The document provides an overview of ancient Rome from 500 BC to AD 500. It details the founding and establishment of the Roman Republic around 500 BC and the checks and balances system that prevented any one group from gaining too much power. It then discusses Rome's expansion throughout Italy and the Mediterranean through the Punic Wars against Carthage between 264 BC to 146 BC. The summary concludes with the transition from Republic to Empire under Julius Caesar and the first emperor Augustus.
Rome had become very prosperous as the sole power in the Mediterranean, but wealth was unequally distributed. The wealthy landowners benefited greatly from slave labor and conquered territories, while many small farmers lost their lands and livelihoods. The Gracchus brothers tried to implement reforms to help the poor, but were opposed by wealthy senators and murdered. This strife between rich and poor led to civil war, with discontented soldiers supporting their generals over Rome. After Caesar's assassination, Octavian defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra, becoming Rome's first emperor and bringing a period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana.
Julius Caesar was a prominent Roman politician and general who lived from 100 BC to 44 BC. He progressively rose through the Roman political system, becoming consul and then governor of Gaul, adding modern France and Belgium to Roman territory. However, the Senate grew worried about Caesar's popularity and power, and ordered him to disband his army, which he refused. This led to civil war, with Caesar emerging victorious. He became dictator for life but was assassinated in 44 BC by a group of senators who feared he wanted to be king. His conquests helped transform Rome from a republic to an empire under his grandnephew Augustus.
Fall Of The Republic, Rise Of An Empiremr.sullivan
Roman entertainment such as theaters, circuses, and gladiator fights in the Colosseum helped keep citizens happy and distracted from the empire's problems. The large size of the empire made it difficult for the Senate to govern effectively, leading to corruption and economic issues. This contributed to the fall of the Roman Republic. Julius Caesar took power as a dictator but was later assassinated, plunging Rome into further chaos. Augustus restored order as the first emperor, beginning the Pax Romana period of prosperity and stability that lasted over 200 years.
The Roman Empire began as a small city-state in the 7th century BC but had expanded greatly by the 1st century BC when it controlled much of what was Alexander the Great's former empire. Rome was a republic unlike the Greek city-states, with power concentrated in patricians, consuls, and proconsuls commanding legions. Julius Caesar seized control of the Roman senate in the 1st century BC after conquering Gaul from 58-51 BC. Though assassinated in 44 BC, his death did not restore the republic as hoped but instead led to civil war that nearly destroyed the empire.
The Roman Republic declined due to social and economic problems arising from its conquests. The influx of wealth led to the rise of large slave-owning estates that drove small farmers into cities, fueling unemployment and inflation. This instability allowed Julius Caesar to seize power, leading to civil war against Pompey. After Caesar's assassination, further conflict between Marc Antony and Octavian ended the Republic and established the Roman Empire under Augustus.
Julius Caesar was born into a prominent Roman family during a time of political turmoil in Rome. He rose to become a powerful politician and general, allying with Pompey and Crassus to form the first triumvirate. As governor of Gaul, Caesar conquered much of the territory and emerged as a military leader. However, the triumvirate fell apart and Caesar's victories made him enemies in Rome, leading to his assassination in 44 BC on the Ides of March.
Fall of the Roman Republic and Julius CaesarMr. Finnie
1) Julius Caesar rose to power in Rome through his military victories over Gaul which provided great wealth and a loyal army.
2) He formed an alliance called the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus to consolidate their power, but civil war erupted after Crassus' death.
3) Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon river marked the beginning of open war between him and Pompey, and he went on to defeat Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus.
4) Caesar became dictator of Rome but was assassinated on the Ides of March by a group of senators led by Cassius and Brutus, who viewed him as a threat to the Republic.
Rome transitioned from a republic to an empire due to several key events:
- After defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome gained control over much of Italy and surrounding areas, but this victory led to conflict between social classes in Rome.
- Civil wars broke out as wealthy individuals and generals like Julius Caesar and Pompey fought for power and control over Rome.
- Caesar gained power and ruled as a dictator, but some feared he wanted to be king, which threatened the republic. After Caesar's assassination, another civil war occurred.
- Caesar's nephew Octavian emerged victorious and took the title "Augustus," officially ending the Roman Republic and establishing the Roman Empire with the
Rome had become very prosperous as the sole power in the Mediterranean, but wealth was unequally distributed. The wealthy landowners benefited greatly from slave labor and conquered territories, while many small farmers lost their lands and livelihoods. The Gracchus brothers tried to implement reforms to help the poor, but were opposed by wealthy senators and murdered. This strife between rich and poor led to civil war, with discontented soldiers supporting their generals over Rome. After Caesar's assassination, Octavian defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra, becoming Rome's first emperor and bringing a period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana.
Julius Caesar was a prominent Roman politician and general who lived from 100 BC to 44 BC. He progressively rose through the Roman political system, becoming consul and then governor of Gaul, adding modern France and Belgium to Roman territory. However, the Senate grew worried about Caesar's popularity and power, and ordered him to disband his army, which he refused. This led to civil war, with Caesar emerging victorious. He became dictator for life but was assassinated in 44 BC by a group of senators who feared he wanted to be king. His conquests helped transform Rome from a republic to an empire under his grandnephew Augustus.
Fall Of The Republic, Rise Of An Empiremr.sullivan
Roman entertainment such as theaters, circuses, and gladiator fights in the Colosseum helped keep citizens happy and distracted from the empire's problems. The large size of the empire made it difficult for the Senate to govern effectively, leading to corruption and economic issues. This contributed to the fall of the Roman Republic. Julius Caesar took power as a dictator but was later assassinated, plunging Rome into further chaos. Augustus restored order as the first emperor, beginning the Pax Romana period of prosperity and stability that lasted over 200 years.
The Roman Empire began as a small city-state in the 7th century BC but had expanded greatly by the 1st century BC when it controlled much of what was Alexander the Great's former empire. Rome was a republic unlike the Greek city-states, with power concentrated in patricians, consuls, and proconsuls commanding legions. Julius Caesar seized control of the Roman senate in the 1st century BC after conquering Gaul from 58-51 BC. Though assassinated in 44 BC, his death did not restore the republic as hoped but instead led to civil war that nearly destroyed the empire.
The Roman Republic declined due to social and economic problems arising from its conquests. The influx of wealth led to the rise of large slave-owning estates that drove small farmers into cities, fueling unemployment and inflation. This instability allowed Julius Caesar to seize power, leading to civil war against Pompey. After Caesar's assassination, further conflict between Marc Antony and Octavian ended the Republic and established the Roman Empire under Augustus.
Julius Caesar was born into a prominent Roman family during a time of political turmoil in Rome. He rose to become a powerful politician and general, allying with Pompey and Crassus to form the first triumvirate. As governor of Gaul, Caesar conquered much of the territory and emerged as a military leader. However, the triumvirate fell apart and Caesar's victories made him enemies in Rome, leading to his assassination in 44 BC on the Ides of March.
Fall of the Roman Republic and Julius CaesarMr. Finnie
1) Julius Caesar rose to power in Rome through his military victories over Gaul which provided great wealth and a loyal army.
2) He formed an alliance called the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus to consolidate their power, but civil war erupted after Crassus' death.
3) Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon river marked the beginning of open war between him and Pompey, and he went on to defeat Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus.
4) Caesar became dictator of Rome but was assassinated on the Ides of March by a group of senators led by Cassius and Brutus, who viewed him as a threat to the Republic.
Rome transitioned from a republic to an empire due to several key events:
- After defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome gained control over much of Italy and surrounding areas, but this victory led to conflict between social classes in Rome.
- Civil wars broke out as wealthy individuals and generals like Julius Caesar and Pompey fought for power and control over Rome.
- Caesar gained power and ruled as a dictator, but some feared he wanted to be king, which threatened the republic. After Caesar's assassination, another civil war occurred.
- Caesar's nephew Octavian emerged victorious and took the title "Augustus," officially ending the Roman Republic and establishing the Roman Empire with the
The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, tried to reform the Roman Republic in the 2nd century BCE by implementing land reform measures and aid for poor citizens, but both were opposed by the senate and murdered. Marius reformed the army, removing the land requirement and making soldiers loyal to their commanders instead of Rome. This led to civil war as Sulla marched on Rome and ruled as dictator from 82 to 79 BCE. Julius Caesar allied with Pompey and Crassus in the First Triumvirate and became consul in 59 BCE, going on to conquer Gaul. However, Pompey grew jealous and convinced the senate to order Caesar back without his army, leading to civil war
The document provides an overview of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire from 1000 BCE to 500 CE. It summarizes the transition from Roman Republic to Empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus, the expansion of Roman rule across Europe and North Africa, and some of the key architectural and artistic achievements during the Empire's peak. It also briefly outlines some of the major Roman emperors and attributes the decline of the Empire to factors like the difficulties of governance over a vast territory, barbarian attacks, and economic challenges.
The document provides an overview of the history and culture of ancient Rome from its origins as a legend explaining the founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus, to the establishment of the Roman Republic and Empire. It describes how the Roman Republic was ruled by senators and there was conflict between the plebeians and rich citizens for power. It then discusses how the Roman Empire expanded across Europe, Africa and Asia before eventually collapsing in 476 AD.
This document provides background information on characters and events related to the Roman Empire through summaries of movies and research on Roman cultures and traditions. It discusses key figures in the assassination of Julius Caesar like Brutus, Cassius, and Casca. It also summarizes the plot and main character Maximus in the film "Gladiator" and provides facts about gladiators in Roman times. The document is a research report for a school assignment on the Roman Empire.
After the Second Macedonian War in 197 BCE, the land of Macedonia was divided between three kingdoms. In the 190s BCE, the Seleucid king Antiochus III sought to control the coastline of Greece to dominate the Mediterranean. This brought him into conflict with Rome. The Roman-Syrian War began in 192 BCE as Antiochus invaded Greek territories. Hannibal Barca joined Antiochus' forces after his defeat at Zama. The war culminated in the battles of Thermopylae, Eurymedon, Myonessus, and Magnesia, resulting in decisive Roman victories. In 188 BCE, Antiochus was forced to sign the Treaty of Apamea c
The Roman Empire originated in Italy in the city of Rome and expanded greatly over time through military conquests to cover large portions of Europe and the Mediterranean world. Key events in the rise of Rome included the overthrow of the Etruscan kings in 509 BC to establish the Roman Republic, conflicts between the patrician and plebeian classes that led to reforms increasing plebeian rights, and the expansion of Roman territory throughout Italy and beyond via victories in the Punic Wars against Carthage. The Roman Empire emerged in 27 BC under Augustus and went on to experience periods of great prosperity and stability as well as challenges like invasions and the eventual split into Western and Eastern sections. Roman culture had a significant lasting
The Fall to Grace: The Art of the Late Roman EmpireProfWillAdams
This document provides an overview of the history of the Late Roman Empire from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. It discusses the transition to more stable leadership after Domitian's death and the reigns of emperors like Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius, which led to stability. It then describes the decline into military anarchy and frequent changes in leadership after the reigns of Commodus and Septimius Severus. Key events like Constantine's conversion to Christianity and his establishment of the tetrarchy system of co-emperors are also summarized. Works of art from the period are discussed in the context of the political and cultural developments of the Late Roman Empire.
Rome's conquest of Italy brought it into conflict with Carthage, leading to the Punic Wars between 264-146 BC. Rome defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War, destroying the city and selling survivors into slavery. Rome then expanded across the Mediterranean, establishing control over the Greek empires and becoming masters of the western world by 133 BC. However, internal problems grew as wealthy landowners displaced small farmers and inequality increased, sparking reform efforts and civil wars. Order was restored under Augustus, the first emperor, who established a stable government and 200 years of Pax Romana.
1) The document summarizes Roman history from 753 BC to 476 AD, broken into three periods: the period of the kings (753-509 BC), the Roman Republic (509-27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD).
2) During the period of the kings, Rome expanded across Italy and defeated the Etruscans and other tribes, becoming the dominant power in central Italy by 509 BC.
3) Under the Roman Republic, Rome established itself as a regional power that conquered the Mediterranean, defeating Carthage in 201 BC. However, social and economic issues led to unrest.
4) The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent under emperors like Constantine
Octavian defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra to become Rome's first emperor, initiating a period of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana. Under Octavian, renamed Augustus, Rome experienced over 200 years of stability through expanded trade, cultural blending with Greece, and engineering projects. Good emperors like Trajan and Hadrian expanded the empire's borders while others like Marcus Aurelius were philosopher-soldiers, but Commodus' disastrous rule marked the decline of the Pax Romana period.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. It describes how Octavian, later known as Caesar Augustus, transitioned Rome from a republic to an empire and established stability through consolidating power. It then outlines some of the key emperors and events that occurred over the centuries as the empire expanded but eventually declined due to military overreach, economic troubles, and invasions by groups like the Huns and Goths. The fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD is seen as marking the end of the ancient period.
The Punic Wars transformed Rome from a regional power into an imperial one. Before the First Punic War, Rome controlled only the Italian peninsula. However, after defeating Carthage in three wars, Rome gained territory across the Mediterranean including Spain, Sicily, Greece, and North Africa. The wars also increased Rome's wealth and military might. While the First Punic War marked the beginning of Roman expansionism, the Second Punic War demonstrated Rome's willingness to invade foreign territories like Spain for profit rather than just defend Italy. By the end of the Third Punic War, Rome had destroyed Carthage and established itself as the dominant power, marking the start of its imperial period.
Following the Punic Wars, Rome faced demographic problems as wealthy landowners consolidated small farms into large estates worked by slaves. This displaced many soldiers and farmers who flooded into Rome unemployed. Political instability grew as reformers like the Gracchus brothers tried to address land and wealth inequality but were opposed by the Senate. This period saw the rise of powerful generals like Marius and Sulla whose armies demonstrated loyalty to their leaders rather than the state. Julius Caesar allied with Pompey and Crassus to form the First Triumvirate and used his position as governor of Gaul to conquer new lands and gain popularity. After Pompey turned on him, Caesar became dictator of Rome but was assassinated by senators fearing he wanted to be
Tiberius was the second Roman Emperor, ruling from 14 AD to 37 AD. He was known for his weird fetishes when he retired to Capri. Caligula was the third Emperor and was known for his erratic behavior. Claudius was the fourth Emperor. Nero was the fifth Emperor, originally named Lucius Domitus Ahenobarbus. He passed laws allowing him to kill opponents, was blamed for starting the Great Fire of Rome, and was eventually forced to commit suicide. After the fire, Nero built the extravagant Domus Aurea palace.
1) The Italian peninsula was well situated for east-west Mediterranean trade and saw migrations of Indo-European peoples beginning around 1500 BC. The Greeks and Etruscans settled parts of Italy, with the latter influencing early Rome's development.
2) By 264 BC, Rome had defeated its neighbors and controlled almost all of Italy, devising the Roman Confederation to rule its territories. Rome was initially divided between patrician landowners and plebeian small landowners and merchants, though the plebeians gained some political rights over time.
3) Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars and became the dominant power in the western Mediterranean by the mid-2nd century BC. This
Report in World History jolens .pdfReport in World History jolensRaymond Mortel
The document provides an overview of Roman civilization from its origins as a small town on the Tiber River influenced by Greek culture, to the establishment of the Roman Republic and its expansion through military conquests. It discusses the structure of Roman society and government during the Republic and the civil wars that contributed to its fall. The rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus and the period of stability and prosperity under emperors who followed the Julio-Claudian dynasty known as Pax Romana is also summarized. The document concludes with sections on Roman culture, which was heavily influenced by Greek traditions, and the class-based nature of Roman society.
Here are the key differences between the Roman Republic and Roman Empire:
- The Roman Republic (509 BC - 27 BC) had a senate and elected officials, while the Roman Empire (27 BC - 476 AD) was ruled by an emperor who had supreme autocratic power.
- The Roman Republic expanded through alliances and adding client kingdoms, while the Empire aggressively expanded its borders through military conquests.
- Socially, the Republic had a strong sense of civic duty and equality under the law for citizens. The Empire had more social stratification with emperors, aristocracy, merchants, freedmen, slaves.
- Economically, the Republic used conquests to gain wealth, resources and tribute.
The Roman Republic lasted over 500 years with an elected government, though in times of crisis a dictator could be appointed to rule. Rome expanded through defeating neighboring cities like Carthage in the Punic Wars. Julius Caesar rose to power as a general and dictator but was assassinated in 44 BC, marking the end of the Republic. His adopted son Octavian defeated rivals and became Rome's first emperor, Augustus Caesar, establishing the Roman Empire. At its height under Emperor Trajan, the Empire spanned the most territory but then declined due to being too large to control, moral decay, invasions, and eventually splitting into Western and Eastern empires.
The document provides background on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. Over time Rome became a large, prosperous city under Etruscan kings. The Romans then overthrew the Etruscans and established a republic with elected leaders. Rome expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean, fighting three Punic Wars against Carthage to gain dominance of the region.
The document provides background information on the founding and early history of Rome from around 750 BC to 509 BC when it became a republic. It describes how the Latins settled along the Tiber River and established the city of Rome, and how the Etruscans and Greeks later influenced Roman culture. The geography of Italy, including mountain ranges and rivers, helped shape Roman civilization and provided opportunities for trade and communication between groups.
The Roman Republic collapsed due to economic turmoil and military upheaval. Julius Caesar took control of Rome through his military prowess but was assassinated in 44 BC. This led to civil war between Caesar's supporters and those who assassinated him. Eventually Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra, uniting Rome under his rule as Augustus Caesar and ending the Roman Republic, establishing the Roman Empire.
The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, tried to reform the Roman Republic in the 2nd century BCE by implementing land reform measures and aid for poor citizens, but both were opposed by the senate and murdered. Marius reformed the army, removing the land requirement and making soldiers loyal to their commanders instead of Rome. This led to civil war as Sulla marched on Rome and ruled as dictator from 82 to 79 BCE. Julius Caesar allied with Pompey and Crassus in the First Triumvirate and became consul in 59 BCE, going on to conquer Gaul. However, Pompey grew jealous and convinced the senate to order Caesar back without his army, leading to civil war
The document provides an overview of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire from 1000 BCE to 500 CE. It summarizes the transition from Roman Republic to Empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus, the expansion of Roman rule across Europe and North Africa, and some of the key architectural and artistic achievements during the Empire's peak. It also briefly outlines some of the major Roman emperors and attributes the decline of the Empire to factors like the difficulties of governance over a vast territory, barbarian attacks, and economic challenges.
The document provides an overview of the history and culture of ancient Rome from its origins as a legend explaining the founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus, to the establishment of the Roman Republic and Empire. It describes how the Roman Republic was ruled by senators and there was conflict between the plebeians and rich citizens for power. It then discusses how the Roman Empire expanded across Europe, Africa and Asia before eventually collapsing in 476 AD.
This document provides background information on characters and events related to the Roman Empire through summaries of movies and research on Roman cultures and traditions. It discusses key figures in the assassination of Julius Caesar like Brutus, Cassius, and Casca. It also summarizes the plot and main character Maximus in the film "Gladiator" and provides facts about gladiators in Roman times. The document is a research report for a school assignment on the Roman Empire.
After the Second Macedonian War in 197 BCE, the land of Macedonia was divided between three kingdoms. In the 190s BCE, the Seleucid king Antiochus III sought to control the coastline of Greece to dominate the Mediterranean. This brought him into conflict with Rome. The Roman-Syrian War began in 192 BCE as Antiochus invaded Greek territories. Hannibal Barca joined Antiochus' forces after his defeat at Zama. The war culminated in the battles of Thermopylae, Eurymedon, Myonessus, and Magnesia, resulting in decisive Roman victories. In 188 BCE, Antiochus was forced to sign the Treaty of Apamea c
The Roman Empire originated in Italy in the city of Rome and expanded greatly over time through military conquests to cover large portions of Europe and the Mediterranean world. Key events in the rise of Rome included the overthrow of the Etruscan kings in 509 BC to establish the Roman Republic, conflicts between the patrician and plebeian classes that led to reforms increasing plebeian rights, and the expansion of Roman territory throughout Italy and beyond via victories in the Punic Wars against Carthage. The Roman Empire emerged in 27 BC under Augustus and went on to experience periods of great prosperity and stability as well as challenges like invasions and the eventual split into Western and Eastern sections. Roman culture had a significant lasting
The Fall to Grace: The Art of the Late Roman EmpireProfWillAdams
This document provides an overview of the history of the Late Roman Empire from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. It discusses the transition to more stable leadership after Domitian's death and the reigns of emperors like Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius, which led to stability. It then describes the decline into military anarchy and frequent changes in leadership after the reigns of Commodus and Septimius Severus. Key events like Constantine's conversion to Christianity and his establishment of the tetrarchy system of co-emperors are also summarized. Works of art from the period are discussed in the context of the political and cultural developments of the Late Roman Empire.
Rome's conquest of Italy brought it into conflict with Carthage, leading to the Punic Wars between 264-146 BC. Rome defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War, destroying the city and selling survivors into slavery. Rome then expanded across the Mediterranean, establishing control over the Greek empires and becoming masters of the western world by 133 BC. However, internal problems grew as wealthy landowners displaced small farmers and inequality increased, sparking reform efforts and civil wars. Order was restored under Augustus, the first emperor, who established a stable government and 200 years of Pax Romana.
1) The document summarizes Roman history from 753 BC to 476 AD, broken into three periods: the period of the kings (753-509 BC), the Roman Republic (509-27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD).
2) During the period of the kings, Rome expanded across Italy and defeated the Etruscans and other tribes, becoming the dominant power in central Italy by 509 BC.
3) Under the Roman Republic, Rome established itself as a regional power that conquered the Mediterranean, defeating Carthage in 201 BC. However, social and economic issues led to unrest.
4) The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent under emperors like Constantine
Octavian defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra to become Rome's first emperor, initiating a period of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana. Under Octavian, renamed Augustus, Rome experienced over 200 years of stability through expanded trade, cultural blending with Greece, and engineering projects. Good emperors like Trajan and Hadrian expanded the empire's borders while others like Marcus Aurelius were philosopher-soldiers, but Commodus' disastrous rule marked the decline of the Pax Romana period.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. It describes how Octavian, later known as Caesar Augustus, transitioned Rome from a republic to an empire and established stability through consolidating power. It then outlines some of the key emperors and events that occurred over the centuries as the empire expanded but eventually declined due to military overreach, economic troubles, and invasions by groups like the Huns and Goths. The fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD is seen as marking the end of the ancient period.
The Punic Wars transformed Rome from a regional power into an imperial one. Before the First Punic War, Rome controlled only the Italian peninsula. However, after defeating Carthage in three wars, Rome gained territory across the Mediterranean including Spain, Sicily, Greece, and North Africa. The wars also increased Rome's wealth and military might. While the First Punic War marked the beginning of Roman expansionism, the Second Punic War demonstrated Rome's willingness to invade foreign territories like Spain for profit rather than just defend Italy. By the end of the Third Punic War, Rome had destroyed Carthage and established itself as the dominant power, marking the start of its imperial period.
Following the Punic Wars, Rome faced demographic problems as wealthy landowners consolidated small farms into large estates worked by slaves. This displaced many soldiers and farmers who flooded into Rome unemployed. Political instability grew as reformers like the Gracchus brothers tried to address land and wealth inequality but were opposed by the Senate. This period saw the rise of powerful generals like Marius and Sulla whose armies demonstrated loyalty to their leaders rather than the state. Julius Caesar allied with Pompey and Crassus to form the First Triumvirate and used his position as governor of Gaul to conquer new lands and gain popularity. After Pompey turned on him, Caesar became dictator of Rome but was assassinated by senators fearing he wanted to be
Tiberius was the second Roman Emperor, ruling from 14 AD to 37 AD. He was known for his weird fetishes when he retired to Capri. Caligula was the third Emperor and was known for his erratic behavior. Claudius was the fourth Emperor. Nero was the fifth Emperor, originally named Lucius Domitus Ahenobarbus. He passed laws allowing him to kill opponents, was blamed for starting the Great Fire of Rome, and was eventually forced to commit suicide. After the fire, Nero built the extravagant Domus Aurea palace.
1) The Italian peninsula was well situated for east-west Mediterranean trade and saw migrations of Indo-European peoples beginning around 1500 BC. The Greeks and Etruscans settled parts of Italy, with the latter influencing early Rome's development.
2) By 264 BC, Rome had defeated its neighbors and controlled almost all of Italy, devising the Roman Confederation to rule its territories. Rome was initially divided between patrician landowners and plebeian small landowners and merchants, though the plebeians gained some political rights over time.
3) Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars and became the dominant power in the western Mediterranean by the mid-2nd century BC. This
Report in World History jolens .pdfReport in World History jolensRaymond Mortel
The document provides an overview of Roman civilization from its origins as a small town on the Tiber River influenced by Greek culture, to the establishment of the Roman Republic and its expansion through military conquests. It discusses the structure of Roman society and government during the Republic and the civil wars that contributed to its fall. The rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus and the period of stability and prosperity under emperors who followed the Julio-Claudian dynasty known as Pax Romana is also summarized. The document concludes with sections on Roman culture, which was heavily influenced by Greek traditions, and the class-based nature of Roman society.
Here are the key differences between the Roman Republic and Roman Empire:
- The Roman Republic (509 BC - 27 BC) had a senate and elected officials, while the Roman Empire (27 BC - 476 AD) was ruled by an emperor who had supreme autocratic power.
- The Roman Republic expanded through alliances and adding client kingdoms, while the Empire aggressively expanded its borders through military conquests.
- Socially, the Republic had a strong sense of civic duty and equality under the law for citizens. The Empire had more social stratification with emperors, aristocracy, merchants, freedmen, slaves.
- Economically, the Republic used conquests to gain wealth, resources and tribute.
The Roman Republic lasted over 500 years with an elected government, though in times of crisis a dictator could be appointed to rule. Rome expanded through defeating neighboring cities like Carthage in the Punic Wars. Julius Caesar rose to power as a general and dictator but was assassinated in 44 BC, marking the end of the Republic. His adopted son Octavian defeated rivals and became Rome's first emperor, Augustus Caesar, establishing the Roman Empire. At its height under Emperor Trajan, the Empire spanned the most territory but then declined due to being too large to control, moral decay, invasions, and eventually splitting into Western and Eastern empires.
The document provides background on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. Over time Rome became a large, prosperous city under Etruscan kings. The Romans then overthrew the Etruscans and established a republic with elected leaders. Rome expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean, fighting three Punic Wars against Carthage to gain dominance of the region.
The document provides background information on the founding and early history of Rome from around 750 BC to 509 BC when it became a republic. It describes how the Latins settled along the Tiber River and established the city of Rome, and how the Etruscans and Greeks later influenced Roman culture. The geography of Italy, including mountain ranges and rivers, helped shape Roman civilization and provided opportunities for trade and communication between groups.
The Roman Republic collapsed due to economic turmoil and military upheaval. Julius Caesar took control of Rome through his military prowess but was assassinated in 44 BC. This led to civil war between Caesar's supporters and those who assassinated him. Eventually Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra, uniting Rome under his rule as Augustus Caesar and ending the Roman Republic, establishing the Roman Empire.
The document provides background information on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how, according to legend, Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. In reality, Rome was built between 1000-500 BC by the Latin people along the Tiber River in a strategic location. The city grew powerful under Etruscan kings but the Romans revolted in 509 BC and established a republic. The republic was ruled by consuls, senators, and citizen assemblies and expanded Rome's territory through military conquests.
Rome began as a small town on the Tiber River and grew into a massive empire through military expansion and conquest over centuries. It transitioned from a monarchy to a republic ruled by elected officials and senators. Internal political struggles and the rise of influential figures like Julius Caesar led to the end of the republic and establishment of the Roman Empire under Augustus in 27 BC. The empire reached its peak but then declined due to economic troubles, corruption, and invasions, with the western half falling in 476 AD.
The document provides an overview of the beginnings and rise of ancient Rome. It discusses:
- The founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus in 753 BC along the Tiber River.
- The three groups - Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans - who inhabited the region and fought for control. The Latins were the first Romans.
- How the Roman Republic replaced the monarchy in 509 BC, led initially by two consuls instead of a king.
- The three Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage from 264-146 BC which established Rome as the dominant power.
- Key figures like Julius Caesar, who conquered Gaul, and Augustus,
Rome was located in Italy along the Tiber River and founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus. It began as a monarchy ruled by the Etruscans and later became a republic controlled by aristocratic patricians. The republic transitioned to an empire between 133-31 BC after civil wars. Julius Caesar rose to power as a general and dictator, improving governance. The First Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus and later the Second Triumvirate of Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian ended the republic. Rome attained its height under the "Five Good Emperors" during the Pax Romana from 27 BC to 180 AD, which
The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC and expanded through military conquests like the Punic Wars against Carthage between 264-146 BC. This granted Rome control of the Mediterranean and led to the transition from republic to empire under rulers like Julius Caesar and Augustus. The Pax Romana period between 27 BC to 180 AD brought peace and prosperity to the Roman Empire under the rule of the Five Good Emperors and a link between government and traditional Roman religion.
The Romans were influenced by the Etruscans who ruled northern Italy. Rome was founded by Romulus around 753 BCE. It later developed into a republic ruled by patricians and plebians, with patricians holding more power. Rome then expanded through the Punic Wars against Carthage. The Roman Republic transitioned into an Empire under Augustus Caesar who brought peace during the Pax Romana period. The Empire contributed greatly to infrastructure, law, and language through use of Latin, leaving a lasting influence on Western civilization.
The document outlines the history of ancient Rome from its founding as a monarchy around 500 BC to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. It describes Rome's transition to a republic and its expansion through military conquests and the Punic Wars. The summary also notes the transition from republic to empire under Augustus and the period of peace and stability known as the Pax Romana.
Over several centuries, Rome built a massive empire that controlled portions of three continents by the 2nd century AD. The Roman Republic was established in the 8th century BC, replacing a monarchy. Power was shared between two consuls, the Senate, and citizen assemblies. Through conquest over centuries, Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean, defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars. By the 1st century BC, the Roman Republic controlled territory from Spain to Anatolia.
The document provides an overview of the history of Rome and the Byzantine Empire. It discusses the founding and early government of Rome as a republic, the Punic Wars with Carthage, the rule of Julius Caesar and the transition to an empire under Augustus. It then covers key events and figures in the Roman Empire like the Pax Romana and the "good emperors", before addressing the decline of the western empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire with Constantinople as its capital under Emperor Justinian.
The document reviews Chapter 12 and provides definitions and short explanations of key terms:
- A forum was a place in Rome for exchanging goods and ideas, and the Romans built their city near the Forum.
- The growth of Rome was supported by arable land, hills for defense, and the Tiber River for trade.
- Cincinnatus is a good example of civic duty because he served Rome and its republican ideals.
- Roman colonies helped romanize conquered people and connect them to Rome culturally and politically.
- Rome was founded in 753 BC by Latins on the Italian peninsula along the Tiber River. It was originally ruled by kings but became a republic in 509 BC and then an empire in 27 BC under Augustus.
- The Roman Republic expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean through military conquests. It was eventually replaced by the Roman Empire after civil wars.
- The Empire reached its greatest extent in the 2nd century AD but declined due to military overspending and invasions by Germanic tribes. Rome fell in 476 AD after being sacked by the Ostrogoths.
3. The Romans Create a Republic Rome was founded in ________ BC by Romulus and Remus. The city was located near a ford on the _________ River. Because the ______________ Peninsula is located centrally in the Mediterranean region, the city of Rome was destined to be an economic powerhouse. From around 1000 to 500 BC three groups: Greeks, __________, and Etruscans fought for control of the region called ___________. Rome was built on a collection of ___ hills – the largest being the Palatine. The early Romans became skilled at growing grapes and _________: an essential commodity in cooking and other uses. The Romans adopted religious ideas from the Greeks to include _______________. The gods of Greece were known by different names that we associate today with the _________________. 753 Tiber Italian Latins Latium 7 olives mythology planets
15. The Early Republic The ___________ eventually ruled and helped unify the collection of villages into the city of Rome. They established a _____________ which would end with the reign of __________ the Proud. The aristocrats overthrew Tarquin in ________ BC establishing a ________________. There were (2) principal groups in early Rome that fought for power – the ___________ were the elite, wealthy landowners. The ______________ were the common people of Rome. The Patricians were represented in the Senate while the Plebeians had limited representation through their _______________. There was hostility between the groups until ______ BC when a group of laws were written down called the __________ ____________. This helped to bring order to early Rome and gave the Plebeians greater authority and legal protection. Instead of a king, the Republic had two ___________ that acted as an executive and would command the army as well. Etruscans Monarchy Tarquin 509 Republic Patricians Plebeians Tribunes 451 Twelve Tables Consuls MONARCHY – an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority REPUBLIC – A state or nation in which the supreme power rests in all the citizens entitled to vote. This power is exercised by representatives elected, directly or indirectly, by them and responsible to them.
16. The Early Republic The Roman Senate had _______ members and they served for life. The assemblies included the ____________ Assembly where citizen-soldiers were represented and the __________ Assemblies created by the _______________. In time of crisis a ______________ can be appointed for 6 months. ___________ __________ claimed to be dictator for life. The Roman army was divided into units of 5,000 men called ___________. Each legion was subdivided into a _____________ of 80 men. They were also supported by ____________ or men who fought on horseback. 300 Centuriate Tribal Plebeians Dictator Julius Caesar Legions Century Cavalry
17. Rome Expands Rome began to spread it’s influence throughout the Italian peninsula. It suffered a set back when the _____ sacked Rome in 390 BC. By ______ BC, however; Rome will control all of Italy. Rome became heavily involved in trade and became an economic rival of the city of _______________ in North Africa. Eventually, this would lead to the _________ Wars that were fought between 264 and 146 BC. ___________ won all three resulting in their domination of the central Mediterranean region. The second Punic War: ______ BC is notable because the Carthaginian general ____________ attempted to invade Rome after crossing the _______ on elephants. He was eventually defeated by ________ at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC. Gauls 265 Carthage Punic Rome 218 Hannibal Alps Scipio
18. The Punic Wars The First Punic War 264 – 241 BC Causes Carthage was afraid Rome would take Sicily. Rome could close the Adriatic Sea and the Strait of Messina to Carthagian traders. Effects Carthage asked for peace, paid an indemnity and gave up control of Sicily.
20. The Punic Wars The Second Punic War 218 - 202 BC Causes Effects Hannibal invaded Italy from Carthago Nova in Spain, across the Alps on elephants, towards Rome. Carthage asked for peace after the defeat at Zama. Carthage paid an indemnity again and lost the Spanish colonies.
26. Scipio, the Roman General who wins the Battle of Zama Hannibal, a great General of Carthage, fails to win his conquest of Rome.
27. The Punic Wars The Third Punic War 149 - 146 BC Causes Effects Rome declared war. Most Romans hated Carthage and decided to act preemptively. Carthage was destroyed. Most men were killed, women were enslaved and the city was burned. Salt was placed in the ground so crops couldn’t be grown ever again.
28. The Roman Empire Brings Change Rome begans to suffer growing pains around 100 BC. Wealthy landowners created large estates called __________. Small farms couldn’t compete so they closed up and were even forced into _________. Almost 1/3 of the population were slaves. Others went to the city and made up the urban poor. Two brothers, ______ and _______ Gracchus attempted reforms, but were killed leading to civil war. Strong Generals attempted reform at the tip of a sword (_______). Sulla marched on _______ and became dictator. Gaius _______ opened the army so everyone can join leading to upward mobility. Eventually, ________ ________, the hero from the war with ________; would bring about the last days of the _______________. Latifundias slavery Tiberius Gaius Gladius Rome Marius Julius Caesar Gaul Republic
30. The Republic fails to hold the citizens of Rome together. The Appian Way Roman Empire Imperivm Romanorvm
31. Political Changes in Rome Gracchus Brothers introduce reform measures to help the poor and limit the power of the Senate Angry citizens and sympathizers rioted and violently killed both Gracchi Violence became the primary tool of Roman politics Leaders begin recruiting their own armies, loyal to themselves rather than the Roman government Sulla marched his loyal legions on Rome, starting a civil war Sulla becomes dictator and sets a dangerous precedence. Military leaders can take over in a coup d etat
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35. Caesar takes control In 60 BC, Caesar creates the first ___________ made up of himself, Crassus, and ___________. After Caesar’s success in the ________ Wars, Pompey and the Senate ordered him home without his army. In ___ BC, Caesar crossed the ______ River with his army. Pompey fled and was eventually hunted down and killed in ______ by the forces of Ptolemey III. In 46 BC, he returned to Rome and became ________ for life. He was then assassinated in ____ BC because of his disregard for the Senate. He made sweeping changes as an ________ ruler and helped the poor adding to his popularity. Triumvirate General Pompey Gallic 49 Rubicon Egypt Dictator 44 absolute
37. An Empire Emerges After the death of Caesar, _____ _____ broke out. Eventually, a new __________ emerged with Marc _______, Octavian, and _________. Lepidus would leave public office; Antony and Octavian would fight for complete power. Civil War Triumvirate Antony Lepidus
38. The Battle of Philippi Brutus and Cassius are defeated leaving the 2 nd Triumvirate in power
39. An Empire Emerges Antony, along with __________ would be defeated at the Battle of ________ in 31 BC. Octavian would be the victor and would be granted the title ___________ or “exalted one”. Under Augustus, the _______ ________ would begin and last until AD 180. Augustus was the first in the line of Emperors called the _______________. Under the Pax Romana, the Romans created 15,000 miles of road, constructed the ___________ that held 50-80,000 people, and built the ___________ thanks to Roman concrete (dome) Cleopatra IV Actium Augustus Pax Romana Julio-Claudians Colosseum Pantheon
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43. Cleopatra and Caesar: Cleopatra IV was a Macedonian pharoah. She began an affair with Julius Caesar and had a child with him. They had a son whom Marc Antony and Cleopatra fought to have placed on the throne. They lost at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. This left Octavian (Augustus) as the first Emperor of Rome.
52. A Christian women is martyred by Nero and his Praetorian. Nero blamed the Christians for the fire of AD 64. He also is held responsible for the killing of Peter and Paul.
57. Gods and Goddesses of Rome Jupiter Juno Venus Mars Diana Minerva Ceres Pluto Neptune Mercury Bacchus Vulcan Apollo Vesta Description Roman Greek King of the Gods Zeus Queen of the Gods Hera Goddess of Love and Beauty Aphrodite God of War Ares Goddess of the Hunt Artemis Goddess of Wisdom and War Athena Goddess of the harvest, grain Demeter God of the Underworld Hades God of the Sea Poseidon Messenger of the Gods, thieves Hermes God of Wine and Revelry Dionysus God of the Forge, craftsmen Hephaestus God of sunlight Apollo Goddess of the Hearth and Home Hestia
60. The Rise of Christianity Prelude – The Romans controlled __________, home of the Jews by 63 BC. The Romans maintained a Jewish King, __________ who had an allegiance to Rome. He eventually lost control and the Jews rebelled against the ___________. Rome then made Judea a province in AD ___. The __________ fought to end Roman rule, while other Jews sought the ______________ or “anointed one” to free the Jews from Roman rule politically and spiritually. ____________ was born around 6 to 4 BC in and was raised in Nazareth. At the age of _____ he began his ministry where he claimed to be the son of God and stressed love for God, neighbors, and even your enemies. Unlike __________ mythology, Jesus promised a life after death. 12 pupils or ___________ followed Jesus and wrote the _____ ___________ of the Christian Bible. Later, as they taught; they became known as ____________ as they were “sent with a message”. Jesus was a threat to Roman rule as he was praised _________, which in Greek translates to “Christos” giving us _______ ___________ Judea Herod Romans 6 Zealots Messiah Jesus 30 Roman/Greek Disciples New Testament Apostles Messiah Jesus Christos (Christ)
61. The Death of Jesus Jesus entered ___________ around AD 29. The Roman governor (prefect) ________ _________ accused Jesus of ____________. It is unclear as to whether the ____________ or Jewish priests really persecuted Jesus or not. In the end, Jesus was found guilty and killed by ___________ (a Roman punishment) The apostles of Christ, set forth to spread Jesus’ teachings. ________ inherited the church, but the later apostle, _________ did the most to spread Christianity as he claimed Jesus was a savior for _____ people – Jews and _______ alike. He was beheaded in Rome around AD 67. Thanks to Paul, Christian ___________ appeared in Rome, Antioch, Nicaea, ________, and Alexandria. blasphemy Pontius Pilate Jerusalem Sanhedrin crucifixion Peter Paul ALL Gentiles Congregations Corinth
63. Developing a New Religion Following the death of Christ, the Zealots rose against Roman rule. This resulted in the massacre at ________ and the destruction of the ______ _______. The Jews were then cast out (______) and their religion was spread throughout the world called the _________. The _____________ was financed with the loot taken from Jerusalem. Christianity also spread out and went against Roman mythology. As a result, __________ were persecuted and killed. Some viewed them as ___________. _____ blamed Christians of the great Rome fire in 64 AD. Soon the church gained structure: _____ were in charge of multiple priests, and the first Bishop of Rome, _______; took the title ______ (papa) as Jesus left Peter the “keys” of the church. Masada Second Temple exile Diaspora Colosseum Christians cannibals Nero Bishops Peter Pope
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65. Cana’s miraculous wine? According to the Bible, Jesus once turned water to wine. The miracle, said to be his first, happened at a Jewish wedding in the Galilee village of Cana where the celebratory drink had run dry. In 2004, archaeologists working in modern-day Cana found pieces of stone jars, including the one pictured here, that are thought to have contained wine. The site could well represent the biblical Cana. However, other researchers have found pieces of stone jars at a site several miles to the north that could also date back to the time of Jesus and is thus also a candidate for the biblical Cana.