1. The document defines several concepts from social psychology including self-fulfilling prophecy, operant conditioning, racism, confirmation bias, and prosocial behavior. 2. It provides examples for each concept, such as how a teacher's expectations can influence student performance through a self-fulfilling prophecy, and how positive or negative reinforcement can shape behavior with operant conditioning. 3. One example shows Tofu helping his friend Fedrick study without the expectation of reward, demonstrating altruistic prosocial behavior.

1. Social Psychology
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2. Comic

3. Definition:
The self-fulfilling prophecy is the state where a person
directly or indirectly becomes what is being said about him
or her, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to
positive feedback between belief and behaviour.
Self-fulfilling prophecy

4. Example
•The teacher from Class A expects the Class A students to
score full As in mid-term test as usual because he believes
that they are smart.
•Class A students start fulfilling this prophecy of the
belief that they are smart, thus passing the test with
flying colours.
•The teacher from Class C expects the class C students to
just pass the mid-term tests as usual because he believes
that they are not all that hardworking and smart.
•Class C students start fulfilling this prophecy of the belief
that they are not smart and hardworking, thus slacking
off and just barely passing or completely failing the test.

6. Definition:
A process of behaviour modification in which
the likelihood of a specific behaviour is
increased or decreased through positive or
negative reinforcement and punishment each
time the behaviour is exhibited, so that the
subject comes to associate the pleasure or
displeasure of the reinforcement or punishment
with the behaviour
Operant Conditioning

7. Example
•When Fedrick failed his test, his mother takes
away his gaming systems and sources of
entertainments. From this, Fedrick is facing
negative punishment, where his privileges of
playing games (Favourable event) is taken away
by his mother. This will decrease his behaviour
of failing his tests in the future.

9. Definition:
The belief that all members of each race possess
characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to
that race, especially so as to distinguish it as
inferior or superior to another race or races.
Racism

10. Example
• Tofu is a Malay, and even though his family
has discriminative views on Chinese people
like Fedrick, he is still friends with Fedrick and
is willing to help him through his studies
because he believes that there is no need for
racism.

12. Definition:
The tendency to interpret and reject new
evidence as confirmation of one's existing
beliefs or theories.
Confirmation Bias

13. Example
• Fedrick’s mother say it is impossible for
Fedrick to improve his results as she believes
that he is a lazy person. She still insists that
Fedrick will fail his upcoming tests even after
Tofu told her that he is able to pass his tests.

15. Definition:
Egoistic model – positive social actions or behaviours
intended to help others for selfish reasons.
Altruistic model – positive social actions or behaviours
intended to help others for selfless reasons
Prosocial behaviour

16. Example
• Fedrick asks Tofu to help him study for his
upcoming tests and Tofu agrees to help him
without hesitation or asking for any favours. In
the end Fedrick passes his test with flying
colours and is very grateful that Tofu helped
him. He decides to repay Tofu’s favour over a
meal but Tofu refuses. Tofu is an altruistic
model in this situation because he willingly
helped Fedrick for selfless reasons.