Crime victim are at risk for developing PTSD. Rape trauma syndrome is also known as PTSD. PTSD is not only a veterans condition. PTSD develop after experiencing a traumatic event. Traumatic events may include child abuse, child sex abuse, sexual assault, natural disasters, accidents, or combat trauma. PTSD awareness, education, and early intervention can help survivors of crime from developing PTSD, or chronic long term effects of crime victimization.
PTSD is a disease first introduced into the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) in 1980
With the world experiencing an unprecedented onslaught of disasters and traumas, it is imperative that health workers are aware of the disease and the factors that affect it
PTSD is a disease first introduced into the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) in 1980
With the world experiencing an unprecedented onslaught of disasters and traumas, it is imperative that health workers are aware of the disease and the factors that affect it
Course Description (From www.PESI.com):
Attend this day of training and leave with a brand new toolkit of skills, interventions, and principles for rapid success with traumatized clients. Join Jamie Marich and learn the standard of care for treatment in the field of traumatic stress – and its key ingredients. Implement evidence-based treatment protocols and interventions for establishing safety, desensitizing and reprocessing trauma memories, metabolizing and resolving grief/loss and finally, assisting clients in reconnecting to lives full of hope, connection, and achievement.
Jamie is a certified EMDR Therapist and approved consultant through the EMDR International Association (EMDR). She is additionally a member of the American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress, the International Association of Trauma Professionals (IATP), and has earned Certification in Disaster Thanatology.
Jamie began her career in social services as a humanitarian aid worker in post-war Bosnia-Herzegovina opening her eyes to the widespread, horrific impact of traumatic stress and grief.
Objectives:
Describe the etiology and impact of traumatic stress on the client utilizing multiple assessment strategies.
Assess a client’s reaction to a traumatic event and make an appropriate diagnosis.
Explain how grief, bereavement, and mourning are accounted for in the new DSM-5®.
Implement interventions to assist a client in dealing with the biopsychosocial manifestations of trauma, PTSD, and traumatic grief/complicated mourning.
Utilize appropriate evidence-based interventions to assist a client in dealing with the biopsychosocial-spiritual manifestations of trauma.
Explain the effects of trauma on the structure and function of the brain.
Trauma & Stressor Related Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This was informed by several exam prep programs, and can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Compare and contrast chemical and behavioral addictions signs, interventions and functions.
Examine Behavioral Addictions...Their similarity and differences to chemical addictions, effective interventions for addictive behaviors in which abstinence is not the treatment goal (i.e. eating, sex)
Addiction and Mental Health Counselors can earn continuing education credits (CEs) for this course at: https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/product/id/466/c/
Unlimited Counseling CEUs for $59 https://www.allceus.com/
Specialty Certificate tracks starting at $89 https://www.allceus.com/certificate-tracks/
Live Webinars $5/hour https://www.allceus.com/live-interactive-webinars/
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CounselorToolbox Help us keep the videos free for everyone to learn by becoming a patron.
Pinterest: drsnipes
AllCEUs has been approved by NBCC as an Approved Continuing Education Provider, ACEP No. 6261. Programs that do not qualify for NBCC Credit are clearly identified. AllCEUs is solely responsible for all aspects of the programs.
AllCEUs is also approved as an education provider for NAADAC, the States of Florida and Texas Boards of Social Work and Mental Health/Professional Counseling, the California Consortium for Addiction Professionals and Professions. Our courses are accepted in most states through those approvals.
Acute stress disorder (ASD) is a mental disorder that can occur in the first month following a trauma. The symptoms that define ASD overlap with those for PTSD. One difference, though, is that a PTSD diagnosis cannot be given until symptoms have lasted for one month. Also, compared to PTSD, ASD is more likely to involve feelings such as not knowing where you are, or feeling as if you are outside of your body.
How common is ASD?
Studies of ASD vary in terms of the tools used and the rates of ASD found. Overall, within one month of a trauma, survivors show rates of ASD ranging from 6% to 33%. Rates differ for different types of trauma. For example, survivors of accidents or disasters such as typhoons show lower rates of ASD. Survivors of violence such as robbery, assaults, and mass shootings show rates at the higher end of that range.
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event which results in psychological trauma.”
Course Description (From www.PESI.com):
Attend this day of training and leave with a brand new toolkit of skills, interventions, and principles for rapid success with traumatized clients. Join Jamie Marich and learn the standard of care for treatment in the field of traumatic stress – and its key ingredients. Implement evidence-based treatment protocols and interventions for establishing safety, desensitizing and reprocessing trauma memories, metabolizing and resolving grief/loss and finally, assisting clients in reconnecting to lives full of hope, connection, and achievement.
Jamie is a certified EMDR Therapist and approved consultant through the EMDR International Association (EMDR). She is additionally a member of the American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress, the International Association of Trauma Professionals (IATP), and has earned Certification in Disaster Thanatology.
Jamie began her career in social services as a humanitarian aid worker in post-war Bosnia-Herzegovina opening her eyes to the widespread, horrific impact of traumatic stress and grief.
Objectives:
Describe the etiology and impact of traumatic stress on the client utilizing multiple assessment strategies.
Assess a client’s reaction to a traumatic event and make an appropriate diagnosis.
Explain how grief, bereavement, and mourning are accounted for in the new DSM-5®.
Implement interventions to assist a client in dealing with the biopsychosocial manifestations of trauma, PTSD, and traumatic grief/complicated mourning.
Utilize appropriate evidence-based interventions to assist a client in dealing with the biopsychosocial-spiritual manifestations of trauma.
Explain the effects of trauma on the structure and function of the brain.
Trauma & Stressor Related Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This was informed by several exam prep programs, and can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Compare and contrast chemical and behavioral addictions signs, interventions and functions.
Examine Behavioral Addictions...Their similarity and differences to chemical addictions, effective interventions for addictive behaviors in which abstinence is not the treatment goal (i.e. eating, sex)
Addiction and Mental Health Counselors can earn continuing education credits (CEs) for this course at: https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/product/id/466/c/
Unlimited Counseling CEUs for $59 https://www.allceus.com/
Specialty Certificate tracks starting at $89 https://www.allceus.com/certificate-tracks/
Live Webinars $5/hour https://www.allceus.com/live-interactive-webinars/
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/CounselorToolbox Help us keep the videos free for everyone to learn by becoming a patron.
Pinterest: drsnipes
AllCEUs has been approved by NBCC as an Approved Continuing Education Provider, ACEP No. 6261. Programs that do not qualify for NBCC Credit are clearly identified. AllCEUs is solely responsible for all aspects of the programs.
AllCEUs is also approved as an education provider for NAADAC, the States of Florida and Texas Boards of Social Work and Mental Health/Professional Counseling, the California Consortium for Addiction Professionals and Professions. Our courses are accepted in most states through those approvals.
Acute stress disorder (ASD) is a mental disorder that can occur in the first month following a trauma. The symptoms that define ASD overlap with those for PTSD. One difference, though, is that a PTSD diagnosis cannot be given until symptoms have lasted for one month. Also, compared to PTSD, ASD is more likely to involve feelings such as not knowing where you are, or feeling as if you are outside of your body.
How common is ASD?
Studies of ASD vary in terms of the tools used and the rates of ASD found. Overall, within one month of a trauma, survivors show rates of ASD ranging from 6% to 33%. Rates differ for different types of trauma. For example, survivors of accidents or disasters such as typhoons show lower rates of ASD. Survivors of violence such as robbery, assaults, and mass shootings show rates at the higher end of that range.
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event which results in psychological trauma.”
Please refer to the links below for the videos mentioned above :
LADY GAGA - https://youtu.be/tMnkQB4J3hY
UN Speech by BTS - https://youtu.be/oTe4f-bBEKg
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) is a mental health disorder that can develop after a person has experienced or witnessed a traumatic event. Symptoms can include flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance, negative changes in mood, and increased arousal. Treatment options include therapy, medication, or a combination of both. It's important to seek professional help if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of PTSD. If you are also suffering from this disorder then WALTZ Trauma Care and Therapy can help you to tackle this disorder.
Post-traumatic stress disoder (PTSD) is a condition that develops after s person witnesses or becomes involved in a serious trauma such as a life-threatening assault or natural disaster.
Read here: https://www.findatherapist.com/blog/ptsd-understanding-the-nightmare-of-the-trauma/
Chapter Seven:
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Background of PTSD
Psychic trauma is the result of experiencing an acute overwhelming threat in which disequilibrium occurs.
Most people are extremely resilient and will quickly return to a state of mental and physical homeostasis.
Acute stress disorder is when symptoms continue for a period of 2 days to 1 month and have an onset within 1 month of the traumatic event.
Background Cont.
If acute stress disorder symptoms develop, they will typically diminish in 1 to 3 months.
Delayed PTSD is when symptoms disappear for a period of time and then reemerge in a variety of symptomatic forms months or years after the event.
Benchmarks
Railway train accidents
“Railway spine”
Freud’s research on trauma cases of young Victorian women
“Hysterical neurosis”
Traumatized combat veterans (especially veterans of the Vietnam Conflict)
“Shell shock”
“Combat fatigue”
Benchmarks Cont.
Recognition of domestic violence and rape via the women’s movement
“Battered women’s syndrome”
All came together to be defined as posttraumatic stress disorder in the third edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (1980).
Diagnostic Criteria
Exposure to a trauma that involves:
Actual or perceived threat of serious injury or death to self or others
Response to the trauma was intense fear, helplessness, or horror
Symptoms arise that were not evident before the event
Persistent re-experiencing of the trauma in at least ONE of the following ways:
Recurrent and distressing recollections
Recurrent nightmares
Flashback episodes
Distress related to internal or external cues that symbolize the event
Physiological reactions to events that symbolize the trauma
Diagnostic Criteria Cont.
Behaviors consistent with at least THREE of the following:
Persistently avoiding related thoughts, dialogues, or feelings
Persistently avoiding related activities, people, or situations
Inability to recall important details of the trauma
Markedly diminished interest in significant activities
Emotionally detached from others
Restricted range of affect
Sense of foreshortened future
Diagnostic Criteria Cont.
Persistent symptoms of increased nervous system arousal that were not present prior to the trauma, as indicated by at least TWO of the following:
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
Irritability or outbursts of anger
Difficulty concentrating
Hyper-vigilance
Exaggerated startle reactions to minimal stimuli
The disturbance causes clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other critical areas of living.
PTSD in Children
Bus kidnapping in Chowchilla, CA
30-50% of children will experience at least one traumatic event by the age of 18.
3-16% of boys and 1-6% of girls will develop PTSD.
The type of trauma will impact the likelihood of developing PTSD.
Nearly 100% if they see a parent killed or sexually assaulted.
Approximately 90% if the child .
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Table of Contents
I. Introduction
What is Post traumatic stress disorder?
DSM-IV- TR
Symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder
II. A Growing Problem
PTSD not only a Veterans Condition
PTSD Statistics
A community health problem
Crime Victimization and PTSD
Psychological consequences of crime
Crisis reaction and equilibrium
Trigger events for crime related PTSD
Risk factors
Recovery Process
Treatment for PTSD
Medications for PTSD patients
III. Conclusion
3. What is Post-traumatic Stress Disorder?
According to the National Institute of Mental Health:
“Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can develop
after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm
occurred or was threatened. Traumatic events that may trigger PTSD include
violent personal assaults, natural or human-caused disasters, accidents, or
military combat”(NIMH, 2009).
Post traumatic stress disorder or “PTSD”, was once called shell shock, battle
fatigue syndrome during WW II.
PTSD got it’s name during the Vietnam war.
PTSD is also known as “battered woman’s syndrome”. The name derived
from battered women victimized by domestic violence.
4. DSMI-IV-TR
PTSD Criterion- A.
A. Exposure to a traumatic event
The person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event/s
that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to
the physical integrity of self or others.
Response involves intense fear, helplessness, or horror
5. DSMI-IV-TR
PTSD Criterion- B.
B. Traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in at least one
of the following ways:
Recurrent and intrusive thoughts or images
Recurrent distressing dreams
Acting or feeling as if the event were recurring
Psychological distress upon exposure to reminders of event
Physiological reactions upon exposure to reminders of event.
6. DSMI-IV-TR
PTSD Criterion-C
C. Avoidance of stimuli associated with the event and numbing of
general response, occurring in at least three of the following
ways:
Efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the
event
Efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that remind person
of the event
Inability to remember an important aspect of the event
Significantly diminished interest or participation in activities
Feeling of being detached or estranged from others
Restricted range of affect
Speaks or thinks of not having a future
7. DSMI-IV-TR
PTSD Criterion-D
D. Increased arousal not present before traumatic event, presenting in
at least two of the following ways:
Trouble falling or staying asleep
Irritability or outbursts of anger
Difficulty concentrating
Hyper-vigilance
Exaggerated startle response
E. Symptoms last at least one month
F. Symptoms listed above cause significant impairment in daily life
8. Symptoms Grouped into Three Categories
According to The National Institute on Mental Health:
Re-experiencing symptoms:
Flashbacks—reliving the trauma over and over, including physical symptoms like a
racing heart or sweating
Bad dreams
Frightening thoughts.
Re-experiencing symptoms may cause problems in a person’s everyday routine. They
can start from the person’s own thoughts and feelings. Words, objects, or situations
that are reminders of the event can also trigger re-experiencing.
Avoidance symptoms:
Staying away from places, events, or objects that are reminders of the experience
Feeling emotionally numb
Feeling strong guilt, depression, or worry
Losing interest in activities that were enjoyable in the past
Having trouble remembering the dangerous event.
Things that remind a person of the traumatic event can trigger avoidance symptoms.
These symptoms may cause a person to change his or her personal routine. For
example, after a bad car accident, a person who usually drives may avoid driving or
riding in a car.
Hyperarousal symptoms:
Being easily startled
Feeling tense or “on edge”
Having difficulty sleeping, and/or having angry outbursts.
10. Symptoms
Hyper-vigilance
Constantly looking out for
danger
Weight loss or weight gain
Disturbed eating pattern
Eating too much
Not eating enough
Trouble concentrating
Agoraphobia
Afraid to leave the house
A result of feeling that the world
is an unsafe place
Problems with memory
Short Term Memory loss
Difficulty recalling details of the
event.
11. Symptoms and Complications
Symptoms can be debilitating, complicating the condition
Symptoms can interfere with ADL’s (activities of daily living.
Many suffers develop substance abuse problems and
addictions
PTSD suffers have a high rate of absenteeism
often times lose their jobs
leading to economic deprivation
Suffers may fail in their academic studies and goals.
(Salvatore, R., 2009).
High rate of suicide
12. Avoidance
A major symptom that is presented in PTSD is persistent avoidance of
anything that is associated with the trauma, or crime.
Usually begin soon after the traumatic event
Referred to as psychic numbing.
Psychic numbing is an automatic reflex reaction in which the mind
virtually shuts down to protect the survivor's psyche from further trauma,
allowing the victim to do what is necessary in order to function” (NCVC
2009).
13. Avoidance
Examples of avoidance include:
Efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings or conversations associated with
the trauma
Efforts to avoid activities, places or people that arouse recollections
of the trauma; this is one reason why many victims will not leave
their homes.
Inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma
Diminished response to the external world, or “emotional amnesia.”
Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant
activities; with children, they may regress developmentally and may
begin bedwetting, or talking like a baby.
Feelings of detachment or estrangement from others;
Restricted range of affect or reduced ability to feel emotions such as
feeling or giving love (NCPTSD 2009).
14. Triggers and Flashbacks
A trigger is a sound or sight that
causes the survivor to relive the
event.
Triggers may be exhibited by :
Hearing a firework go off- may
trigger memories to a gunshot
victim or war veteran; may think
of memories of gunfire, or war;
Seeing a car accident, may
remind a crash survivor of their
own accident
Watching a rape survivor on the
news may bring back memories
of her/his assault
A smell of cologne that was worn
by the perpetrator during a
sexual assault.
15. A Growing Epidemic
Crime victim’s and others
who have experienced
traumatic events are
vulnerable to PTSD.
PTSD is not just a
veterans condition.
Secondary symptoms
such as depression, and
substance abuse are
making this a National
health problem.
16. Crisis Reaction
Victims will react differently to traumatic events
Depending on the level of personal violation, their personality,
experiences, and support systems, their state of equilibrium at their
victimization” (NCVC 2009).
All people have a normal state of equilibrium called homeostasis.
It is influenced by everyday stressors such as:
illness, moving, changes in employment, and family issues.
If a person’s equilibrium is disrupted our bodies react, however they
return to previous functioning levels.
The combination of everyday stressors, in addition to being
victimized, a person’s equilibrium becomes overloaded making the
person vulnerable to developing PTSD.
17. Victims of Crime
Victims of crime may self medication with drugs or alcohol.
In an attempt to psychologically numb
Or block out the memories of the event.
Family and friends are often confused and do not understand the
condition.
May feel helpless and frustrated
Survivor may further deteriorate as a result.
May become more depressed
Isolated
Suicidal
Survivors often feel
alone
Afraid
Feel shame
May feel like it’s their fault.
18. Crime Victimization and PTSD
Trigger events for crime-related PTSD
Events may re-victimize the survivor and their families by:
Identification of the perpetrator
Hearings
Trials
Attending or hearing about other criminal justice
proceedings
Anniversaries of the event
Holidays and other important family life events; such as
birthdays.
19. Re-Victimizing the Victim
Court Proceeding can
bring on strong
emotions and the
victim will relive the
traumatic event all
over again.
Survivors may trigger
or flashback during
this time.
Survivors are often
revictimized by the
defense.
20. Crime Victimization and PTSD
Triggers may be internal or external.
Internal may be a result of the intrusive memories of the
event
External triggers may include seeing something on TV
that reminded the victim of the event.
“People with PTSD will avoid things or situations that
trigger memories or flashbacks of the traumatic event. If
the condition is left untreated, the victim's life may
become dominated by attempts to avoid situations that
remind him or her of the event” (NCPTSD 2009).
21. Crime Victimization and PTSD
Survivor may experience a flashbacks.
May feel intense emotions
May feel like the event is happening all over again
May lead to physical symptoms
Fast Heart beat
Nausea
Vomiting
Headache
Dry mouth
Panic attacks
Crying
Fear
22. PTSD and Brain Chemistry
Researchers have found a connection between PTSD and brain
chemistry.
What happens to the brain during and immediately after the
critical, traumatic event will determine how each unique
individual will respond, develop, or recover from PTSD.
Fight, Flight, or Freeze: The chemicals that flood the brain
during trauma is a natural response in order to help the person
to survive the event by:
Either by running away
Fighting furiously.
Or submit to the trauma
In some individuals, once the brain goes through this chemical
‘rewiring’ to survive the trauma, the wiring stays that way”. (Briere,
J., 2009).
23. PTSD and Brain Chemistry
We are all born with an innate response to crisis called “the fight
or flight response”.
The fight and flight response is a natural response that is
produced when our bodies are feeling threatened, or in a high
state of stress.
Stressful situations produce a variety of body changes:
Changes associated with the "fight or flight" response:
increased blood levels of the hormone, adrenaline (a.k.a. epinephrine).
This chemical messenger produces several body changes including
elevated blood pressure and increased pulse rate.
These actions increase blood flow and, along with increased circulation
to arms and legs, allow an animal to increase appropriate physical
exertion capabilities” (PBS 2009).
This is what allows us to run quickly in order to escape an attack from
the tiger.
24. PTSD and Brain Chemistry
Not everyone develops PTSD after a traumatic event
Depending on the unique brain chemistry of each person
will determine development, symptoms and behavioral
signs.
Two people can experience the same trauma, and one may
come out with PTSD, and the other will not” (Briere, 2009).
Research has also suggested that the hippocampus may
shrink and kill neurons.
This may slow down the growth of new neurons.
This has lead to understanding why individuals with PTSD
have a hard time concentrating or remembering things.
25. PTSD and Brain Chemistry
“The ‘wiring’ of the brain’s neurochemical systems become over
sensitized. Resulting in the symptoms seen in PTSD.
The complex chemical-neurological reactivity affects parts of the brain
that are all about learning, memory, and fear conditioning” (Briere,
2009).
A neurochemical that plays a role in chronic stress is cortisol.
“Cortisol is a hormone that is produced in the adrenal gland, producing
adrenaline. Also called the “stress hormone” because it tends to increase
blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and has an immunosuppressive effect”
(Briere, 209).
Secretion of cortisol is prolonged during chronic stress or a traumatic
event.
This begins a viscous cycle of symptoms.
Cortisol levels highest in the morning, lowest a few hours after sleep begins
in the average person.
This helps explains the disturbed sleep and nightmares many PTSD suffers
experience.
26. PTSD and Brain Chemistry
Parts of the brain most involved in PTSD
amygdala
hippocampus
medial front cortex
thalamus
hypothalamus
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Along with these, chemicals in the brain
such as
Noradrenalin
Dopamine
Serotonin
the opiod systems, insulin, and cortisol
all play complex roles in the PTSD
symptom producing process” (Briere,
2009).
Since so many structures, hormones
and neurotransmitters are involved in
PTSD; the complex nature of PTSD has
made it difficult in treating patients
with one specific medication.
Instead a combination of medications
tends to work in concert with one
another in order to relieve patient
symptoms.
27.
28. Statistics
Families of homicide victims–the impact of homicide on surviving family
members (Kilpatrick, Amick & Resnick, 1990) indicated that, almost 1 in 4
victims (23.4%) develop PTSD after the death of their loved one.
It is estimated that the prevalence of PTSD among adult Americans is:
7.8%, with women (10.4%) twice as likely as men (5%) to have PTSD at some
point in their lives.
Children who are at high risk for developing PTSD include:
Survivors of childhood sexual assault
Incest
children who witness or are exposed to violence or abuse in the home.
29. The Silent Victims-Our Children
Children who witness or are exposed to violence or abuse
in the home are at high risk of developing PTSD.
30. Statistics
Rape victims
Are 13.4 times more likely to have two or more major alcohol problems.
Are 26 times more likely to have two or more major serious drug abuse
problems.
The National Institute of Justice surveyed adolescents for victimization, mental
health, and substance abuse issues.
A survey of 4,023 adolescents ages 12 to 17, 1.8 million adolescents have been
sexually assaulted
3.9 million have been physically assaulted
2.1 million have been subjected to physically abusive punishment
8.8 million have witnessed violence” (National Institute of Justice, 1995).
31. Substance Abuse and PTSD
Secondary symptoms and conditions may develop with PTSD. Co-occurring
conditions may exist with PTSD, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and
alcohol or other substance use disorders.
32. Treatment and Recovery Process
A therapist or counselor can:
Help the victim restructure the fragments of their lives
Understand and accept some irreversible changes brought about by
the trauma.
Reopen channels of feeling that may have been repressed.
Learn to manage the impact of distressing, invasive thoughts or
flashbacks (NVPTSD 2009).
As survivors begin to heal, they will regain control,
empowerment and a sense of confidence.
The recovery process can be long and difficult.
Crisis intervention should be implemented as soon as possible.
Counseling and Psychotherapy
33. Counseling and Psychotherapy
Treatment and the Recovery Process
Therapists need to be honest with their clients.
They need to inform survivors that although effects of a trauma can be
alleviated, they may not always go away (Young, 1992).
Therapists should inform their clients that life’s events, holidays, anniversary
dates of the crime, or other potential triggers may trigger memories and cause
them to re-experience the stress reactions in the future.
With effective treatment, survivors can learn to cope with symptoms and help
to control symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Cognitive behavioral therapy and an integrated approach to therapy has proven
effective
Medication may be needed for some survivors.
34. Medication s and PTSD
Treatment and the Recovery Process
Medications that have proven successful in treating patients with PSTD
include:
Anti-depressants-Help with depression, mood swings and irritability
experienced by sufferers
Benzodiazepines- Help with panic attacks and anxiety
Sleep aids- prescribed sleep aids such as Desyrl (Trazadone), aid in
sleep, and insomnia exhibited by suffers.
Beta blockers-help in the reduction of the “fight and flight” response.
A problem with medication regimens is that they may lead to
additional symptoms due to medication side effects.
35. EMDR and PTSD
Treatment and the Recovery Process
EMDR- Eye movement desensitization reprocessing is an intervention that is
being used in clients with PTSD.
Simple, and non-invasive patient
EMDR-helps in the recovery of:
PTSD
Depression
Anxiety
Nightmares
Distressing nightmares
Insomnia
Traumatic events and abuse
Research shows that EMDR is rapid, safe and effective.
EMDR does not involve the use of drugs or hypnosis.
36. Treatment and Referrals
Family of homicide victims, especially those having
contact with the criminal justice system, should be
screened for the presence of PTSD and provided with
counseling referrals.
“Due to the high risk for victims and survivors of
developing crime-related PTSD, mental health
referrals and services for crime victims should be
provided to all victims” (NCPTSD 2009).
37. Conclusion
Crime does not discriminate and it can happen to anyone at anytime.
The consequences of crime are devastating and can lead to post
traumatic stress disorder.
Early intervention can help reduce the potential of developing PTSD,
and reduce symptoms.
Early intervention is vital and has resulted in a better success rate than
those who do not seek treatment or seek treatment long after the event.
The connection:
PTSD , trauma, crime victimization, brain chemistry, the
development of secondary symptoms such as:
depression, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders are becoming
more and more recognized as key components related to the
condition making this a National Health Issue.
38. Conclusion
PTSD was first given its name during the Vietnam war; however
researchers and mental health professionals recognized the
cluster of symptoms much earlier; specifically during earlier
wars.
We now know that there is a biological connection between
PTSD and brain chemistry.
Crime prevention, education and community awareness should
begin as early as preschool.
By reducing crime, its impact upon victims will also reduce.
39. Conclusion
With extensive research on PTSD, suffers can be treated and lead
relatively normal lives.
Psychotherapy, medication regimens, EMDR-eye movement
desensitization reprocessing, and support systems are some
interventions being used to help treat PTSD.
Research on PTSD and technology are advancing; there is hope that the
rewired bio-chemical system can be rewired one more time through
therapy to help people regain the life they had before their traumatic
event”(Briere, 2009).
The statistics of “crime victims with major crime-related mental health
problems make this a major health issue for communities and the
nation” (NCPTSD 2009).
40. References
National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (2009) What is PTSD?
www.ncptsd.org
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Salvatore, R., (2009). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A treatable Public Health Problem.
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Eadie, E., M., Runtz, M.,G., Spencer-Rogers, J., (2008). Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms as a
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http://ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/fact_shts/fs_children.html
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