1. Clouds play an important but complex role in the Earth's climate system by scattering and absorbing solar radiation and greenhouse gases, which can have both warming and cooling effects. 2. Understanding cloud formation processes and properties like thickness, water content, and droplet size is essential but challenging due to clouds' variability across different types, scales, and parameters. 3. Using integrated observations from satellites, ground stations, aircraft, and models is needed to better represent clouds and quantify their impacts on radiation, temperature, water cycling, and other climate factors.