The presentation provided an overview of future mobile networks and cognitive radio networks. It discussed current mobile network scenarios and the move towards heterogeneous networks and cloud RAN architectures to improve capacity and reduce costs. Cognitive radio networks were introduced as a way to more efficiently utilize spectrum by having radios that can detect spectrum usage and adapt accordingly, unlike traditional networks planned through frequency allocation. The cognitive network management loop was presented as an alternative to SON that uses cognitive processes controlled by goals to automate network management.
TECHNIQUES FOR OFFLOADING LTE EVOLVED PACKET CORE TRAFFIC USING OPENFLOW: A C...IJCNCJournal
Cellular users of today have an insatiable appetite for bandwidth and data. Data-intensive applications, such as video on demand, online gaming and video conferencing, have gained prominence. This, coupled with recent innovations in the mobile network such as LTE/4G, poses a unique challenge to network
operators in how to extract the most value from their deployments while reducing their Total Cost of Operations(TCO). To this end, a number of enhancements have been proposed to the “conventional” LTE mobile network. Most of these recognize the monolithic and non-elastic nature of the mobile backend and propose complimenting core functionality with concepts borrowed from Software Defined Networking
(SDN). In this paper, we will attempt to explore some existing options within the LTE standard to address traffic challenges. We then survey some SDN-enabled alternatives and comment on their merits and drawbacks.
This document discusses LTE Advanced and WiMAX2 (IEEE 802.16m) technologies and the use of relay stations to improve network performance. It aims to cost-effectively deploy relay stations in an LTE Advanced network while enhancing quality of service. The author outlines objectives to study different relay station deployment methods and techniques to minimize costs and improve metrics like throughput, delay and network load. The document also describes relay station types, operations and techniques like amplify-and-forward, decode-and-forward and compress-and-forward. The research methodology involves identifying the problem, conducting literature review, simulation-based testing and analyzing results.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
The document discusses heterogeneous networks (HetNets) which involve a mix of radio technologies and cell types working seamlessly together to meet increasing demands on mobile networks from more connected devices. HetNets use a combination of improved macro cells, additional small cells, and Wi-Fi to deliver consistent high quality experiences. This is achieved through a 3-step approach of enhancing existing macro cells, densifying networks with additional macro or micro cells, and complementing with small cells and indoor solutions. Cell coordination is also important where macro cells provide downlink coverage and small cells handle uplink to balance performance. HetNets are a key way to optimize customer experience as mobile traffic and devices increase dramatically in the coming years.
This white paper discusses the deployment of Cloud-RAN (CPRI fronthaul) technology in cellular networks to increase capacity. It describes how CPRI allows baseband units to be separated from remote radio heads and centralized, improving efficiency. The paper provides an overview of CPRI fundamentals and frame structure, use cases for fiber deployment including fiber to the antenna, and applications for testing CPRI links for deployment and troubleshooting.
This white paper discusses Cloud-RAN deployment using CPRI fronthaul technology. It begins with background on increasing demand for mobile network capacity and technologies being used to meet that demand, including small cells and distributed radio architectures. It then focuses on CPRI, describing its use as an interface between distributed radio units and centralized baseband units. Key points covered include CPRI fundamentals, fronthaul network deployment using CPRI over fiber, and benefits of centralizing baseband processing in a "cloud RAN" configuration.
Oliver Holland - IEEE VTS UKRI - Energy efficiency challenges of data volume...Keith Nolan
Oliver Holland from King's College London talks about energy efficiency challenges of data volume increases and the use of sleep modes facilitated by opportunistic cognitive radio networking as a solution
This document summarizes key aspects of practical LTE network design and deployment. It describes the end-to-end LTE network architecture including the evolved NodeB (eNB), Evolved Packet Core (EPC), and interfaces. It then analyzes LTE coverage and link budgets for different deployment scenarios. Dimensioning and design considerations are discussed including throughput, capacity, and quality of service (QoS). Latency is analyzed and compared to HSPA+. The document provides guidance on commercial LTE network planning and implementation.
TECHNIQUES FOR OFFLOADING LTE EVOLVED PACKET CORE TRAFFIC USING OPENFLOW: A C...IJCNCJournal
Cellular users of today have an insatiable appetite for bandwidth and data. Data-intensive applications, such as video on demand, online gaming and video conferencing, have gained prominence. This, coupled with recent innovations in the mobile network such as LTE/4G, poses a unique challenge to network
operators in how to extract the most value from their deployments while reducing their Total Cost of Operations(TCO). To this end, a number of enhancements have been proposed to the “conventional” LTE mobile network. Most of these recognize the monolithic and non-elastic nature of the mobile backend and propose complimenting core functionality with concepts borrowed from Software Defined Networking
(SDN). In this paper, we will attempt to explore some existing options within the LTE standard to address traffic challenges. We then survey some SDN-enabled alternatives and comment on their merits and drawbacks.
This document discusses LTE Advanced and WiMAX2 (IEEE 802.16m) technologies and the use of relay stations to improve network performance. It aims to cost-effectively deploy relay stations in an LTE Advanced network while enhancing quality of service. The author outlines objectives to study different relay station deployment methods and techniques to minimize costs and improve metrics like throughput, delay and network load. The document also describes relay station types, operations and techniques like amplify-and-forward, decode-and-forward and compress-and-forward. The research methodology involves identifying the problem, conducting literature review, simulation-based testing and analyzing results.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
The document discusses heterogeneous networks (HetNets) which involve a mix of radio technologies and cell types working seamlessly together to meet increasing demands on mobile networks from more connected devices. HetNets use a combination of improved macro cells, additional small cells, and Wi-Fi to deliver consistent high quality experiences. This is achieved through a 3-step approach of enhancing existing macro cells, densifying networks with additional macro or micro cells, and complementing with small cells and indoor solutions. Cell coordination is also important where macro cells provide downlink coverage and small cells handle uplink to balance performance. HetNets are a key way to optimize customer experience as mobile traffic and devices increase dramatically in the coming years.
This white paper discusses the deployment of Cloud-RAN (CPRI fronthaul) technology in cellular networks to increase capacity. It describes how CPRI allows baseband units to be separated from remote radio heads and centralized, improving efficiency. The paper provides an overview of CPRI fundamentals and frame structure, use cases for fiber deployment including fiber to the antenna, and applications for testing CPRI links for deployment and troubleshooting.
This white paper discusses Cloud-RAN deployment using CPRI fronthaul technology. It begins with background on increasing demand for mobile network capacity and technologies being used to meet that demand, including small cells and distributed radio architectures. It then focuses on CPRI, describing its use as an interface between distributed radio units and centralized baseband units. Key points covered include CPRI fundamentals, fronthaul network deployment using CPRI over fiber, and benefits of centralizing baseband processing in a "cloud RAN" configuration.
Oliver Holland - IEEE VTS UKRI - Energy efficiency challenges of data volume...Keith Nolan
Oliver Holland from King's College London talks about energy efficiency challenges of data volume increases and the use of sleep modes facilitated by opportunistic cognitive radio networking as a solution
This document summarizes key aspects of practical LTE network design and deployment. It describes the end-to-end LTE network architecture including the evolved NodeB (eNB), Evolved Packet Core (EPC), and interfaces. It then analyzes LTE coverage and link budgets for different deployment scenarios. Dimensioning and design considerations are discussed including throughput, capacity, and quality of service (QoS). Latency is analyzed and compared to HSPA+. The document provides guidance on commercial LTE network planning and implementation.
5G uplink interference simulations, analysis and solutions: The case of pico ...IJECEIAES
The launch of the new mobile network technology has paved the way for advanced and more productive industrial applications based on high-speed and low latency services offered by 5G. One of the key success points of the 5G network is the available diversity of cell deployment modes and the flexibility in radio resources allocation based on user’s needs. The concept of Pico cells will become the future of 5G as they increase the capacity and improve the network coverage at a low deployment cost. In addition, the short-range wireless transmission of this type of cells uses little energy and will allow dense applications for the internet of things. In this contribution, we present the advantages of using Pico cells and the characteristics of this type of cells in 5G networks. Then, we will do a simulation study of the interferences impact in uplink transmission in the case of PICO cells densified deployment. Finally, we will propose a solution for interference avoidance between pico cells that also allows flexible management of bands allocated to the users in uplink according to user’s density and bandwidth demand.
Richard Del Rosario Laca has over 7 years of experience as a telecom engineer with expertise in network planning, project management, implementation, operations, and documentation for voice and data services. He has technical skills in transmission devices, tools, software, and WAN technologies. His professional experience includes roles in transmission engineering, service provisioning support, facilities planning, technical support, and RF engineering. He holds certifications in ECE, CCNA, and JNCIA.
1. RF-MEMS technology has shown promise for over 20 years but failed to see widespread adoption due to issues with reliability, packaging, and integration challenges.
2. While initial predictions of massive adoption in mobile phones by the early 2000s did not come to pass, RF-MEMS components have begun finding use in 4G LTE smartphones to address impedance matching and antenna tuning needs.
3. The development of 5G mobile networks and technologies represents a new opportunity for RF-MEMS, as the demands of 5G for flexibility, wide bandwidths, and arrays of reconfigurable antennas are well-aligned with the capabilities of MEMS components.
IRJET- Analysis of 5G Mobile Technologies and DDOS DefenseIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on 5G mobile technologies and defenses against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. It discusses two key 5G technologies: photonic technologies for 5G transport and data centers, which use fiber optics to transmit large amounts of data, and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), which allows more users to be served simultaneously. It also discusses challenges of 5G such as interference and proposes software-defined networking and network function virtualization approaches to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks.
The document discusses trends in energy efficiency for 5G networks. It notes that mobile data traffic is increasing exponentially while power consumption is only improving 10x per decade. Fundamental technology limits may lead to saturation of energy efficiency improvements. 5G networks will see a shift toward small cells where computation power becomes significant. Future designs will require trade-offs between performance and energy efficiency due to these limits.
Fifth generation (5G) Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) systems use heterogeneous network access technologies to
fulfill the requirements of modern services. Multiple services with dierent Quality of Service (QoS) constraints could be available in each vehicle, while at the same time, user requirements and provider policies must be addressed. Therefore, the design of ecient Vertical Handover (VHO) management schemes for 5G-VCC infrastructures is needed. In this paper, a novel VHO management scheme for 5G-VCC systems is proposed. Whenever the user satisfaction grade becomes less than a predefined threshold, VHO is initiated and network selection is performed, considering the velocity of the vehicle, network characteristic criteria such as throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss, as well as provider policy criteria such as service reliability, security and price. The proposed scheme uses linguistic values for VHO criteria attributes represented by Interval Valued Pentagonal Fuzzy Numbers (IVPFNs) to express the information using membership intervals. The VHO scheme is applied to a 5G-VCC system which includes 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Macrocells and Femtocells, as well as IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Road Side Units (RSUs). Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method ensures the Always Best Connection (ABC) principle, while at the same time outperforms existing VHO management schemes.
1) Coherent optical receivers can meet the high bandwidth requirements of next generation optical fiber networks in an efficient hardware manner by digitally processing both the amplitude and phase of received optical signals.
2) Coherent receivers offer advantages over direct detection, including advanced digital signal processing capabilities to compensate for distortions and flexibility to support different modulation formats through software changes alone.
3) Coherent receiver technologies are necessary for next generation 100Gb/s optical transmission systems to meet future bandwidth demands and are being adopted by telecommunications providers like Sri Lanka Telecom to upgrade their transport networks.
Trends and evolution of optical networks and technologiesMd.Bellal Hossain
The document discusses trends and research in optical networks and technologies. Key points include:
- Optical networks are becoming more important due to increasing bandwidth demands from services like the internet. Research aims to increase network capacity and intelligence while lowering costs.
- 40Gbit/s transmission systems are being developed to provide multi-terabit capacities over long distances. All-optical networking components like optical cross-connects and regenerators are also a focus.
- Optical networks are evolving from simple transmission to include wavelength routing, network protection at the optical layer, and potentially full IP-over-optics implementation.
- Components research focuses on higher performance devices for functions like switching, modulation, and amplification,
The document discusses the key requirements and principles for designing the 5G network architecture. It outlines that 5G networks will utilize Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) to provide increased flexibility. NFV allows network functions to be implemented through software on industry standard servers, while SDN separates the network control and user planes. The 5G architecture aims to benefit from existing LTE deployments but avoid inter-system dependencies. It should also enable devices to connect via multiple links and RATs to leverage multi-connectivity.
This document discusses Long Term Evolution (LTE) as the 4G mobile broadband technology. It provides key specifications of LTE including peak download speeds of 173Mb/s, ultra-low latency below 100ms, support for up to 400 active users per 5MHz of spectrum, and mobility at speeds up to 450km/h. It also compares LTE to WiMAX and discusses options for allocating LTE spectrum in Iraq, including re-allocating the existing 40MHz improperly assigned band to improve spectrum efficiency.
This document provides an overview of considerations, best practices, and requirements for deploying a virtualized mobile network. It discusses NFV reference architectures and requirements for network orchestrators. It also covers topics like virtualized network security, carrier grade reliability, migration, performance benchmarking, and vertical interoperability. The document aims to outline the key steps mobile operators should take to adopt NFV technology.
Architecture harmonization between cloud radio access network and fog networkredpel dot com
Architecture harmonization between cloud radio access network and fog network
for more ieee paper / full abstract / implementation , just visit www.redpel.com
Wireless-fiber convergence: Ethernet at Fronthaul creating new possibilities ...Dhiman Chowdhury
This document discusses the use of Ethernet in optical fronthaul networks to support the deployment of white-box solutions in telecom network transformation. It covers digital radio over fiber (D-ROF) techniques like CPRI, OBSAI, and ORI that allow separating the baseband and radio units. The IEEE P1914.3 standard for radio over Ethernet is described, which enables transporting digitized radio signals over Ethernet. This paves the way for implementing white-box switches that support radio over Ethernet, providing cost savings and flexibility to mobile network operators.
The document discusses Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) which use a combination of different cellular technologies and base station types to increase network capacity and improve coverage. HetNets integrate macro cells, small cells like femtocells and picocells, and WiFi access points. This allows operators to boost capacity in high demand areas and extend indoor coverage. HetNets provide enriched capacity, guaranteed coverage, and help maximize the cost efficiency of building new networks.
This document analyzes the performance of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) based on field measurement data from commercial LTE networks. It evaluates VoLTE performance in terms of real-time transport protocol (RTP) error rate, jitter and delays, block error rate (BLER), and voice quality measured by mean opinion score (MOS). It also analyzes key VoLTE features like robust header compression (ROHC) and transmission time interval (TTI) bundling. Guidelines are provided for optimizing VoLTE deployment based on practical field testing results.
The rapid deployment of 3G and 4G, along with the unrelenting growth of video, social media and cloud applications accessed via smart phones and tables, is creating the need for more bandwidth to the cell tower and setting the stage for a move to 5G wireless technology
The document discusses how optical Ethernet can help telecommunications networks meet increasing bandwidth demands from new services like HD video. It describes how optical Ethernet provides gigabit capacity to multiple homes using fiber to the home infrastructure. It also summarizes how networks can smoothly migrate to optical Ethernet by upgrading existing DSL networks or migrating leased line services.
Evs16 h13 [jp]act06 experinece of inducive chargingchgada
Standardization activities are underway to develop standards for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicle charging. Currently, WPT systems up to 11.1 kW using magnetic fields are being standardized for passenger cars. A coil in the vehicle receives the magnetic field from a supply-side coil on the ground, allowing charging without physical connections. International standards organizations like ISO, IEC, and SAE are collaborating to develop safety and interoperability standards for vehicle and supply-side WPT systems, with publication of international standards expected by the end of 2019.
Enabling 5G X-Haul with Deterministic Ethernet - A TransPacket whitepaperIvar Søvold
Transpacket (www.transpacket.com) explores the concept of Ethernet X-Haul in a newly released whitepaper. Discussed extensively in the mobile industry in connection with 5G, the idea is to have an Ethernet based converged transport network serving multiple purposes including fronthaul and backhaul. The whitepaper presents the RAN architectures under consideration for 5G, and their consequences in terms of requirements for the transport network. It further describes how an innovative Ethernet scheduling mechanism is required to support deterministic Ethernet, and to fully achieve an 5G Ethernet X-Haul. It also introduces two use cases, namely Ethernet Crosshaul, and Indoor Coverage, which demonstrate the added value of deterministic Ethernet for mobile transport applications.
The document discusses data offloading strategies using Wi-Fi networks to reduce congestion on cellular networks. It describes how the ANDSF (Access Network Discovery and Selection Function) specification allows for dynamic data offloading between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks like Wi-Fi. The Greenpacket solution uses an intelligent client that enforces operator policies in real-time to selectively shift data traffic from 3G to Wi-Fi networks based on factors like location, time of day, application type, and network conditions to improve the user experience while balancing network load. The ability to control which applications remain on cellular and which shift to Wi-Fi allows operators to better manage quality of experience and retain visibility of traffic patterns.
This document provides an overview of Network Simulator 2 (NS-2), an open-source discrete event network simulator targeted primarily for networking research and education. NS-2 was developed at UC Berkeley and is maintained by USC. It supports simulation of TCP, routing, and wireless protocols and includes models for network traffic, queues, and links. NS-2 uses both C++ for implementation of protocols and OTcl for configuration of simulation scenarios, allowing for detailed and flexible simulations. The document outlines the goals, architecture, usage, and extension of NS-2.
Fluid net a flexible cloud based radio access network for small cellsieeepondy
Fluid net a flexible cloud based radio access network for small cells
+91-9994232214,7806844441, ieeeprojectchennai@gmail.com,
www.projectsieee.com, www.ieee-projects-chennai.com
IEEE PROJECTS 2016-2017
-----------------------------------
Contact:+91-9994232214,+91-7806844441
Email: ieeeprojectchennai@gmail.com
5G uplink interference simulations, analysis and solutions: The case of pico ...IJECEIAES
The launch of the new mobile network technology has paved the way for advanced and more productive industrial applications based on high-speed and low latency services offered by 5G. One of the key success points of the 5G network is the available diversity of cell deployment modes and the flexibility in radio resources allocation based on user’s needs. The concept of Pico cells will become the future of 5G as they increase the capacity and improve the network coverage at a low deployment cost. In addition, the short-range wireless transmission of this type of cells uses little energy and will allow dense applications for the internet of things. In this contribution, we present the advantages of using Pico cells and the characteristics of this type of cells in 5G networks. Then, we will do a simulation study of the interferences impact in uplink transmission in the case of PICO cells densified deployment. Finally, we will propose a solution for interference avoidance between pico cells that also allows flexible management of bands allocated to the users in uplink according to user’s density and bandwidth demand.
Richard Del Rosario Laca has over 7 years of experience as a telecom engineer with expertise in network planning, project management, implementation, operations, and documentation for voice and data services. He has technical skills in transmission devices, tools, software, and WAN technologies. His professional experience includes roles in transmission engineering, service provisioning support, facilities planning, technical support, and RF engineering. He holds certifications in ECE, CCNA, and JNCIA.
1. RF-MEMS technology has shown promise for over 20 years but failed to see widespread adoption due to issues with reliability, packaging, and integration challenges.
2. While initial predictions of massive adoption in mobile phones by the early 2000s did not come to pass, RF-MEMS components have begun finding use in 4G LTE smartphones to address impedance matching and antenna tuning needs.
3. The development of 5G mobile networks and technologies represents a new opportunity for RF-MEMS, as the demands of 5G for flexibility, wide bandwidths, and arrays of reconfigurable antennas are well-aligned with the capabilities of MEMS components.
IRJET- Analysis of 5G Mobile Technologies and DDOS DefenseIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on 5G mobile technologies and defenses against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. It discusses two key 5G technologies: photonic technologies for 5G transport and data centers, which use fiber optics to transmit large amounts of data, and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), which allows more users to be served simultaneously. It also discusses challenges of 5G such as interference and proposes software-defined networking and network function virtualization approaches to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks.
The document discusses trends in energy efficiency for 5G networks. It notes that mobile data traffic is increasing exponentially while power consumption is only improving 10x per decade. Fundamental technology limits may lead to saturation of energy efficiency improvements. 5G networks will see a shift toward small cells where computation power becomes significant. Future designs will require trade-offs between performance and energy efficiency due to these limits.
Fifth generation (5G) Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) systems use heterogeneous network access technologies to
fulfill the requirements of modern services. Multiple services with dierent Quality of Service (QoS) constraints could be available in each vehicle, while at the same time, user requirements and provider policies must be addressed. Therefore, the design of ecient Vertical Handover (VHO) management schemes for 5G-VCC infrastructures is needed. In this paper, a novel VHO management scheme for 5G-VCC systems is proposed. Whenever the user satisfaction grade becomes less than a predefined threshold, VHO is initiated and network selection is performed, considering the velocity of the vehicle, network characteristic criteria such as throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss, as well as provider policy criteria such as service reliability, security and price. The proposed scheme uses linguistic values for VHO criteria attributes represented by Interval Valued Pentagonal Fuzzy Numbers (IVPFNs) to express the information using membership intervals. The VHO scheme is applied to a 5G-VCC system which includes 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Macrocells and Femtocells, as well as IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Road Side Units (RSUs). Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method ensures the Always Best Connection (ABC) principle, while at the same time outperforms existing VHO management schemes.
1) Coherent optical receivers can meet the high bandwidth requirements of next generation optical fiber networks in an efficient hardware manner by digitally processing both the amplitude and phase of received optical signals.
2) Coherent receivers offer advantages over direct detection, including advanced digital signal processing capabilities to compensate for distortions and flexibility to support different modulation formats through software changes alone.
3) Coherent receiver technologies are necessary for next generation 100Gb/s optical transmission systems to meet future bandwidth demands and are being adopted by telecommunications providers like Sri Lanka Telecom to upgrade their transport networks.
Trends and evolution of optical networks and technologiesMd.Bellal Hossain
The document discusses trends and research in optical networks and technologies. Key points include:
- Optical networks are becoming more important due to increasing bandwidth demands from services like the internet. Research aims to increase network capacity and intelligence while lowering costs.
- 40Gbit/s transmission systems are being developed to provide multi-terabit capacities over long distances. All-optical networking components like optical cross-connects and regenerators are also a focus.
- Optical networks are evolving from simple transmission to include wavelength routing, network protection at the optical layer, and potentially full IP-over-optics implementation.
- Components research focuses on higher performance devices for functions like switching, modulation, and amplification,
The document discusses the key requirements and principles for designing the 5G network architecture. It outlines that 5G networks will utilize Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) to provide increased flexibility. NFV allows network functions to be implemented through software on industry standard servers, while SDN separates the network control and user planes. The 5G architecture aims to benefit from existing LTE deployments but avoid inter-system dependencies. It should also enable devices to connect via multiple links and RATs to leverage multi-connectivity.
This document discusses Long Term Evolution (LTE) as the 4G mobile broadband technology. It provides key specifications of LTE including peak download speeds of 173Mb/s, ultra-low latency below 100ms, support for up to 400 active users per 5MHz of spectrum, and mobility at speeds up to 450km/h. It also compares LTE to WiMAX and discusses options for allocating LTE spectrum in Iraq, including re-allocating the existing 40MHz improperly assigned band to improve spectrum efficiency.
This document provides an overview of considerations, best practices, and requirements for deploying a virtualized mobile network. It discusses NFV reference architectures and requirements for network orchestrators. It also covers topics like virtualized network security, carrier grade reliability, migration, performance benchmarking, and vertical interoperability. The document aims to outline the key steps mobile operators should take to adopt NFV technology.
Architecture harmonization between cloud radio access network and fog networkredpel dot com
Architecture harmonization between cloud radio access network and fog network
for more ieee paper / full abstract / implementation , just visit www.redpel.com
Wireless-fiber convergence: Ethernet at Fronthaul creating new possibilities ...Dhiman Chowdhury
This document discusses the use of Ethernet in optical fronthaul networks to support the deployment of white-box solutions in telecom network transformation. It covers digital radio over fiber (D-ROF) techniques like CPRI, OBSAI, and ORI that allow separating the baseband and radio units. The IEEE P1914.3 standard for radio over Ethernet is described, which enables transporting digitized radio signals over Ethernet. This paves the way for implementing white-box switches that support radio over Ethernet, providing cost savings and flexibility to mobile network operators.
The document discusses Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) which use a combination of different cellular technologies and base station types to increase network capacity and improve coverage. HetNets integrate macro cells, small cells like femtocells and picocells, and WiFi access points. This allows operators to boost capacity in high demand areas and extend indoor coverage. HetNets provide enriched capacity, guaranteed coverage, and help maximize the cost efficiency of building new networks.
This document analyzes the performance of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) based on field measurement data from commercial LTE networks. It evaluates VoLTE performance in terms of real-time transport protocol (RTP) error rate, jitter and delays, block error rate (BLER), and voice quality measured by mean opinion score (MOS). It also analyzes key VoLTE features like robust header compression (ROHC) and transmission time interval (TTI) bundling. Guidelines are provided for optimizing VoLTE deployment based on practical field testing results.
The rapid deployment of 3G and 4G, along with the unrelenting growth of video, social media and cloud applications accessed via smart phones and tables, is creating the need for more bandwidth to the cell tower and setting the stage for a move to 5G wireless technology
The document discusses how optical Ethernet can help telecommunications networks meet increasing bandwidth demands from new services like HD video. It describes how optical Ethernet provides gigabit capacity to multiple homes using fiber to the home infrastructure. It also summarizes how networks can smoothly migrate to optical Ethernet by upgrading existing DSL networks or migrating leased line services.
Evs16 h13 [jp]act06 experinece of inducive chargingchgada
Standardization activities are underway to develop standards for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicle charging. Currently, WPT systems up to 11.1 kW using magnetic fields are being standardized for passenger cars. A coil in the vehicle receives the magnetic field from a supply-side coil on the ground, allowing charging without physical connections. International standards organizations like ISO, IEC, and SAE are collaborating to develop safety and interoperability standards for vehicle and supply-side WPT systems, with publication of international standards expected by the end of 2019.
Enabling 5G X-Haul with Deterministic Ethernet - A TransPacket whitepaperIvar Søvold
Transpacket (www.transpacket.com) explores the concept of Ethernet X-Haul in a newly released whitepaper. Discussed extensively in the mobile industry in connection with 5G, the idea is to have an Ethernet based converged transport network serving multiple purposes including fronthaul and backhaul. The whitepaper presents the RAN architectures under consideration for 5G, and their consequences in terms of requirements for the transport network. It further describes how an innovative Ethernet scheduling mechanism is required to support deterministic Ethernet, and to fully achieve an 5G Ethernet X-Haul. It also introduces two use cases, namely Ethernet Crosshaul, and Indoor Coverage, which demonstrate the added value of deterministic Ethernet for mobile transport applications.
The document discusses data offloading strategies using Wi-Fi networks to reduce congestion on cellular networks. It describes how the ANDSF (Access Network Discovery and Selection Function) specification allows for dynamic data offloading between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks like Wi-Fi. The Greenpacket solution uses an intelligent client that enforces operator policies in real-time to selectively shift data traffic from 3G to Wi-Fi networks based on factors like location, time of day, application type, and network conditions to improve the user experience while balancing network load. The ability to control which applications remain on cellular and which shift to Wi-Fi allows operators to better manage quality of experience and retain visibility of traffic patterns.
This document provides an overview of Network Simulator 2 (NS-2), an open-source discrete event network simulator targeted primarily for networking research and education. NS-2 was developed at UC Berkeley and is maintained by USC. It supports simulation of TCP, routing, and wireless protocols and includes models for network traffic, queues, and links. NS-2 uses both C++ for implementation of protocols and OTcl for configuration of simulation scenarios, allowing for detailed and flexible simulations. The document outlines the goals, architecture, usage, and extension of NS-2.
Fluid net a flexible cloud based radio access network for small cellsieeepondy
Fluid net a flexible cloud based radio access network for small cells
+91-9994232214,7806844441, ieeeprojectchennai@gmail.com,
www.projectsieee.com, www.ieee-projects-chennai.com
IEEE PROJECTS 2016-2017
-----------------------------------
Contact:+91-9994232214,+91-7806844441
Email: ieeeprojectchennai@gmail.com
Small cells and C-RAN: can they work together- Mobile World Congress 2014Wi-Fi 360
The operators’ 4G challenge
Small cells – part of a wider network
Evolution of C-RAN
Early adopters
How the two architectures support each other
Next steps to HetNet
Performance evaluation of 802.11p protocol for emergency applicationPratik Joshi
The document is Pratik Joshi's master's thesis which evaluates the performance of the 802.11p protocol for emergency vehicle-to-vehicle applications. The thesis was submitted to Tampere University of Technology in fulfillment of an MS degree in Information Technology. The thesis used the NS2 network simulator to model a vehicular ad-hoc network and evaluate the performance based on node distance, retransmission attempts, and contention window settings. The results showed that the 802.11p protocol performed as expected with all nodes receiving messages.
Nicolas Sekkaki, President of IBM France, discusses the importance of trust and privacy in a global environment. He states that IBM designs solutions and conducts business based on trust, with a focus on privacy and security by design. Sekkaki also advocates enhancing trust through a common protective legal framework with stronger privacy obligations and improved access to justice.
The document summarizes the evolution of mobile networks from network-centric to service-centric architectures. It describes how networks have transitioned from circuit-switched to packet-switched designs and now support an integrated model for delivering mobile services, applications, and content through cloud-based and open APIs. The goal is to optimize networks for over-the-top, hosted, and cloud-based services while ensuring continuity of user experience as technologies and business models change.
6WINDGate™ - Enabling Cloud RAN Virtualization6WIND
Traditional mobile networks are based on stand-alone Base Transceiver Stations covering a radio area. BTS overlap to provide a wide coverage to mobile users and are connected to the mobile core network through a backhaul network. Cloud Radio Access Network is a new architecture for mobile access networks that rely on simple radio front-ends connected to a pool of remote network resources. By leveraging cloud infrastructures, CAPEX and OPEX is lowered substantially.
DWS16 - Mobile networks forum - Arnauld Taffin, EricssonIDATE DigiWorld
This document discusses the opportunities and requirements for 5G networks, including supporting a wide range of use cases, extreme data volumes, connectivity for massive numbers of devices, and new applications. It outlines Ericsson's 5G Ready Core network platform that enables flexibility for placement of network functions in distributed cloud environments. The platform supports network slicing and aims to deliver 10-100x improvements in areas like data rates, latency, connected devices, and battery life. Ericsson has partnerships with operators and other industry players to develop 5G technologies and aims to have commercial 5G networks deployed by 2020.
Slides de suporte da aula de Redes de Computadores - Continuar pesquisas nas bibliografias:
TANENBAUM, Andrew S. Redes de Computadores. Editora Campus, 4 Edição. 2003.
COMER, Douglas E. Interligação de Redes com TCP/IP, volume 1. Editora Campus, 5 Edição. 2006.
TORRES, Gabriel. Redes de Computadores Curso Completo. 1 ed. Editora Axcel Books. 2001.
Radio Technologies for 5G using an Advanced Photonic Infrastructure for Dense...ssk
RAPID5G contributes to the future of mobile communications by developing technologies next generation mobile wireless networks. Rapid aims to exploit advanced photonic techniques to provide disruptive solutions to current issues, especially for dense user scenarios.
The document provides an overview of the LTE radio layer 2, RRC and radio access network architecture. It summarizes the E-UTRAN architecture, user and control plane protocol stacks, connection management, RRC states, and connected state mobility procedures. It also highlights interoperability with legacy systems, self-organizing networks, UE positioning, multimedia broadcast, latency evaluations, and LTE-Advanced features.
Transport network strategies at Telekom Austria Group- January 2014Wi-Fi 360
We would like to invite you to an exclusive webinar entitled 'Towards a Converged Network: Transport Network Strategies at Telekom Austria. This will present key new research findings from Maravedis-Rethink, and will feature our guest speaker, Alexander Schneider. Mr Schneider is head of transport network development at Telekom Austria Group, a frontrunner in European operators' move towards fixed/mobile convergence and all-IP networks.
Mr Schneider will discuss key elements of Telekom Austria's strategy for deploying a twenty-first century network which harnesses some of the most important new technologies in fixed and mobile telecoms. These include small cells, software defined networking and the migration to all-IP infrastructure. In particular, the presentation will focus on the strategies and challenges in backhaul and IP migration.
The webinar will offer a unique opportunity to gain details and insights into issues which are now facing many operators, and their suppliers, round the world, in the face of mounting data demands.
Mr Schneider's presentation will be complemented by highlights from Maravedis-Rethink's most recent research into the 4G RAN and backhaul deployment plans of the world's leading mobile providers. Maravedis-Rethink tracks the top 100 4G operators and their business strategies, and has a per-carrier analysis of small cell and Cloud-RAN deployment plans, among other topics. Research Director Caroline Gabriel will share exclusive data in areas including small cell backhaul and SON (self-optimizing networks).
L’architecture de C-RAN décompose la station de base traditionnelle en deux entités : des têtes radio distantes (RRH) placer sur les sites cellulaires et des unités de traitement bande de base (BBU) mises en communs dans un pool centralisé. Le lien entre les deux entités est une interface en fibre optique.
Cette Nouvelle technologie permet d'augmenter la capacité et la couverture du réseau tout en réduisant les délais de déploiement, la consommation énergétique et les dépenses d'investissement et d'exploitation nécessaires pour déployer et maintenir des réseaux hétérogènes denses. Elle permet également une gestion globale des ressources, une gestion efficace des interférences et une meilleure utilisation de la technologie d'accès radio (RAT).
6 lte-a challenges and evolving lte network architectureCPqD
The document discusses the challenges of evolving LTE network architectures to support LTE-Advanced and heterogeneous networks. It outlines issues like network densification increasing costs, challenges of managing more complex networks with various technologies and interoperability concerns. The document then proposes that software defined networking (SDN) and cloud radio access network (C-RAN) architectures can help address these issues by increasing flexibility, scalability and programmability of the network while reducing costs. The summary concludes that SDN and C-RAN approaches will help mobile networks realize the full potential of LTE.
A presentation on Cloud RAN fronthaul, current deployment Options, benefits and challenges. This was presented in the
iJOIN Winter School "5G Cloud Technologies: Benefits and Challenges", Bremen, 2015-02-23
Radisys and Wind River joined together to present: Cloud RANs - an NFV Evolution or Revolution? The presenters discuss the options available for architecting the mobile network for virtualization success.
This document discusses opportunities and challenges for the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G networks. It provides several definitions of the IoT and describes how sensor devices are widely available. It also outlines the technology roadmap for IoT, noting how 4G and 5G networks will be important enablers. However, it notes challenges for telecommunications networks in managing diverging traffic and revenue expectations. The document discusses many potential applications of IoT across various sectors. It concludes by discussing important research challenges for IoT deployments, particularly in smart cities and smart energy grids.
RF Planning and Optimization in GSM and UMTS NetworksApurv Agrawal
The report covers various aspects involved in improving the network coverage as well as the parameters used in planning of new network sites for GSM and UMTS networks.
1) A Tier 1 mobile network operator conducted a field trial of a passive centralized-RAN (C-RAN) architecture to evaluate performance, costs, and challenges.
2) Initial fiber inspection using EXFO's probe found most connectors were dirty, increasing optical loss. After cleaning, optical time domain reflectometry characterized the fiber span and found a missing connection.
3) Using real-time OTDR and a visual fault locator, technicians identified and corrected the missing connection and mislabeled fiber within the span. Characterization then verified the full fiber path with reduced optical losses.
This document provides a literature review on topological planning of heterogeneous mobile networks in dense areas. It discusses the need for heterogeneous networks using a mix of macro, pico, femtocell and relay base stations. The network architecture is presented, including different types of base stations and their characteristics. Challenges of network planning in dense areas are also addressed, such as mitigating interference between indoor base stations and outdoor macrocells. Pathloss models and different interference scenarios are reviewed to understand their impact on network capacity and coverage optimization.
IRJET- GMPLS based Multilayer Service Network ArchitectureIRJET Journal
1) GMPLS is an advanced protocol that automates provisioning of connections in multilayer networks including optical networks to improve efficiency.
2) GMPLS extends MPLS to support not just packet switching but also time-division multiplexing, fiber switching, and wavelength switching in optical networks.
3) The paper discusses applications of GMPLS technology for traffic engineering and provisioning connections to balance loads in multilayer networks including WDM optical networks.
PTCL is Pakistan's largest telecommunications company. The internship report summarizes the author's 6-week internship at PTCL working in various departments including OFAN operations, switching operations, wireless operations, and transport network operations. The report provides an overview of PTCL's history and operations, and describes concepts learned about optical fiber networks, switching technologies, wireless local loop systems, and next generation networks.
Creating The Future Economically-Viable Networks_JAN17Emre Yilmaz
1) The document discusses the need for new radio network systems to meet increasing data traffic demands and diversifying connection needs in the future.
2) A key challenge is ensuring the economic viability of these new systems for network operators, as costs per megabyte have decreased. Any new system must prioritize cost reductions.
3) The author proposes several approaches to reduce network costs, such as using intelligent optimization to reduce energy usage, redesigning network architecture to centralize equipment, and employing a multi-tiered network structure using different spectrum bands.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the largest telecom service provider in India. BSNL has a large fixed line and wireless network serving over 7,300 cities and towns and 5.5 lakh villages. It maintains a transmission network of over 19,100 km of optical fiber cables and microwave systems. BSNL provides interconnection facilities for other telecom operators to its national long distance and international long distance networks. The long distance network is divided into four maintenance regions covering different parts of the country.
5G wireless networks aim to support connections for at least 100 billion devices with speeds up to 10 GB/s while providing extremely low latency. Key concepts of 5G include supporting simultaneous connections across multiple access technologies, using cognitive radio to transfer data over multiple paths concurrently, and realizing a true integrated network consisting of heterogeneous tiers. Challenges include addressing high data volumes through techniques like massive MIMO and resolving issues like pilot contamination. 5G is expected to enable technologies like device-to-device communication, software defined cellular networks, and machine-to-machine communication to realize a wireless world with unlimited connectivity.
LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RELAY-BASED WIMAX NETWORKijwmn
Relay technology promises appreciable network throughput and coverage enhancement which is required
for high speed wireless cellular systems to function to their optimum. This paper is focused on analysing
the link performance of a relay-based WiMAX network under varying conditions. Comparison is made
between relay and direct link communication in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), spectral efficiency and
capacity. Effect of multipath fading and user speed on performance are investigated as well. The entire
study involves a hypothetical view as well as MATLAB simulations to predict the benefit of relay
deployment. This is aimed at solving pertinent issues such as coverage holes and cell edge problems which
are associated with traditional non-relay based cellular networks.
LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RELAY-BASED WIMAX NETWORKijwmn
Relay technology promises appreciable network throughput and coverage enhancement which is required
for high speed wireless cellular systems to function to their optimum. This paper is focused on analysing
the link performance of a relay-based WiMAX network under varying conditions. Comparison is made
between relay and direct link communication in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), spectral efficiency and
capacity. Effect of multipath fading and user speed on performance are investigated as well. The entire
study involves a hypothetical view as well as MATLAB simulations to predict the benefit of relay
deployment. This is aimed at solving pertinent issues such as coverage holes and cell edge problems which
are associated with traditional non-relay based cellular networks
Traffic Offloading Solutions: Femto, WiFi and Integrated Femto-WiFiShristi Pradhan
I provide a comprehensive overview on various traffic offloading solutions:
1. Femtocells, which provides the benefits of scalability, automatic configuration and self-optimization.
2. WiFi, widely available in homes and hotspots.
3. Integrating femto and WiFi together to reap the benefits of both femtocell and WiFi technology.
Internet acess to rural areas using wifi altanai bisht , 1st yearALTANAI BISHT
Access to communication can play a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of rural regions in the third world. For affordability, the choice of technology to achieve this is a significant aspect. We have chosen Wi-Fi technology to provide rural connectivity in the context of the paper. This paper presents our suggestion and discusses five important aspects in the use of WiFi for rural connectivity: (a) network planning and deployment, (b) network protocols, (c) network management and operations, (d) power savings, and (e) applications and services.
Roger Piqueras Jover's final project report discusses using mobile sensing and location-based services to address challenges in femtocell networks. The document introduces femtocell networks and their interference and synchronization issues. It then discusses how real-time location systems and mobile phones' sensor capabilities could be leveraged to help with femtocell coverage control and synchronization by determining femtocell locations from nearby mobile terminals' GPS coordinates and signals. The proposal aims to solve femtocell deployment challenges without hardware changes by taking advantage of existing mobile sensors.
the file is related to my online seminars over Instagram.
this is first presentation about 5G
5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices.
#5G
#5GNR
#Massive MIMO
#tactile_internet
Join Us:
inststagram.com/ali.nikfal1985
Tight Coupling Internetworking Between UMTS and WLAN: Challenges, Design Arch...CSCJournals
To provide seamless internet connectivity anywhere at any time to the mobile users, there is a strong demand for the integration of wireless access networks for all-IP based Next Generation Networks (NGN). The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is capable of providing high data rate at low cost. However, its services are limited to a small geographical area. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks provide global coverage, however, cost is high and the provided data rate do not fulfill the requirements of bandwidth intensive applications. By integrating these two promising technologies; UMTS and WLAN several benefits can be achieved, i.e., load balancing, extension of coverage area, better Quality of Service (QoS), improved security features, etc. Therefore, the integration of these two technologies can provide ubiquitous connectivity and high data rate at low cost to wireless clients. In this paper different integration mechanisms of UMTS and WLAN are investigated. More precisely, an integrated mechanism for the integration of UMTS and WLAN based on two different variations of tight coupling, i.e., interconnecting WLAN with Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is designed and analyzed. The simulated results reveal that the GGSN-WLAN integration performance is better than the SGSN-WLAN integration for all the applied applications and measurement parameters.
Power line communication uses existing power lines to transmit data signals. It provides a cost-effective solution compared to installing new communication wiring. The document discusses the basic concepts of power line communication, including that different frequencies are used depending on the wiring and applications can have data rates from kilobits per second to megabits per second over short distances. Advances in digital signal processing have allowed new designs to overcome noise issues on power lines using techniques like spread spectrum modulation and error correction coding. Standards still vary globally which limits technical information sharing for these proprietary systems.
This document summarizes a research paper on designing and implementing a fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) campus network at Technological University in Loikaw, Myanmar. It first discusses FTTH network architectures like active optical network (AON) and passive optical network (PON). It then describes studying FTTH architectures used in Myanmar, fiber transmission technologies, and TCP/IP networking configurations. The implementation at TU Loikaw uses an AON architecture with fiber optic cables transmitting signals across the campus providing high-speed broadband access.
Analysis of Handoff techniques used for hybrid networks: cellular/WLAN IJORCS
Most real life networks are hybrid networks. A hybrid network combines the best features of two or more networks. In networking terminology, a hybrid network according to “Information Technology control and Audit” are reliable and versatile. They provide large numbers of connections and data transmission paths to users. These hybrid networks may be treated as network nodes for analysis purpose. The two radio access technologies (RATs) are considered with cellular/WLAN depending on whether it is voice/ data, video. For observing practical result, some setups are required in laboratory which includes interface from personal computer to mobile terminal and vice-versa. The network simulator (Ns-2) is used for analysis purpose. The results shows the parameters like energy good put, Bandwidth utilization, packet delivery ratio, energy good put and energy consumed are improved after using hybrid networks.
Enabling Device-to-Device Communications in Millimeter-Wave 5G Cellular Netw...Naresh Biloniya
Enabling Device-to-Device Communications in Millimeter-Wave 5G Cellular Networks
* Features of Millimeter wave
* Architecture of 5G cellular network
* Challenges and Scope of 5G network
Similar to Presentation onFuture Mobile Networks (20)
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
1. TLT – 6507 Advanced Course on Wireless
Department of Communications Engineering
Communications
Presentation on
Future Mobile Networks
Dipesh Paudel
Huseyin Oge
Pratik Joshi
Semanta Neupane
Tugrul Acikgöz
2. Flow of presentation
o Introduction
o Current scenario
o Future Mobile Networks
o Cognitive Radio Network (CRN)
o Applications of CRN
o Conclusion
Department of Communications Engineering
2
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
3. Introduction
o Mobile Network is a wireless service, or wireless carrier that
provides network, voice, and data services
o A set of towers which a cell phone can communicate with
Switch to the nearest possible tower
o Company that operates a mobile network is Mobile Network
Operator (MNO)
Department of Communications Engineering
3
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
4. Introduction
Classified based on the distance they are meant to cover.
Department of Communications Engineering
4
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
5. Current Scenario
Department of Communications Engineering
5
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
6. Current Scenario
o GSM – the most popular
o Used to carry voice traffic and some data
o Available to almost 90% of world population
o Mobile Data Explosion
o Introduction of 3G Mobile System
Wideband CDMA, HSPA, HSPA+
o Introduction of HSPA transformed voice dominated to packet
dominated
o LTE (4G): improving end-user throughput, cell capacity and user
plane latency
Department of Communications Engineering
6
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
7. Future Mobile Network
o Increasing demand
Mobile internet access, Social networking, navigation,
location based service and so on
o 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Brings together a number of telecommunications standards
bodies.
Produce globally applicable Technical Specifications and
Reports for a 3rd Gen Mobile System based on GSM core
networks and the radio access technologies that they support
Department of Communications Engineering
7
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
8. Future Mobile Network scenarios
o Heterogeneous Networks and Homogeneous Networks
Current wireless cellular networks
Typically deployed as homogeneous networks.
Using a macro centric planning process.
Collection of user terminals, all the base stations have similar
transmit power levels, antenna patterns, receiver noise level
Similar connectivity to the (packet) data network
o Heterogeneous Networks
o Cloud RAN (C-RAN)
Department of Communications Engineering
8
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
9. Future Mobile Network Scenarios
o Current wireless cellular networks
BSs are deployed for wide area coverage.
The footprint of a BS varies depending on traffic demand.
In Het-Nets, existing macrocells and microcells remain,
providing essential coverage.
Additionally, large macrocells hold advantages in supporting
high-mobility users for reduced handover frequency.
Department of Communications Engineering
9
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
10. Future Mobile Network Scenarios
Heterogeneous Networks
a.k.a "HetNets”
o Expanding mobile
network capacity.
o Composed of multiple
radio access
technologies,
architectures,
transmission solutions,
and base stations of
varying transmission
power.
Department of Communications Engineering
10
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
11. Future Mobile Network Scenarios
o Heterogeneous Networks
Heterogeneous Network utilizes mix of macro, pico, femto and
relay base stations
Department of Communications Engineering
11
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
12. Department of Communications Engineering
12
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
Future Mobile Network Scenarios
o Heterogeneous Networks: an example
13. Future Mobile Network Scenarios
o Heterogeneous Networks: Disadvantages
Network Management Complexity
Increasing number and variety of managed cells
Location of Home eNBs (Femto eNBs)
Coordination of operation of network domains
The cost structure of heterogeneous networks is much lower.
Since low power devices serve much smaller areas with
minimal functionality.
Department of Communications Engineering
13
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
14. Future Mobile Network Scenarios
o Cloud RAN
A new distributed architecture
Aims to reduce the number of cell sites while increasing the
base station deployment density.
o The concept of the Cloud RAN
Breaks down the base station into a Base Unit (BU)
Converts digital signals to analog, amplifies the power, and
sends the actual transmission
Department of Communications Engineering
14
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
15. FUTURE MOBILE NETWORK SCENARIOS
o Network Architecture Evolution: Cloud RAN
Department of Communications Engineering
15
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
16. FUTURE MOBILE NETWORK SCENARIOS
o The advantages of C-RAN over a conventional RAN architecture
o Reduction of the Total Cost of Ownership
o Simplifies operations
o Enables the distribution of traffic load
o Improves load balancing and mobility
o Increased data rates can be achieved
Department of Communications Engineering
16
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
17. FUTURE MOBILE NETWORK SCENARIOS
o Cloud RAN challenges
Technical and economic challenges due to the required
optical fiber connection between the central location and
antenna sites
Optical Fiber Connections is very expensive
Connection imposes challenging requirements concerning
data rates, latency jitter and latency asymmetry
For redundancy reasons, one antenna will likely be linked to
the central location through several connections in order to
avoid a single point of failure
Department of Communications Engineering
17
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
18. FUTURE MOBILE NETWORK SCENARIOS
o The emergence of C-RAN will pose new requirements on
network management, thus if an operator decides to introduce C-RAN,
this will proceed in a gradual way
o Requirements for future OAM Systems
Researched Mobile Network Technologies like HetNet or C-RAN
Department of Communications Engineering
add to the complexity of Mobile Network Management
by increasing network elements
Complexity is challenging and leads to human-induced errors,
however customers aren’t willing to suffer from poor quality of
service due to these network-internal issues
18
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
19. FUTURE MOBILE NETWORK SCENARIOS
o According to foresights, revenue per bit in mobile network will
continue to decline, thus Operation Expenditure (OPEX) will be
more dramatically reduced than with SON
o Due to these reasons, future OAM Systems have to aid humans
by reducing the complexity, reduce the OPEX and improve the
availability of the mobile network through more automation
Department of Communications Engineering
19
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
20. COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS
o Fundamentals of Cognitive Radio
o Framework
o Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Department of Communications Engineering
20
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
21. COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS
Why Cognitive Radio Networks?
o Briefly, SON is a set of automated operations and management
processes for Mobile Networks
o The behaviour of SON operations are configured through high-level
parameters which is determined by human operators.
o Due to depending on human operators, this turns out to be
cumbersome if the context changes regularly.
o From here Cognitive Radio steps in, because mobile networks
must adapt themselves to changes in the operational context
Department of Communications Engineering
21
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
22. COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS
Department of Communications Engineering
22
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
23. COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS
o Cognitive radios could provide a paradigm shift in the way that
spectra is regulated and used
o Cognitive Radios are able to sense the spectrum to see whether
it is being used by the Primary User.
o Quick look to IEEE 802.22 Working Group
o Frequency reuse is typically done through frequency planning,
resulting in an inefficient utilization of frequencies across different
geographical regions
Department of Communications Engineering
23
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
24. COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS
Cognitive Radio Network
o SON introduced framework with closed loop automation.
o Automate the management by defining SON functions
o Functions perform their task without human intervention.
o CRN extends this vision by substituting SON functions and
workflows with Cognitive Processes controlled by goals.
o Thus, SON network management loop is replaced by a cognitive
network management loop.
Department of Communications Engineering
24
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
25. COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS
Department of Communications Engineering
25
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
The cognitive network management loop
26. COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS
Cognitive loop
o Proposed by Fortuna and Mohorcic in 2009.
o Cognitive Process continuously monitors the environment i.e. sense
through Network Status Sensors.
o This information is used to create several strategies how the network
configuration should be changed i.e. plan based on goals
o Sensor Information is used for learning to build up knowledge of the
effects of actions i.e. learn
o The system has to decide which plan to implement based on goal i.e.
decide
o This strategy is then enacted using Network API i.e. act
Department of Communications Engineering
26
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
27. COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS
o As Cognitive loop is very complex, some steps can be bypassed.
o It is possible to declare a sensor output as critical and ssign an
action which causes the system to skip the plan and decide
phase and act immediately.
o CRN do not assume any specific architecture of the network.
o Thus, Functionality of the process can be distributed same way
as SON.
o i.e. centralised, decentralised and hybrid.
Department of Communications Engineering
27
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
28. COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS
o CRN relies on sophisticated AI technologies to fulfill the
challenging vision.
o Special Interest for cognitive loop:
Knowledge Representations
Planning and decision algorithms
Learning technology
Department of Communications Engineering
28
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
29. Application of CRN
o CRN can sense the surrounding environment and without the
intervention of the user can adapt to the users communication
needs.
o CRN has capability for efficient spectrum utilization since it can
intelligently detect whether any portion of the spectrum is in use
or not.
o The main application of CRN is to solve the shortcomings of SON
and ease the functions of network operators more.
o SON concepts can be improved in areas of self-configuration,
self-optimization, self-healing and operation using CRN concept.
Department of Communications Engineering
29
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
30. Application of CRN
Self-Configuration
o SON involves loading initial configuration parameters to new
base stations.
o This involves hectic and complex manual planning procedures.
o In CRN initial configuration is loaded in the base stations
automatically by OAM systems(operations, administration and
maintenance).
o The configuration parameters are obtained by measurements of
environment from new base station, location of new base station
and operator policies.
o These obtained parameters are loaded into the base-station
using SON algorithms.
o The efficiency of this configuration is continuously evaluated by
the base-station and its neighbors. This knowledge is then used
for loading configurations in other base stations.
Department of Communications Engineering
30
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
31. Application of CRN
Self-optimization
o Self-optimization algorithms in SON are static and do not change
with the change in operational environment.
o These algorithms cannot handle uncertainty problems which
requires probabilistic reasoning.
o CRN improves the self-optimization process by employing
inference based algorithms.
o The network performance is measured from which the current
system state and performance issues are inferred using uncertain
knowledge representation.
o The cognitive process continuously monitors the performance to
gather information for making the self-optimization process more
effective.
Department of Communications Engineering
31
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
32. Application of CRN
Self-healing
o SON self-healing involves two phases.
o 1st phase: problem detection and diagnosis using predefined
knowledge.
o 2nd phase: action for healing done by compensation of a cell
outage by neighboring cells.
requires extensive manual work which will increase with the
increase in number of nodes.
o CRN self-healing process involves automated detection and
diagnosis of network failures and automated advisory process
determining which recovery actions to execute.
o The automated advisory process should give the most optimal
solution for the problem.
o The whole process is continuously monitored as a part of
learning, so that the solutions for different situations can be used
in the future.
Department of Communications Engineering
32
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
33. Application of CRN
Operation
o SON has defined the co-ordination function for controlling
different SON functions.
o The implementation of these functions is time consuming, costly
and error prone.
o Changes in certain parameters forces change in operational
behavior. To address these changes considerable human effort is
needed.
o CRN uses knowledge representation which is used to represent
semantics of operational goals, network properties and network
status.
o The information is now used for automated reasoning for
obtaining coordination function at run time.
o Any change in the goals can be reflected in the knowledge Base
of the system.
Department of Communications Engineering
33
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications
34. Conclusion
o Future mobile technology has many challenges. The system
should be reliable, cheap and fast with the ability to adapt to the
changing environment and integrating diverse devices.
o To meet these requirements we have to go beyond SON
concept.
o SON has been extended to include automation in the network
leading the way for CRN concept.
o CRN extensively uses theory and algorithms of Artificial
Intelligence.
o CRN is in the initial phase of development. With the integration of
machine intelligence and communication technologies, CRN is
certainly the future of mobile communication.
Department of Communications Engineering
34
TLT-6507 Advanced Course on Wireless Communications