This document discusses the basic requirements for hatching chicks in a hatchery. It defines key terms like embryo, hatchling, and germinal disk. It explains that hatcheries provide the proper conditions for eggs to develop, including temperature control and humidity levels. Large commercial hatcheries use automated incubators with separate sections for development (setter) and hatching (hatcher). Precise temperature, humidity, ventilation, egg positioning and regular turning are required for optimal hatch rates. Deviations from best practices can lead to delays, deformities or high mortality rates in chicks.

1. Basic Hatchery
Requirements

2. .
Hatchery
Hatchery is a machine
which provides the basic
requirement forthe
development of embryo
into a health chick

3. .
Oology
The branch of science
which deal with the study
of eggs is known as
Oology
Egg
A chamberthat provides
nourishment and
protection forthe growth
and development of
embryo inside it

4. .
Embryo
The earliest development
of germinal disk within
egg until it hatches

5. .
Hatchling
A chick from a recently –
hatched egg

6. .
Germinal disk
A small, circular, white
patch on the uppersurface
of yolk, containing cell
from which the chick
develops if the egg is
fertilized

7. .
Incubation
Process by which
birds /hatchery hatch
theirfertile eggs
Incubation
Period
The time during which
incubation takes place

8. Incubation Periods of Avian
Species
.
1 Hen 21 Days
2 Quail 21-23
3 Duck 28
4 Turkey 28
5 Ostrich 35-49

9. Incubation Methods
 Natural Incubation  Artifical Incubation

10. Natural Incubation
 Forsmall scale household purpose
 Required by MediumSizeHen
Characterized by
 Ruffled feathers
 Loosing feathers underwing &legs
 Free from parasite (External &Internal)
 Capacity of eggs 12-15 eggs/hen
 Housing dimension 14*14*16
 Clean nesting material
 Check eggs at 9th
&16th
day fordead in shell

11. .

12. Artificial Incubation
 TWO TYPES (small and large )
 SMALL
CAPACITY ------50-500
POSITION ------Flat
VENTILATION ---Natural Source
TURNING -------3-5 times manually
normal temperature requirement
1-7 days--------102.5-103.5 o
F
8-18 days-------102o
F
19-21 days ------101o
F

13. .
 LARGE (two types)
 I)--Mammoth/Cabinet /Forced draft incubators
 II)-Walk in Incubators
Capacity---10,000 –400,000 eggs
Two MajorParts
A B
Setter Hatcher

14.  Setter
 From 1-18 days
 Broaderend up &Pointerend at bottom
 Turning automatically--------6-8 times
 It has multiple trays
 Ventilators forVentilations
 Heat source –electricity with fansfor uniform
distribution
.

15. Setter
. .

16.  Hatcher
 19-21 days
 1/3 capacity of setter
 No turning
 Heat source –electricity with fansfor uniform distribution
.

17. Hatcher
. .
 .  .

18. Temperature
 Setter
99.5o
F
 Hatcher
99o
F
Effect of High Temperature
smaller / weak chick
unhealed naval
missing eyes & brain
Effect of Low Temperature
delayed chicks
sticky chicks

19. Humidity
 %age of moisture in
air
 Setter
54-60%
 Hatcher
75-86%
Effect of High Humidity
less evaporation
hatching delayed
soft abdomen chicks
Effect of Low Humidity
excess loss of water
early hatching
dehydrated chicks

20. Ventilation
 Crossing of fresh gasses with foul gasses
 Normal Co2 level-------0.3%
Above 0.5%-----------reduced hatchability
Above 2%-------------0% hatchability

21. Altitude
 High altitude – reduced hatchability
 Normal hatchability is –85%
 At 2500 ft--------85%
 At 4950 ft--------74%
 At 7160 ft--------64%
Recommended sea level –2500 ft

22. Position of eggs
 Position of egg is Broaderend up &Pointer
end at bottom
 If broaderend at bottom
50% dead in seal due to non-establishment of
pulmonary respiration

23. Turning of eggs
 Normal turning angel 40-45o
each side
 6-8 times turning /24 hours
 If turning in circle
 it will rapture allantois membrane
Normal turning provides
 uniform temperature
 reduce sticky chicks
 50% dead in shell due to non-establishment of pulmonary respiration