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Factors affecting hatchability
Hatchability is influenced by many factors including fertility, embryo metabolism, incubation temperature and humidity, oxygen requirements, egg handling and nutrition. Maintaining optimal temperatures of 99.5°F from days 1-19 and 89-99°F on days 20-21 is important as is humidity between 50-60%. Proper egg selection, storage, turning and nutrition can also impact hatchability. Genetics, diseases and other environmental stresses like high altitude can affect fertility and embryonic development.
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Factors affecting hatchability
- 2. Hatchability Determining Factors Fertility Metabolism of chick embryo Temperature during incubation Humidity during incubation Incubation at high altitude Air requirement during incubation
- 3. cont.. Egg selection& handling of hatching eggs Position of egg during incubation Nutrition Genetics Diseases Other factors affecting hatchability
- 4. 1-Fertility What isFertility Fertility refersto thecapacity to reproduce Role of male in fertility Inducethesperm in femalereproductivesystem after mating Fertileeggsstart after 2 week of mating (In somecasesfertileeggsstart after 24 hoursof mating ) Infertileeggsstart --- after 1 week of removal of malefrom flock Role of female in fertility After receiving sperm fertilizeegg in femalereproductive tract Safethegerm plasmaafter fertilization
- 5. Conti... Factors affectingthe fertility Maleto femaleratio (number of femalemated to onemale) Maleto femaleratio (1:5) Ageof breeder Mating behavior Saving eggsfor hatchability Management Practices
- 6. Losses ofInfertility Chancesof infertility 10% (USA based data) Economic losses Occupy valuableincubator space Requiretimeconsuming labor & handling Hatchery maintaining cost
- 7. Important Considerations Fertilitycan’t be predetermined Can’t differentiateb/w fertile& nonfertileeggsprior incubation With Special light system-check after few hour of incubation with Commercial chandlers- check after several daysof incubation Egg must be broken to determine true fertility Candling iscrudemethod Fertility inherited Strainsdifference Individual difference Better fertility through genetic selection in breeds
- 8. 2-Metabolism of ChickEmbryo What is Metabolism Necessary for growth & life Physical & chemical processesoccurring within aliving cell or animalsthat are necessary for life Anabolism (biosynthesis) Catabolism (breakdown)
- 9. Cont.. Metabolism in chickembryo Metabolic rateof chick embryo istheresult of temperature Higher optimal temperatureaccelerategrowth Lower temperatureretard / delay growth Asmetabolism cell of embryo demand moreO2 to metabolizethefats, CH2O & other components which in turn produceCO2 & water, or viceversa Balancereversiblereaction isaindicator of correct temperature Optimal temperatureof setter is99.7o F (37.5o C)
- 10. Cont.. Importance ofwaterloss from egg To control thelossof metabolic water from Must maintain thehatchery humidity 50-60% Egg water elimination enhanceO2 entrance Problemsof high humidity Lesswater elimination causesLessO2 entrancein egg ReduceO2 suffocatetheembryo Cause— Early embryonic death Chic hatch late Week Chicks
- 11. Cont.. Problemsof high humidity MoreH2Owill beeliminated from embryo MoreWater lossfrom yolk & albumen Cause- Early embryonic death Chick hatch late Week & small Chicks General lossof wholeegg---12% (within 19 days) Daily losses ----- 0.632%(at 50-60% humidity
- 12. Cont.. Egg weighing todetermineweight loss weigh theempty tray weigh thetray with eggs weight thetray at theend of 19th day You can also weigh at any day of incubation calculation----
- 13. 3-Temperature During Incubation What is temperature Temperatureisameasureof theaverageheat or thermal energy of theparticlesin asubstance Physiological Zero Temp. below which embryonic growth isarrested 750 F(23.9 0 C) PZ temp. varieswith strains& varieties Optimum temp. forIncubation Rangeb/w 950 to 1050 F (350 t0 40.50 C) Consequences of Low &High Temp. during
- 14. Conti… Three OptimumTemperature Prior to egg laying body temp. of Broody hen 950 to 1070F (46.60 to 41.70 C) during first 19 day of incubation 99.50 F(36.70 C) during 20th & 21st daysof Incubation 890 to 990 F (36.70 C to 37.20 C)
- 15. Conti… Optimum incubation temp.is not same forall eggs due to following factors ….. 1-Egg size 2-Shell quality 3-Gnetics (breed/ strain) 4-Ageof when it isset 5-Humidity of air during incubation
- 16. Conti… Embryonic effectfrom Overheating Exposureof 16 hoursembryosfor 24 hours to1040 F (400 C)-No detrimental effect on hatchability Exposurefor 6 hoursto1100 F (43.30 C) .. Hatchability Exposurefor 9 hoursto1100 F (43.30 C) .. SevereHatchability Exposurefor 3 hoursto1150 F (46.10 C) ..or Exposurefor 1 hoursto1200 F (48.60 C) .. Killed all embryos severeheat stresscauses… clubbed down & unsteady gait
- 17. Conti… Embryonic effectfrom cooling First 3 day quiteresistant against low temp. Hatching chick aremoreresistant to cold than heat Consequences of cooling Lengthen theincubation period Increasethechancesof malposition of embryo Major prob. dueto reduction in 20 C for last day days
- 18. Conti… What happenwhen electric powerfails Heat not equally distribute(dueto fan ) Moreheat will beat top At top—moreheat-embryo overheated At bottom—lessheat/ chilling of embryos So emergency electric supply isnecessary for successful hatchery operation
- 19. Conti… Thermometers shouldbe checked often To check theThermometers Placein refrigerator for 30 min & shakemercury down or Placein warm water & shakethemercury down Reuniting separated mercury when mercury in thermometer separates, temp. reading sareincorrect
- 20. 4-Humidity during Incubation What is Humidity Percentageof moisturein air Measuring relative Humidity Hygrometer By comparing thethermometersrecorded by wet & dry bulbs Dry bulb…..recorded normally Wet bulb…..recorded ..bulb covered with a water-moist wick
- 21.
- 22. Conti… Consequences ofhigh humidity in setter(1-19 days) Lengthen theincubation time Consequences of low humidity No pipping dueto beak sticking Egg shell quality &humidity requirement Poor shell quality-moremoisture movement/ losses Thick denseshells–low moisturemovement/losses
- 23. Conti… Cracked eggs&humidity requirement 2% egg cracked -out of total egg set 1.1% -Cracked when trayed , 0.9% cracked at transfer MoreHumidity dueto cracked eggs Requiremoreair flow for normal O2 requirement Morelossesdueto CO2
- 24. 5-Incubation at HighAltitude What is Altitude Distancemeasured abovesealevel 1944 NorthReported thedifferenceof hatchability at different altitudes Hatchability & Altitudeisinversely proportional Highest at sealevel up 90-92% Optimum altitude 2500 ft (760 m) hatchability 80-85% at 3500 ft (1067 m) –acuteproblems
- 25. Conti… Problems athigh altitude Reduced wt of O2 Low air pressure what happen low availability of O2 lower hemoglobin concentration in blood Parti. at 13-14 daysof incubation lower / delayed hemoglobin production low supply for embryo development result …….heavy embryonic death
- 26. Conti… Increasing airpressurerestore normal hatch Increaseair pressureartificially Pressurized atmospherein incubator Oxygen injection a bettermethod Concentration of O2 Hatchability can beimproved by supplying O2 How to inject oxygen Inject both in setter & Hatcher Apparatusto determinethe%ageof O2 conc.
- 27. 6-Airrequirement during Incubation Composition of air Oxygen …………21% Oxygen in air&its importance It isimpossibleto increasetheO2 in incubator Each1% drop in O2–decresesthe5% hatchability
- 28. Conti… Normal airsupplygenerally adequate With theincreaseof age–embryo require moreO2 & (moreCO2 given off) Theprocessof O2 requirement increase 100 timesat 21st day ascompareto 1st day Generally O2 requirement increases8 time after every 3 daysof incubation life How we increase the O2 in incubators By increasing air circulation By O2 supplying (not applicable/ expensive)
- 29. Conti.. Gaseous exchangeduring incubation per1000 eggs Day of Incubation Absorption of O2 ft3 Expulsion of CO2 ft3 1 0.5 0.29 5 1.17 0.58 10 3.79 1.92 15 22.70 11.50 18 30.00 15.40 21 45.40 23.00
- 30. Conti… Carbon dioxidetolerance At laying CO2 releasefrom egg and turn egg contentsto alkaline Normal pH of Egg contentsat laying…. Albumen pH 7.6 after oneweek 9.5 Yolk pH 6.0 after oneweek 6.8 CO2 concentration must bein rangelimit in setter & hatcher Tolerancelevel first 4 week……0.03% At 1% …Significant reduction in hatchability At 5% .... Completely lethal for hatchability
- 31. 7-Egg selection &care& storage, handling of hatching eggs Exteriorquality Genetic parental charactershasgreat rolein production of good hatching quality egg Egg size Normal size(53 gm, WLH) -Range54-64 gm Egg shape 3 types(Oval, Oblong & round) oval isdesirableshape Oblong & round not desirable
- 32. Conti… Egg shell color Whitevswhitewithtints Dark brown vslight brown Shell texture Shell thickness…0.33 – 0.35 mm weak shell thickness….. 0.27 mm Thin shell thicknesswasdueto deficiency of Vit D or Ca Smooth shell vsPorousshell
- 33. Conti… Interiorquality Position ofyolk Yolk should bein center of hatching eggs Yolk wasnot in center in older egg- Causesof low hatchability wasdueto sticking of embryo with shell Size of airshell Largeair shell haslow hatchability which wasdueto older egg Blood &meat spots ..hasno any effect on hatchability Poorshell condition A small crack haszero hatchability
- 34. Conti… Care &Storageof hatching eggs Hatching egg quality may bedeterioratedue to following reasons… Improper temperature Improper Handling Improper humidity Ageof eggs Cleanlinessof shell
- 35. Position &Turning ofegg during incubation Broader end at top dueto air cell If pointed end at top 60% .. Wrong position & 10% dead embryos Egg rotateat 45 degree Clock wiserupturetheallantoisesmembranes Angle turned to each side of vertical Hatch of fertile eggs 200 69.3 300 78.9 400 84.6
- 36. Conti… Daily turningof egg and hatchability Time Turned daily Hatching of fertile eggs 2 78.1 4 85.3 6 92.0 8 92.2 10 92.1
- 37. Nutrition Vit. A……Failuretodevelop theblood system Embryonic malpositions Vit. D……Ricket (lack of P) Stunted chicks Soft bonesresulting from improper Calcification Vit. E…….Reduced fertility, Inadequateembryonic vascular system, embryonic mortality 1-3 d Vit. K……Prolonged embryonic blood clotting time Hemorrahages& blood clotsin embryo & Extraembryonic blood vessels. Hemorrhagic syndromeof embryo & Chick
- 38. Conti… Riboflavin……High mortality9-14 days. Edema, Atrophied leg muscles, clubbed down, curled toes, enlargeof sciatic nervesheaths, reduced hatchability 2 after breeder ration becomedeficient. Pantothenic acid…… Abnormal feathering, S/c hemorrhages in embryo, Chick hatch in weak condition & most fail to survive. Biotin…….Perosis, Short long bone(micromelia), shortended & twisted boneof feet, wing & skull. High mortality b/w 1 -7 days.
- 39. Conti… Vit. B12 Embryonicmal position, edema, short beak, poor musclesdevelopment, High embryonic mortality 8-14 days Folacin Similar to biotin deficiency, Chick dieafter pipping theshell B6 Reduced hatchability
- 40. Contii…. Calcium……Ricket Reducedhatchability, Short & thick leg & wing & lower mandible, Pliablepeak, leg & neck, edema Phosphorus…Ricket, soft leg & beak, high embryonic mortality b/w 14-16 days Manganese…skeletal Abnormalities, Short wing & legs, abnormal head & parrot beak (Chondrodystrophy) Imperfect development of inner ear. Retarded growth, Edema
- 41. Contii… Zinc….Micromelia, skeletaldeformities(absence of rump, wing, legs& toes), underdeveloped eyes, newly hatch chicksare weak, & cannot stand, eat or drink, chick mortality increases soon after hatching. Selenium…subcutaneousfluid, exudativediathesis (edema), degeneration of pancreas, reduced hatchability, selenium deficiency enhanced when thebreeder diet islow in vitamin E
- 42. Excessive items Selenium….toxicat high level, edema, crooked toes& high embryonic mortalities Nicarbazin…….Brown eggshellslosetheir pigment, hatchability decreasesup to 32%
- 43. Genetics Impossible topredetremined sex No method to determining thesex of living embryo at thetimetheegg islaid Shape, position of air cell, gravity or other factorshasno any effect on sex ratio Sex ratio Following factorseffect on sex ratio Genetics……..strains' & varieties Lethal genes…somelethal genesareassociated with sex Physical factors..environmental condition Time of egg laying..moremalein hot weather
- 44. Diseases Diseases ofbreederflock affect the hatchability Pullorum disease Infectiousbronchitis Arzonadisease Newcastledisease Fowl typhoid Avian Encephalomyelitis Paratyphoid Myco plasma gallisepticum Aspergilliosis Myco plasma syno viae Omphalitis Aflatoxisis(toxin poisoning) Escherichiacoli infection Laryngotracheitis
- 45. Otherfactors affecting hatchability Egglaying pattern and hatchability 1st & 1st week had low hatchability Early & Later laid haslow hatchability Maximum Hatchability at 13 – 14 week of egg production Egg in start of clutch haslow hatchability as comp. to end of clutch High production hashigher hatchability as compareto low & medium production
- 46. Conti… Weatheraffects hatchability Lowerhatchability in extremeweather condition b/c heat & cold effect breeder performance low intake, Hatchability..5% lessin may & June Factors affecting the length of incubation period Certain diseases.. Increaseincubation period Longer egg formation time..ReduceIncub. period WLHhaslower incubation period than meat typebreeders
- 47. Conti… Smaller breeder hasshortincubation period Similarly small egg hatch sooner than larger egg Noise &hatchability No effect on hatchability even sonic boom
- 48. Conti… Age ofbreederaffects hatchability Increasing ageof breeder effect thehatchability Older breeder takemoreegg formation time with strong egg shell ..increasehatching time Position of embryo in egg Normal position… Embryo with head in larger end of egg (near air cell) & with itshead under right wing
- 49. Conti.. Description ofsome male position Chancesof malposition 1-4% Head between thighs Head in small end of egg Head under left wing Feet over head Beak aboveright wing instead under Hatching %ageof malposition chick