective coating on surfaces. The document outlines the ideal characteristics of a paint, such as forming a hard, durable surface while being inexpensive and easy to apply. It also examines the different types of bases, vehicles, driers, pigments, solvents, and paints used for various construction applications.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
A door is a movable barrier used in buildings to provide access. Doors are held in place by a door frame. The earliest doors date back to ancient Egypt and were made of wood. Different types of ancient doors included those made of olive wood, elm, cedar, oak and cypress. Modern doors come in many styles and materials depending on their purpose and location within residential or commercial buildings. Common door types include French doors, sliding doors, bifold doors and flush doors.
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
The document discusses various types of wall and wood finishing materials and methods. It provides details on different types of paint including distemper, emulsions, enamel paint, solvent based paints. It also discusses various wood finishes including transparent coatings like varnish and shellac, penetrating finishes like linseed oil, and opaque finishes like paint. The document outlines steps for applying wood finishes including stripping away old finishes, sanding, staining, sealing, and topcoating. It provides tips on selecting appropriate paint brushes and lists major paint brands.
Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
Sound insulation is the process of soundproofing an enclosed space to prevent sound from filtering in or out. Various materials can be used for sound insulation like fiberglass wool, rock wool, glass wool, mass loaded vinyl, cork, green glue and foam panels. These materials work by absorbing, reflecting or damping sound vibrations. Sound insulation is important in environments like recording studios, homes and offices to reduce noise transfer between spaces and for human health and safety.
Plastics are widely used in building construction and materials. They are used for roofing materials, cladding panels, sound and thermal insulation, decorative laminates, adhesives and sealants, and more. Plastics provide advantages over traditional materials like being lightweight, resistant to rot and weather, and requiring little maintenance. Common plastics used in buildings include polycarbonate, PVC, polystyrene, and foams for insulation. While plastics have advantages, they can also soften at high temperatures or become brittle in cold.
False ceilings, also known as dropped ceilings or suspended ceilings, were initially developed in the 14th century in Japan for aesthetic purposes. They later became popular in modern construction as a way to conceal wiring, ductwork, and other building elements above the ceiling. There are various types of false ceilings depending on the material used, such as wood, gypsum, thermocol, or PVC. False ceilings provide benefits like reducing room height, cooling rooms, and allowing for decorative lighting features. However, they also have disadvantages like reduced headroom, concealing functional building elements, and making maintenance and repairs more difficult. Common false ceiling installation methods involve setting up a framework to support ceiling tiles or panels made of various
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral found in rock formations. There are two main varieties: chrysotile and amphibole. Chrysotile is the only type still in production. Asbestos is used to make asbestos cement sheets and pipes, as well as products like floor tiles and insulation. Cork, felt, mica, adhesives, bakelite, and china clay are other natural and synthetic materials used in construction for purposes like insulation, waterproofing, and binding materials together. Bricks, fire resistant glass, concrete, plaster, and gypsum are some of the most common fire resistant building materials used due to their heat resistance and durability.
Gypsum and rubber use in building constructionDeepak Sharma
COMPOSITION OF GYPSUM
Types and source of gypsum
types
Properties of gypsum
Gypsum as BUILDING MATERIAL
RUBBER
It can be classified in two parts:
Types of Rubber :
USES:-
PROPERTIES
GREEN MATERIAL / ECO FRIENDLY MATERIAL
This document discusses three topics: gypsum, rubber, and asbestos. For gypsum, it provides information on its chemical formula and composition, its uses in construction materials like wallboard and cement, and its properties such as fast setting, micro-expansion, and fire resistance. For rubber, it distinguishes between natural and synthetic rubber, lists uses in construction like joints and roofing, and notes properties including elasticity and temperature resistance. For asbestos, it identifies the six types, discusses historical uses in products like roofing and insulation, and notes advantages like fire protection but also serious health hazards from microscopic fibers.
Rubber is an important engineering material that is highly stretchy and abrasion resistant. It can be molded into various shapes and has properties like elasticity, thermal contraction, and durability. Rubber is widely used in construction, including as an adhesive, coating, fiber, and electrical insulator. It has applications in concrete, tiles, bearings, pipes, roofing, and sound insulation. The process of obtaining natural rubber involves tapping latex from rubber trees, purifying it, and coagulating it. There are also various types of synthetic rubber with different chemical resistance properties used in construction.
Acoustics Material Study - Architectural Acoustics - NIT TrichySabarathinam Kuppan
This document discusses various materials used for acoustic treatment of noise, including acoustic foams, polyurethane foams, asbestos products, balsa wood, brickwork, clinker block, concrete, lightweight concrete, glass, foamed glass, glass fibre wool, gypsum, mineral wool, lead sheets, lead/foam sandwiches, lead-loaded plastic sheets, and leaded plastics. It provides details on the sound absorbing and insulating properties of these materials.
AAC Blocks vs Red Bricks - Material Study - Energy Efficient Buildings - NIT ...Sabarathinam Kuppan
The document compares autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks and red clay bricks. It discusses their history, constituents, uses, advantages, disadvantages, properties, efficiency, and on-site construction comparison. AAC blocks are lighter weight, more durable, provide better insulation, reduce construction costs and time, and have less environmental impact than red clay bricks. However, AAC blocks have a higher initial production cost per unit. The document concludes that both materials have important uses in wall construction based on their properties, availability, and cost for a given project.
Basalt fiber is a material made from extremely fine fibers of basalt, which is composed of the minerals plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine. It is similar to fiberglass , having better physicomechanical properties than fiberglass, but being significantly cheaper than carbon fiber.
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Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral that is widely used in construction. It is composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O) and is formed through sedimentary processes. Gypsum has several uses - it is used to produce plaster of Paris, used in wallboard/drywall for interior walls and ceilings, and used to make decorative plasterwork. Gypsum mining involves excavation, crushing, grinding and calcination to extract the mineral. The calcined gypsum is then used to manufacture various construction materials through processes like board production. Gypsum products provide benefits like ease of installation, fire resistance, soundproofing and moisture resistance.
This presentation will take you through a research study of five(5) different kinds of building
materials available on the Botswana market.
The objective of this assignment was to generate interest and facilitate student understanding of
different building materials available and their applications in the building construction environment.
The materials I personally researched about are as follows:
• Wood
• Tile
• Steel
• Glass
• Stone
Aggregates are coarse materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and recycled concrete that are used as a component of composite materials like concrete and asphalt concrete. Sources of aggregates include mining deposits, waste slag from iron and steel manufacturing, and recycling of concrete. Prices of common aggregate grades range from approximately Rs. 324 to Rs. 386 per tonne.
The document discusses properties and applications of rubber. It begins by introducing the group members and providing an overview of natural and synthetic rubber. It then discusses various properties of rubber including its flexibility, elasticity, water resistance and insulation properties. Various applications of rubber are also presented, including use in rubber flooring, adhesives, bearings pads, and expansion joints. The document concludes that both natural and synthetic rubber have many uses in construction and other industries.
The document discusses several common building materials used in construction including wood, concrete, glass, ceramics, steel, carbon fiber, copper, aluminum, plastic, plaster, stone, and minerals. These materials each have different example uses in buildings, varying properties like strength and durability, and notes on characteristics. Traditional materials like wood and stone are still used alongside modern engineered materials that are designed to meet current construction needs.
This presentation is about new generation Interior design materials and applications we have TERAZZO,Magnet,Trash and scrap, acrylics etc...., In this presentation
Latest Contemporary Construction Techniques and Materialsanishanaidu13
Please contact at anisha13naidu@gmail.com for the ppt and I will send it to you.
Latest building materials and technologies being used in development of hitech buildings in contemporary architecture of cities today
This document summarizes and compares aerated lightweight concrete types foamed concrete and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). It discusses that foamed concrete is produced through pre-foaming or mixed foaming methods using a foam agent to produce air bubbles. AAC uses aluminium powder as a foaming agent which reacts to produce gas bubbles during curing. The document outlines the raw materials, production processes, properties and advantages of both concrete types including their strength, density, thermal and sound insulation qualities.
Building materials can be used for construction purposes and include cement, sand, gravel, stone, brick, wood, metals and tiles. Cement is produced by calcining limestone and clay and is used to make mortar and concrete when mixed with water, sand and gravel. Mortar is used to bind construction blocks like stone or brick and hardens upon setting. Various wood, metal and masonry joints are used to join materials like timber, and different types of metals include carbon steel, wrought iron and cast iron. Ceramic, clay and vitrified tiles are manufactured building materials that are used to cover floors, walls and roofs.
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate that is widely used in construction. It is used to make plaster, drywall, and other building materials. Gypsum board has good fire resistance and sound insulation properties when used in building construction. However, gypsum is less strong and durable than other materials like brick and can absorb dust or flake on surfaces over time.
This document discusses using rock wool as a sound absorbing material in floors. It provides background on building acoustics and defines rock wool. It describes the manufacturing process for rock wool and its properties as a thermal and acoustic insulator. Key points covered include using rock wool bats between floor joists, its fire resistance, recycled content, and importance for both thermal and sound insulation.
PART 1: Alternative building techniques- we use on site materials to keep costs low, sand or subsoil, 50% rice hull for high R walls, which requires a stabiliser. Pneumatic tampers can work also, moist clay and sand become in effect sandstone, no stabiliser needed, but less insulation.
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadershipsamililja
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
Mastering the Concepts Tested in the Databricks Certified Data Engineer Assoc...SkillCertProExams
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This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
5. ASBESTOS
Asbestos is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral with high tensile
strength, ability to be woven and provide resistance to heat and
most chemicals
Asbestos-Chrysotile
All types of asbestos may break into very tiny fibers
Some fibers maybe up to 700 times smaller than a human hair and
can be identified using a microscope
6. PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos have good tensile strength and may bear greater load
They are flexible
They are Heat resistant and provide good insulation
They provide Electrical resistance
They are chemical resistant
They have Sound proofing/Heat proofing properties
They do not burn rapidly when ignited hence they also have fire
proofing properties
7. TYPES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos is the name given to six naturally occurring minerals that
are mined from the earth
The most common types are :-
Chrysotile – White Asbestos
Amosite – Brown Asbestos
Crocidolite – Blue Asbestos
The other types are :-
Tremolite
Actinolite
Anthophyllite
8. TYPES OF ASBESTOS
The chemical composition of various types of asbestos
(Table 2.1)
SiO2 and MgO are the important molecules which
provide asbestos with a wide range of properties
9. USES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos has been used for centuries, its use increased greatly
during World War II, It became an element for the construction of
ships providing insulation
It can be used as reinforcement in Fibro-cement sheets
It can be used for fireproofing
It can be used for roofing and flooring
10. USES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos mixed with cement
and sprayed forms a fire-resistant material
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11. USES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos can be used for Pipe insulation
Asbestos-cement pipes are used for carrying
underground water
It can be used in plaster for acoustic proofing
It can be used in the manufacture Ceilings and Tiles
12. HEALTH HAZARDS
The diseases caused by asbestos exposure may lead to Lung
Cancer
The diseases caused by asbestos exposure include Asbestosis and
Mesothelmia
The cancer resulting from asbestos exposure spreads very quickly,
eventually resulting in death
It can be caused by very low exposure
Due to these serious health hazards
It’s use declined very quickly after 1981
13. ALTERNATIVES FOR ASBESTOS
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) can be used for replacing asbestos in ceilings
PVA fiber
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) can be used for insulation in walling and
floorings, PVC also provides resistance to chemical attacks
14. ALTERNATIVES FOR ASBESTOS
Polyprylene(PP) fiber in concrete can be used for fire resistance and
toughness, PP fiber proves to be an excellent alternative for
Asbestos
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15. PLASTER OF PARIS
Plaster of Paris is a quick-setting gypsum plaster consisting of fine
white powder (calcium sulfate hemihydrate – CaSO4,1/2 H2O)
It forms a paste when moistened and hardens when allowed to dry
It is known since ancient times, Plaster of Paris is so called because of
its preparation from the abundant gypsum found near Paris.
16. PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING
The raw material gypsum is sorted and washed
with water for removal of sand and other
impurities
The lumps thus obtained are then dried and
powdered.
The dried gypsum powder is calcined(Burnt) in a
rotary kiln at a temperature of 160ºC to 180ºC
The process of calcination is done over a period
of about 2 hours, so that one and half molecules
of water is removed to convert the gypsum
(CaSo4 2 H2O) into Plaster of Paris (CaSo4 ½ H2O)
Plaster of Paris can be moulded into different
shapes when it is moistened, but gypsum
plaster does not have that property
17. PROPERTIES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
It reacts exothermically with moisture/water
Plaster of Paris is easy to spread and level
It is highly fire resistant and nonflammable
It forms a thick surface after drying.
It expands very slightly on setting.
It does not cause cracking of surfaces. It gives a decorative interior
finish
It has a lower chemical reactivity and is resistant to many chemicals
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18. USES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
Plaster of Paris is a building material that is used for protective
coating on walls and ceilings
Used to fill small gaps on walls & roofs
It is used as a casting agent decorative elements. It is used to give
aesthetic finishing touches to the buildings
19. USES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
It is used as a fireproofing material and for making
chalks
Used for false ceilings and other decorative patterns
as it can be easily moulded to any shape
Used in hospitals for immobilizing the affected part in
case of bone fracture or sprain
20. ABRASIVES
An abrasive is a hard material , that is used to shape or finish a
workpiece through rubbing/Polishing, this leads to part of the
workpiece being worn away by friction
Abrasive materials maybe used in the form of abrasive wheels or
sand paper
Abrasives may be classified as either natural or synthetic
21. TYPES OF ABRASIVES
Natural Abrasives :-
Natural Abrasives occur as rocks
or minerals in the earth crust,
which are :-
Diamond
Garnet
Corundum
Quartz
Quartz Mineral
Diamond
Corundum
23. FORMS OF ABRASIVES
Abrasives maybe used both in Block form and
powdered form
Block form are pieces cut in suitable shapes from the
abrasive material
Block form are generally used as
grindstone, whetstone
The powdered form is generally used in
manufacturing of abrasive wheels and
sand paper
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24. PROPERTIES OF ABRASIVES
Abrasive materials are hard having greater strength
They have sharp and angular corners which help in
shaping and polishing of a material
They are water resistant
Chemically inert
High Melting point
Their hardness remains same at Room and Elevated
temperatures
25. APPLICATIONS OF ABRASIVES
Abrasives offers a wide range of domestic as well as
industrial applications
They are used for polishing and shaping of a material
They may be used for sharpening of knives in domestic
use
They may be used for cutting of fragile materials
26. USES OF ABRASIVES
Abrasives may be used in welding works for cutting
purpose
They may be used for cutting metals and polishing of
cars in Automobile industry
They may be used in cutting of reinforcements in
building constructions
28. INTRODUCTION
Cork is the natural, renewable and
sustainable construction raw-material
Cork has an unusual combination of
properties making it suitable for application
in buildings and infrastructures
For example
Insulation, wear-resistance and durability.
These properties provide designers,
Architects and engineers to meet some of
the Green Building demands.
29. INTRODUCTION
It is a light, elastic material that is practically
impermeable to liquid and gas, as well as being a
thermal and electrical insulator.
30. COMPOSITION OF CORK
Cork is the bark of the oak tree.
Cork is composed of dead cells that
accumulate on the outer surface of the
cork oak tree
It has structure similar to a honey comb
Cork is a component of the bark
peeled from the cork oak tree is
primarily composed of suberification
cells .
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31. APPLICATION OF CORK
Different types of cork materials are commonly used
in insulation for ceilings, floors, and walls
Cork are used for interior decoration of building
It offers soundproofing elements
Cork can be used for countertop
It provide thermal insulation simultaneously between
the two levels
34. DEFINITION :
ASPHALT IS A HIGHLY, STICKY AND BLACK VISCOUS
LIQUID OR SEMI SOLID FORM OF PETROLEUM.
It is used as a glue or binder mixed with aggregate
particles to form an Asphalt concrete.It may be found
natural deposits or may be a refined product.
Until the 20th century, the asphaltium was also used.
The term bitumen was also used for asphalt.
The main difference between Asphalt and Bitumen is
that the Bitumen is generally used for naturally occurring
material while Asphalt is generally used for
manufactured material i.e obtained from destructive
distillation of coal. In American English, generally the term
Asphalt is used.
35. NORMAL COMPOSITION :
The components of Asphalt include four main classes
of compounds.
Naphthalene : consisting of polycyclic aromatic
compounds.
Polar Aromatics : consisting of high molecular weight
Phenols and Carboxylic acid.
Saturated Hydrocarbons : the percentage of
saturated compounds in asphalt correlates with its
softening point
Asphaltenes : consisting of high molecular weight
Phenols and Heterocyclic compounds.
36. PROPERTIES
Some of the desirable properties of Asphalt are;
Stability (its ability to resist heavy loads)
Durability (its ability to resist such factors such as weather,
traffic etc)
Flexibility (its ability to adjust gradual settlements and
movements without Cracking)
Fatigue resistance (its ability to resists repeated loads
under high wheel loads. Air voids and binder viscosity
have significant effect on fatigue resistance.)
Skid resistance (its ability to minimize skidding or slipping
of vehicle tires particularly when wet.)
37. Impermeability (ability to resists the passage of water and
air through it.)
Workability (mixtures with good workability are easy to
place and compact)
38. USES OF ASPHALT:
The primary use of asphalt about
70% is in Road construction,
where it is used as a glue or
binder mixed with aggregate
particles to create an asphalt
concrete.
Some of the uses of Asphalt
concrete are ;
Highways
Airport Runways
39. Car parks
Footways
Racetracks
Roofing
Dams
Sound proofing
Pipes coating
Cable coating
Building water proofing
Newspaper ink production
40. DISADVANTAGES OF
ASPHALT
Care and use; (Asphalt
construction needs more proper
care and maintenance than
concrete)
Breaks; (when asphalt is not
properly laid it tends to cracks
and finally break)
Equipment; (Asphalt
constructions requires heavy
equipment to install and is very
expensive)
42. INTRODUCTION :
The broken stones or cinders used in making and
repairing of roads or railroads are referred to as
Road Metal
Road metal later became the name of the Road
surfacing material. Nowadays we call them Road
surfacing material.
A wide variety of materials are used in the road
surfacing material such as natural soil,
aggregates(fine or coarse aggregates), lime,
bituminous materials, cement etc for improved
performance of roads under heavy loads and traffic.
43. MATERIALS USED IN ROAD
CONSTRUCTION SURFACES
Gravel
Gravel is a practical, affordable and usually used for
low traffic volume particularly in rural areas. These are
invariably derived by breaking the naturally occurring
rocks to the required sizes. They are also used as part
of bituminous mixes and cement concrete.
Disadvantages of gravel:
Develops cracks during hot weather
Rough and noisy
Generates dust and stones
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44. Asphalt :
Almost all newly constructed roads and highways
are surfaced with asphalt. These type of roads are
built to handle high traffic volumes and heavy loads.
The primary use of asphalt about 70% is in road
construction. However it costs more than gravel
because it has high performance ratio than gravel.
Quick to apply, fast drying.
Relatively low road noise
Easy to repair
Recyclable
Can last over 40 years
Flexible load distribution
45. Concrete
Concrete road surfaces are composed from cement
and other materials such as aggregate and chemical
admixtures. One of the major advantage of concrete
pavement is that they are typically stronger and more
durable than Asphalt roadways. They may be
constructed directly over a compacted well soil
subgrade. It long as 30 to 50 years.
Highly compressive strength
Durability and maintenance free life
Vehicles consumes less fuel
Resistant to fire and extreme weather
Eco friendly process
46. Also wide variety of other materials are used in the
construction of roads surface such as soil , bitumen,
composite pavements etc.
Desirable properties of road
aggregates :
Strength
Hardness
Toughness
Durability
Adhesion with bitumen
Shape of aggregates
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47. TYPES OF ROADS
Earth road (used where traffic level is rare)
Kankar road (impure form of limestone is used in these
type of roads)
Murram road (obtained from igneous rocks, low cost
road and similar to gravel road)
Brick aggregate road (Burnt bricks are used as an
aggregate)
Concrete road
Bituminous road
Gravel Road
Brick Road
Murram
49. INTRODUCTION
Rubber is a material which can shrink and stretch
It is sticky elastic solid produced from natural sources or can be
synthesized on an industrial scale
It is also known as elastomer
E.gs are gloves, tires, plugs and masks
50. TYPES OF RUBBER :
NATURAL RUBBER
Natural Rubber :-
From HEVEA BRASILIENSIS (TREE)
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
Synthetic Rubber :-
From PETROLEUM Feed stock
There are many different kinds of
Rubber But they all fall into two Broad
types :-
51. NATURAL RUBBER (NR)
Natural rubber is made from a runny milky white liquid
called LATEX that oozes from certain plants when you
cut them
Common Dandelions produce latex if you snap off
their stem
NR is a polymer of isoprene also known as (2-
methylbuta-1,3-diene)
52. LATEX :-
Latex is a sticky, milky white sap drawn off by making
incisions In the bark of rubber tree
In most plants, latex is white, but some have yellow,
orange or scarlet latex
Latex is natural polymer of Isoprene
53. Chemical process for converting rubber into more
durable materials by adding Sulphur or equivalent
materials
Vulcanization normally results in increased elasticity,
strength , durability and also increased resistance to
chemical agents
VULCANIZATION :-
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54. SYNTHETIC RUBBER :-
Rubber produced by artificial chemical process is
known as Synthetic Rubber
Synthetic Rubber is derived from petroleum
byproducts.
Synthetic Rubbers are superior to Natural rubbers
in two major respects, thermal stability and
resistance to oil and related compounds
55. EXAMPLES
Some Examples of Manufactured Synthetic Rubbers
Butyl Rubber
Neoprene Silicon Rubber
< Polyisoprene >
56. PROPERTIES
Highly amorphous material and randomly oriented
High tensile strength
They are flexible and has energy storing ability
Chemical Resistant
It is elastic, strong and tough
It is highly impermeable to both water and air
Bad conductor of heat
When two fresh surfaces of milled rubber are pressed together,
they coalesce to form a single piece. This property (known as
tackiness)
57. APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER
Some of the common applications of rubber are
given below :-
Daily use items
Automotive Industry
Adhesive Materials
Sealing agents
Insulation Materials
Sports goods
59. A BLACK VISCOUS MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS OBTAINED
NATURALLY OR AS A RESIDUE FROM PETROLEUM DISTILLATION.
IT IS USED FOR ROAD SURFACING AND ROOFING.
TYPES OF BITUMEN
There are different types of bitumen available with different
properties, specifications
Penetration Grade Bitumen
Bitumen Emulsion
Cut-Back Bitumen
Blown Bitumen
Plastic Bitumen
60. 01- PENETRATION GRADE BITUMEN
The penetration grade bitumen is refinery
bitumen that is manufactured at different
viscosities
The penetration test is carried out to
characterize the bitumen, based on hardness.
Penetration Grade Bitumen is usually used in
Paving essential for road construction and for
the production of asphalt pavements with
superior properties .
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61. 02-BITUMEN EMULSION
It is a liquid compound which
contains a large amount of
bitumen in aqueous medium
It is suspended by some
appropriate stabilizing agents in the
aqueous medium.
Bitumen emulsion are used
extensively in bituminous road
construction
Other than this they are used for
maintenance and repair work.
62. 03- CUT-BACK BITUMEN
These are a grade of bitumen
that comes under penetration
grade bitumen. This type of
bitumen has a temporarily
reduced viscosity
It is generally derived from coal
tar.
Cut-back bitumen can be used
as bitumen paint in cold.
63. 04- BLOWN BITUMEN
Blown bitumen are produced by passing
air under pressure at high temperature
This process gives the bitumen more
rubbery properties than its original formula
and they are simply harder bitumen.
Used for the manufacture of roofing tents
and waterproofing industries, for sound
proofing and dampening, sealing of oil
and gas pipe joints
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64. 05- PLASTIC BITUMEN
It comprises of bitumen thinner and
appropriate inert reagent (about 40%)
The plastic waste coated aggregate is
mixed with hot bitumen and the
resulting mix is used for road
construction
Plastic bitumen can be used for filling
cracks, leakages , in masonry
structures etc
65. PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN
They are extremely Hard and have greater
Strength
They have adhesive properties and hence easily
bind
They are Viscous and not easy to flow , However
this property is temperature dependent
Chemical resistant and also show resistance to
water
Ductile and can be molded into thin sheets during
road constructions
They have greater durability and may last longer
then concrete and other members
66. APPLICATION OF BITUMEN
Road construction
Basins, Dam linings
Water barriers, waterproofing, Drainage
gutters etc.
Damp proofing