The document discusses the use of low impact development (LID) approaches to manage stormwater and mitigate flooding issues. It provides background on LID concepts like bioretention cells, permeable pavements, green roofs, and rain gardens. It then details how the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) software can be used to simulate the hydrologic performance of different LID controls. The document provides design parameter values for various LID types and guides the user through setting up a SWMM model with LID controls applied to subcatchments to analyze flooding impacts.
To determine specific gravity of the solids by density bottle methodJyoti Khatiwada
This document outlines the density bottle method for determining the specific gravity of solids. Key steps include: (1) weighing an empty bottle and the bottle containing a dried soil sample, (2) adding water and applying a vacuum to remove air bubbles, (3) weighing the bottle containing the soil sample and water, and (4) calculating the specific gravity by dividing the mass of the solids by the mass of the displaced water. Specific gravity is an important property that indicates the density of a solid relative to the density of water.
Sedimentation is the process of removing solid particles from water via gravity. It is commonly used in water treatment after coagulation and flocculation. The document discusses sedimentation tank design and calculations for settling velocity based on particle size and density. Examples are provided to design rectangular and circular sedimentation tanks for pre-treating river water to remove grit and sand based on a flow rate of 20,000 m3/day and using an overflow rate of 31 m/hour.
1. The document describes a test to determine the standard consistency of cement paste, which is required for other cement tests and is between 26-33% water by mass of dry cement.
2. The test involves mixing cement and varying amounts of water (25, 30, 35% of cement mass) and measuring how far a 10mm plunger penetrates the paste, with 5±1mm indicating standard consistency.
3. Temperature and humidity can affect the test results, so the lab conditions are controlled at 20±2°C and 50% relative humidity minimum.
this is my presentation of hydraulic and water resources engineering. I have discussed in this ppt about network density for given rain gauge and calculations and index of witness.
Tiles are used for roofing and paving. They are classified based on material (common, encaustic) and use (roofing, flooring, drain). Roofing tiles include plain, pan, pot, Allahabad, Mangalore, and concrete tiles. Flooring tiles vary in thickness and shape. Tiles are manufactured by selecting clay, preparing and molding it, drying and shaping, burning in a kiln at 2200°F for 3 hours, and cooling for 3-5 days.
This document summarizes different types of mixers used in industrial processes. It describes static mixers, which mix fluids using inserts in pipes without moving parts, including helical element mixers and turbulent vortex mixers. It also describes intensive mixers like change-can mixers, kneaders including sigma and Banbury mixers, mixer extruders, and muller mixers. Finally, it discusses heating and cooling mixers like high speed mixers and cooling mixers used to precisely control temperature during industrial mixing.
1) The document describes a test to determine the initial and final setting times of cement by using a Vicat apparatus. A cement paste sample is prepared and penetration is measured over time using needles to identify when the paste reaches initial and final set points.
2) The initial setting time is the time when the needle penetration is 5mm or higher. The final setting time is identified visually when the needle leaves an impression but the cutting edge fails to penetrate.
3) Specifications require a minimum initial setting time of 45 minutes and maximum final setting time of 10 hours or 375 minutes depending on the standard used. The test determines if the cement meets these specifications.
The document discusses the use of low impact development (LID) approaches to manage stormwater and mitigate flooding issues. It provides background on LID concepts like bioretention cells, permeable pavements, green roofs, and rain gardens. It then details how the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) software can be used to simulate the hydrologic performance of different LID controls. The document provides design parameter values for various LID types and guides the user through setting up a SWMM model with LID controls applied to subcatchments to analyze flooding impacts.
To determine specific gravity of the solids by density bottle methodJyoti Khatiwada
This document outlines the density bottle method for determining the specific gravity of solids. Key steps include: (1) weighing an empty bottle and the bottle containing a dried soil sample, (2) adding water and applying a vacuum to remove air bubbles, (3) weighing the bottle containing the soil sample and water, and (4) calculating the specific gravity by dividing the mass of the solids by the mass of the displaced water. Specific gravity is an important property that indicates the density of a solid relative to the density of water.
Sedimentation is the process of removing solid particles from water via gravity. It is commonly used in water treatment after coagulation and flocculation. The document discusses sedimentation tank design and calculations for settling velocity based on particle size and density. Examples are provided to design rectangular and circular sedimentation tanks for pre-treating river water to remove grit and sand based on a flow rate of 20,000 m3/day and using an overflow rate of 31 m/hour.
1. The document describes a test to determine the standard consistency of cement paste, which is required for other cement tests and is between 26-33% water by mass of dry cement.
2. The test involves mixing cement and varying amounts of water (25, 30, 35% of cement mass) and measuring how far a 10mm plunger penetrates the paste, with 5±1mm indicating standard consistency.
3. Temperature and humidity can affect the test results, so the lab conditions are controlled at 20±2°C and 50% relative humidity minimum.
this is my presentation of hydraulic and water resources engineering. I have discussed in this ppt about network density for given rain gauge and calculations and index of witness.
Tiles are used for roofing and paving. They are classified based on material (common, encaustic) and use (roofing, flooring, drain). Roofing tiles include plain, pan, pot, Allahabad, Mangalore, and concrete tiles. Flooring tiles vary in thickness and shape. Tiles are manufactured by selecting clay, preparing and molding it, drying and shaping, burning in a kiln at 2200°F for 3 hours, and cooling for 3-5 days.
This document summarizes different types of mixers used in industrial processes. It describes static mixers, which mix fluids using inserts in pipes without moving parts, including helical element mixers and turbulent vortex mixers. It also describes intensive mixers like change-can mixers, kneaders including sigma and Banbury mixers, mixer extruders, and muller mixers. Finally, it discusses heating and cooling mixers like high speed mixers and cooling mixers used to precisely control temperature during industrial mixing.
1) The document describes a test to determine the initial and final setting times of cement by using a Vicat apparatus. A cement paste sample is prepared and penetration is measured over time using needles to identify when the paste reaches initial and final set points.
2) The initial setting time is the time when the needle penetration is 5mm or higher. The final setting time is identified visually when the needle leaves an impression but the cutting edge fails to penetrate.
3) Specifications require a minimum initial setting time of 45 minutes and maximum final setting time of 10 hours or 375 minutes depending on the standard used. The test determines if the cement meets these specifications.
To determine the particle size distribution of soil by hydrometer methodJyoti Khatiwada
This document outlines the hydrometer method for determining particle size distribution of soils passing a 75 sieve. Key steps include: 1) calibrating the hydrometer to relate readings to particle sizes, 2) preparing a soil suspension and taking hydrometer readings at intervals as particles settle, and 3) using the readings to calculate particle sizes and percentage of soil finer than each size. The process provides critical information about soil composition for purposes like engineering projects.
Fluidization is the process of transforming fine solids into a fluid-like state using gas or liquid. It involves contacting phases in fluidized beds which allows for continuous, controlled operations and high heat and mass transfer. Fluidized beds are widely used in industrial applications like catalytic cracking, drying, and gas-solid reactions due to advantages such as good mixing and heat transfer, ease of operation, and ability to handle large quantities. However, fluidized beds can also result in particle attrition and non-uniform residence times.
ESTIMATION OF SOIL LOSS BY USING MULTISLOT DEVISORRaghu1522
This document describes the design and use of a multi-slot runoff collector to measure runoff and estimate soil loss from small plots. It has three main parts: a collection tank with multiple compartments, a slot divisor to divide runoff into sections, and a cistern tank to collect excess runoff. The system is installed on test plots with slopes of 60% or 90% to collect runoff water which is then measured and analyzed to calculate soil loss. It provides an easy way to experimentally measure runoff and erosion from small land areas.
WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON BRICKS
IS 3495 (part 2) : 1992
Theory: -
Brick for external use must be capable of preventing rain water from passing through them to the inside of walls of reasonable thickness. A good brick should absorb water maximum 1/7th of the weight of the brick.
Water absorption test on bricks are conducted to determine durability property of bricks such as degree of burning, quality and behaviour of bricks in weathering.
The degree of compactness of bricks can be obtained by water absorption test, as water is absorbed by pores in bricks. The water absorption by bricks increase with increase in pores.
water absorption shall not be more than 20 percent by weight up to class 12.5 and 15 percent by weight for higher classes.
Equipment for Moisture Content of brick :-
Water Bath: Temperature should be maintained at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours.
Weighing Balance: A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1 percent of the mass of the specimen.
Oven: Temperature should be maintained at 105 to 115 degree Celsius.
Testing Procedure:-
Immerse specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with a damp cloth and weigh the specimen. Complete the weighing 3 minutes after the specimen has been removed from water (W1).
Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 115°C for 24 hours. Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its weight (W2). Specimen warm to touch shall not be used for the purpose.
Water absorption, percent by mass, after 24-hour immersion in cold water is given by the following formula:
(𝑊1 −𝑊2)/𝑊2 * 100
This software is a third party tool to backup & export Office365 Mailboxes to Outlook PST and to restore i.e. import the Outlook PST data to the Ofice 365 user account.
The document contains 5 questions related to hydrology calculations. Question 1 asks to calculate evaporation losses from a stream and discharge at the head of a canal given evaporation rates, stream dimensions, and required discharge. Question 2 asks to calculate daily evaporation losses from a stream. Question 3 involves calculating water unavailable for runoff and the ratio of total to direct runoff given rainfall, runoff rates, and catchment area. Question 4 asks to calculate total infiltration during a storm using Horton's equation. Question 5 asks to calculate the phi index from a rainfall-time distribution table.
The document discusses the constant head permeability test method for determining the permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of soils in the laboratory. It defines permeability and the factors that influence it. It describes Darcy's Law and the equation used to calculate permeability from measured values. The purpose and significance of measuring permeability is explained. The test method, apparatus, procedure, calculations, analysis and results are outlined.
This document discusses aggregate specific gravities, which are important for volumetric mix design. It defines specific gravity as the ratio of the mass of an object to the mass of an equal volume of water. There are different specific gravities measured depending on the aggregate's dry, saturated surface dry, or apparent state. Tests are described for determining the specific gravities of coarse and fine aggregates according to ASTM standards, which involve measuring the mass of the aggregate both dry and submerged in water. The specific gravities are used to calculate properties like bulk density and water absorption capacity.
- The document discusses equations for analyzing groundwater flow in confined and unconfined aquifers.
- For confined aquifers, the continuity equation is integrated over the aquifer thickness to derive an equation using transmissivity. Examples are presented of steady horizontal and radial flow.
- For unconfined aquifers, Dupuit assumptions are used and the continuity equation is solved for steady 1D flow using the water table elevation. Worked examples are provided for both confined and unconfined cases.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document describes the formulation of a SWMM input file to model stormwater runoff and water quality in an urban watershed. Key steps include:
1) Defining pollutants, land uses, and assigning land use percentages to subcatchments
2) Specifying buildup and washoff parameters for pollutant loading
3) Adding low impact development (LID) controls to certain subcatchments
4) Comparing model results for hydrographs and pollutographs with and without LIDs to analyze their impact on peak flows and pollutant loads.
Class 3 (a) Soil Plasticity (Atterberg Limits) ( Geotechenical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the Atterberg limits test procedure for classifying fine-grained soils. It defines the liquid limit as the moisture content at which a soil begins to behave as a liquid, and the plastic limit as the moisture content at which it begins to behave plastically. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The document outlines how to determine these limits in the lab and use them to classify soils on a plasticity chart according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
This document discusses methods for determining the particle size distribution of soils. It describes sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis, which are used to measure particle sizes above and below 0.075 mm, respectively. It explains how sieve analysis works by sieving dry soil through a stack of sieves and measuring the mass retained on each sieve. It also provides definitions and applications of key terms used to characterize particle size distributions, such as effective size and uniformity coefficient.
The document discusses computing runoff depth using infiltration capacity curves. It provides the following information:
1) An infiltration capacity curve plots infiltration capacity against time and can be superimposed on a rainfall graph to determine infiltration (dotted area) and runoff (hatched area).
2) Horton's equation is used to model the time evolution of infiltration capacity assuming unlimited water supply at the soil surface.
3) An example computation is shown applying Horton's equation and comparing infiltration capacity to precipitation intensity to determine actual infiltration and runoff rates over time.
This document discusses waterlogging, which occurs when excessive moisture deprives crop roots of proper aeration. It can be caused by over-irrigation, seepage from canals/high lands, inadequate drainage, or excessive rain. Effects include difficult cultivation, weed growth, reduced temperature, and crop yield losses. Remedies include reducing irrigation intensity, improving drainage systems, lining canals to reduce seepage, and installing subsurface tile drains or surface drains to remove excess water. The document describes different tile drain layout systems used depending on land topography.
The document provides instructions for conducting 12 geotechnical engineering experiments in the geotechnical engineering lab at B.V. Raju Institute of Technology. The experiments include determining Atterberg limits, field density via core cutter and sand replacement methods, grain size analysis, constant and variable head permeability tests, unconfined compression test, direct shear test, compaction tests, and CBR testing. Students must complete 8 of the 12 experiments listed. Instructions are provided for each experiment, including the aim, theory, apparatus required, and procedures to follow.
This document discusses soil classification methods including sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis. Sieve analysis is used to determine the distribution of coarser soil particles by size, while hydrometer analysis determines the distribution of finer particles. The tests are used to classify soil type and evaluate properties like permeability, density and shear strength. Procedures are described for conducting the analyses, calculating relevant particle sizes and distribution, and classifying soils based on the unified soil classification system.
Mo ch 1_properties of particulate solid_complete_10.12.2020Dhaval Yadav
Properties of Particulate Solids
Fundamentals of Unit operation and Unit process
Specific properties of solids
Particle density and Bulk density
Sphericity,
Equivalent diameter,
Specific surface area,
Volume surface mean diameter, mass mean diameter, and shape factor
The document describes a procedure to determine the water content of a soil sample using the oven drying method. Key steps include: (1) weighing an empty container and lid, adding a wet soil sample, and reweighing; (2) drying the sample in an oven at 110°C for 24 hours; (3) allowing the container to cool and reweighing to determine the dry mass; (4) calculating water content as a percentage based on the mass difference between wet and dry samples. The procedure is repeated for multiple samples and the average water content is reported.
The document discusses various types of process diagrams used in engineering design including block flow diagrams (BFD), process flow diagrams (PFD), and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&ID). It provides examples and explanations of each type of diagram, describing what they include and their purpose. BFDs show the major process units and streams in a simple form. PFDs provide more detail about the equipment and process streams. P&IDs provide piping details and instrumentation used to control the process.
The document discusses tag numbering systems used in oil, gas, and petrochemical plants. It explains that every component and piece of equipment requires a unique identification tag for safety and maintenance purposes. While there is no single standard, companies follow common conventions and best practices. Tag numbers are applied during design and construction, and are used on equipment, drawings, manuals, and computer systems for life. Examples of tag numbering processes and standards are provided.
To determine the particle size distribution of soil by hydrometer methodJyoti Khatiwada
This document outlines the hydrometer method for determining particle size distribution of soils passing a 75 sieve. Key steps include: 1) calibrating the hydrometer to relate readings to particle sizes, 2) preparing a soil suspension and taking hydrometer readings at intervals as particles settle, and 3) using the readings to calculate particle sizes and percentage of soil finer than each size. The process provides critical information about soil composition for purposes like engineering projects.
Fluidization is the process of transforming fine solids into a fluid-like state using gas or liquid. It involves contacting phases in fluidized beds which allows for continuous, controlled operations and high heat and mass transfer. Fluidized beds are widely used in industrial applications like catalytic cracking, drying, and gas-solid reactions due to advantages such as good mixing and heat transfer, ease of operation, and ability to handle large quantities. However, fluidized beds can also result in particle attrition and non-uniform residence times.
ESTIMATION OF SOIL LOSS BY USING MULTISLOT DEVISORRaghu1522
This document describes the design and use of a multi-slot runoff collector to measure runoff and estimate soil loss from small plots. It has three main parts: a collection tank with multiple compartments, a slot divisor to divide runoff into sections, and a cistern tank to collect excess runoff. The system is installed on test plots with slopes of 60% or 90% to collect runoff water which is then measured and analyzed to calculate soil loss. It provides an easy way to experimentally measure runoff and erosion from small land areas.
WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON BRICKS
IS 3495 (part 2) : 1992
Theory: -
Brick for external use must be capable of preventing rain water from passing through them to the inside of walls of reasonable thickness. A good brick should absorb water maximum 1/7th of the weight of the brick.
Water absorption test on bricks are conducted to determine durability property of bricks such as degree of burning, quality and behaviour of bricks in weathering.
The degree of compactness of bricks can be obtained by water absorption test, as water is absorbed by pores in bricks. The water absorption by bricks increase with increase in pores.
water absorption shall not be more than 20 percent by weight up to class 12.5 and 15 percent by weight for higher classes.
Equipment for Moisture Content of brick :-
Water Bath: Temperature should be maintained at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours.
Weighing Balance: A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1 percent of the mass of the specimen.
Oven: Temperature should be maintained at 105 to 115 degree Celsius.
Testing Procedure:-
Immerse specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with a damp cloth and weigh the specimen. Complete the weighing 3 minutes after the specimen has been removed from water (W1).
Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 115°C for 24 hours. Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its weight (W2). Specimen warm to touch shall not be used for the purpose.
Water absorption, percent by mass, after 24-hour immersion in cold water is given by the following formula:
(𝑊1 −𝑊2)/𝑊2 * 100
This software is a third party tool to backup & export Office365 Mailboxes to Outlook PST and to restore i.e. import the Outlook PST data to the Ofice 365 user account.
The document contains 5 questions related to hydrology calculations. Question 1 asks to calculate evaporation losses from a stream and discharge at the head of a canal given evaporation rates, stream dimensions, and required discharge. Question 2 asks to calculate daily evaporation losses from a stream. Question 3 involves calculating water unavailable for runoff and the ratio of total to direct runoff given rainfall, runoff rates, and catchment area. Question 4 asks to calculate total infiltration during a storm using Horton's equation. Question 5 asks to calculate the phi index from a rainfall-time distribution table.
The document discusses the constant head permeability test method for determining the permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of soils in the laboratory. It defines permeability and the factors that influence it. It describes Darcy's Law and the equation used to calculate permeability from measured values. The purpose and significance of measuring permeability is explained. The test method, apparatus, procedure, calculations, analysis and results are outlined.
This document discusses aggregate specific gravities, which are important for volumetric mix design. It defines specific gravity as the ratio of the mass of an object to the mass of an equal volume of water. There are different specific gravities measured depending on the aggregate's dry, saturated surface dry, or apparent state. Tests are described for determining the specific gravities of coarse and fine aggregates according to ASTM standards, which involve measuring the mass of the aggregate both dry and submerged in water. The specific gravities are used to calculate properties like bulk density and water absorption capacity.
- The document discusses equations for analyzing groundwater flow in confined and unconfined aquifers.
- For confined aquifers, the continuity equation is integrated over the aquifer thickness to derive an equation using transmissivity. Examples are presented of steady horizontal and radial flow.
- For unconfined aquifers, Dupuit assumptions are used and the continuity equation is solved for steady 1D flow using the water table elevation. Worked examples are provided for both confined and unconfined cases.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document describes the formulation of a SWMM input file to model stormwater runoff and water quality in an urban watershed. Key steps include:
1) Defining pollutants, land uses, and assigning land use percentages to subcatchments
2) Specifying buildup and washoff parameters for pollutant loading
3) Adding low impact development (LID) controls to certain subcatchments
4) Comparing model results for hydrographs and pollutographs with and without LIDs to analyze their impact on peak flows and pollutant loads.
Class 3 (a) Soil Plasticity (Atterberg Limits) ( Geotechenical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the Atterberg limits test procedure for classifying fine-grained soils. It defines the liquid limit as the moisture content at which a soil begins to behave as a liquid, and the plastic limit as the moisture content at which it begins to behave plastically. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The document outlines how to determine these limits in the lab and use them to classify soils on a plasticity chart according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
This document discusses methods for determining the particle size distribution of soils. It describes sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis, which are used to measure particle sizes above and below 0.075 mm, respectively. It explains how sieve analysis works by sieving dry soil through a stack of sieves and measuring the mass retained on each sieve. It also provides definitions and applications of key terms used to characterize particle size distributions, such as effective size and uniformity coefficient.
The document discusses computing runoff depth using infiltration capacity curves. It provides the following information:
1) An infiltration capacity curve plots infiltration capacity against time and can be superimposed on a rainfall graph to determine infiltration (dotted area) and runoff (hatched area).
2) Horton's equation is used to model the time evolution of infiltration capacity assuming unlimited water supply at the soil surface.
3) An example computation is shown applying Horton's equation and comparing infiltration capacity to precipitation intensity to determine actual infiltration and runoff rates over time.
This document discusses waterlogging, which occurs when excessive moisture deprives crop roots of proper aeration. It can be caused by over-irrigation, seepage from canals/high lands, inadequate drainage, or excessive rain. Effects include difficult cultivation, weed growth, reduced temperature, and crop yield losses. Remedies include reducing irrigation intensity, improving drainage systems, lining canals to reduce seepage, and installing subsurface tile drains or surface drains to remove excess water. The document describes different tile drain layout systems used depending on land topography.
The document provides instructions for conducting 12 geotechnical engineering experiments in the geotechnical engineering lab at B.V. Raju Institute of Technology. The experiments include determining Atterberg limits, field density via core cutter and sand replacement methods, grain size analysis, constant and variable head permeability tests, unconfined compression test, direct shear test, compaction tests, and CBR testing. Students must complete 8 of the 12 experiments listed. Instructions are provided for each experiment, including the aim, theory, apparatus required, and procedures to follow.
This document discusses soil classification methods including sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis. Sieve analysis is used to determine the distribution of coarser soil particles by size, while hydrometer analysis determines the distribution of finer particles. The tests are used to classify soil type and evaluate properties like permeability, density and shear strength. Procedures are described for conducting the analyses, calculating relevant particle sizes and distribution, and classifying soils based on the unified soil classification system.
Mo ch 1_properties of particulate solid_complete_10.12.2020Dhaval Yadav
Properties of Particulate Solids
Fundamentals of Unit operation and Unit process
Specific properties of solids
Particle density and Bulk density
Sphericity,
Equivalent diameter,
Specific surface area,
Volume surface mean diameter, mass mean diameter, and shape factor
The document describes a procedure to determine the water content of a soil sample using the oven drying method. Key steps include: (1) weighing an empty container and lid, adding a wet soil sample, and reweighing; (2) drying the sample in an oven at 110°C for 24 hours; (3) allowing the container to cool and reweighing to determine the dry mass; (4) calculating water content as a percentage based on the mass difference between wet and dry samples. The procedure is repeated for multiple samples and the average water content is reported.
The document discusses various types of process diagrams used in engineering design including block flow diagrams (BFD), process flow diagrams (PFD), and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&ID). It provides examples and explanations of each type of diagram, describing what they include and their purpose. BFDs show the major process units and streams in a simple form. PFDs provide more detail about the equipment and process streams. P&IDs provide piping details and instrumentation used to control the process.
The document discusses tag numbering systems used in oil, gas, and petrochemical plants. It explains that every component and piece of equipment requires a unique identification tag for safety and maintenance purposes. While there is no single standard, companies follow common conventions and best practices. Tag numbers are applied during design and construction, and are used on equipment, drawings, manuals, and computer systems for life. Examples of tag numbering processes and standards are provided.
The document provides an overview of a training course on analyzing and interpreting piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). It discusses the objectives of understanding P&IDs and their utilization. It then covers various topics related to P&IDs including an introduction, the different levels of diagrams, symbology and abbreviations, process control loops, how to read P&IDs, piping specifications and decoding, and interlock systems.
Solutions Manual for Analysis Synthesis And Design Of Chemical Processes 3rd ...Aladdinew
This document provides solutions to problems from the textbook "Analysis, Synthesis and Design of Chemical Processes". The problems cover topics such as block flow diagrams, piping and instrumentation diagrams, batch vs continuous processes, process flowsheets, and material balances. Sample problems calculate conversion percentages, reactor efficiencies, and mass balances for processes like ethylbenzene production and integrated gasification combined cycle power plants.
The document provides an overview of piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). It discusses the objectives of understanding P&IDs and their utilization. It describes the three levels of diagrams - block flow diagram, process flow diagram, and P&ID. P&IDs are the principal documents that define a process, including all mechanical aspects except pipe routing. Symbols and abbreviations are used on P&IDs to depict equipment, piping, valves, instruments, and controls. Process control loops are also explained, consisting of elements that sense process variables, compare values, and correct the process.
This document provides an overview of oil and gas facilities layout and processes. It discusses the key components including oil gathering manifolds, field processing facilities, central processing facilities, and crude oil separation methods. It also covers the engineering aspects such as piping, instrumentation, electrical systems, and common drawing types used like PFDs, P&IDs, and electrical drawings.
This document provides specifications for the MHRC-AE-060-VS-01 5-ton air-cooled chiller from Multiaqua. The chiller uses a variable speed scroll compressor and can operate in simultaneous heating and cooling mode. It has a brazed plate heat exchanger and variable speed condenser fans. Electrical requirements include a 380V DC primary supply and 208/230V AC secondary. Performance data is provided for cooling, heating and simultaneous heating/cooling modes.
This document provides an overview of the mid and downstream business training module. It discusses the typical design cycle for a plant from feasibility study through to commissioning. It also describes the various stages of engineering including FEED, review, and stage 0. Examples are provided of key deliverables for stage 0 such as updated P&IDs, process datasheets, equipment lists, utility summaries, and more. The purpose is to familiarize trainees with the engineering design process and key documents/outputs for midstream and downstream oil and gas facilities.
This document provides:
1) A list of 45 process data sheets that can be used for engineering design projects, including data sheets for heat exchangers, pumps, columns, tanks, and other equipment.
2) Examples of two completed process data sheets - one for a deaerated water storage tank and one for a deaerator head - that show the type of process information collected on each sheet.
3) Standard tank dimensions as a reference for sizing deaerated water storage tanks in both metric and English units.
URHE-CF is a heat recovery unit containing both a high-efficiency cross-flow plate exchanger, and a cooling circuit in heat pump mode. The cooling circuit has a high-efficiency scroll compressor, finned condensation/evaporation coil, thermostatic valve, 4-way valve, liquid separator, liquid indicator light, filter drier, and all the necessary measuring and safety components. The unit is fitted with centrifugal fans (that respect ERP2015) with forward blades and a directly coupled motor. The rotation speed is controlled by an EC device. It has G4 filters positioned before the plate exchanger (on both the fresh air and the extracted air), and a differential pressure switch for checking the filters are not clogged. The machine has an advanced adjustment system for managing the cooling circuit and the accessories used (integration coils, free-cooling kit).
URHE-CF is a heat recovery unit containing both a high-efficiency cross-flow plate exchanger, and a cooling circuit in heat pump mode. The cooling circuit has a high-efficiency scroll compressor, finned condensation/evaporation coil, thermostatic valve, 4-way valve, liquid separator, liquid indicator light, filter drier, and all the necessary measuring and safety components. The unit is fitted with centrifugal fans (that respect ERP2015) with forward blades and a directly coupled motor. The rotation speed is controlled by an EC device. It has G4 filters positioned before the plate exchanger (on both the fresh air and the extracted air), and a differential pressure switch for checking the filters are not clogged. The machine has an advanced adjustment system for managing the cooling circuit and the accessories used (integration coils, free-cooling kit).
Reversible air/water heat pump for outdoor installation. Suitable for air-conditioning and heating, and the production of domestic hot water for small/medium services.
Cooling capacity: 8.81 ÷ 14.12 kW
Heating capacity: 11.04 ÷ 16.88 kW
R410A refrigerant
Cooling and heating
DHW
Scroll compressor
Axial fan
Plate exchanger
Pump kit (Option)
Water tank (Option)
Network operation (Option)
Compatible with ModBus protocol (Option)
Compatible with VMF system (Variable Multi Flow) (Option)
Internet connection (Option)
For two pipes plants
The Solutions Company is a family owned HVAC business established in 1920 that innovates pumping and hydronic systems. They offer a full range of pumps and LoadMatch systems, which feature highly reliable wet rotor circulators. LoadMatch systems provide balanced and variable flows to terminal units, improving comfort while reducing energy and costs versus traditional hydronic systems.
This document provides information on instrumentation symbols and identification based on ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 standards. It includes:
1) Common control valve, actuator, and instrument symbols used in process and instrumentation diagrams along with brief descriptions.
2) Guidelines for assigning tag numbers and abbreviations to identify process variables, locations, and loop identifiers for instruments.
3) Examples of standard tag number prefixes and abbreviations used in oil and gas applications to indicate instrument types and functions.
This document provides an internship report on an internship in the After Sales & Services department. It includes:
1. An acknowledgement of guidance received from mentors during the internship.
2. A table of contents outlining topics covered in the report such as piping and instrumentation diagrams, boilers, burner management systems, and wiring of a PLC utility circuit panel.
3. A section on studying piping and instrumentation diagrams which describes common symbols and components used in PIDs.
4. An introduction to boilers that defines different boiler types like fire tube and water tube boilers and associated components like economizers and de-aerators.
5. A description of burner
The document discusses DVM hydro units which provide an integrated air and water heating and cooling solution. Key points include:
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2. COURSE OUTCOMES
CO
RECOGNIZE all the piping and
instrumentation symbols, CHOOSE suitable
symbols and DEVELOP the piping systems and
the specification of the process
instrumentation, equipment, piping, valves,
fittings; and their arrangement in P&ID for the
bioprocess plant design.
3. OUTLINES
❑ TYPES of piping and
instrumentation symbols.
❑ How to CHOOSE the suitable
symbols in control system?
❑ How to DEVELOP the piping
systems and the specification of the
process instrumentation,
equipment, piping, valves, fittings.
❑ The ARRANGEMENT in P&ID
for the bioprocess plant design.
6. BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM (BFD)
❑ Is the simplest flowsheet.
❑ Process engineer begins the process design with a block diagram in
which only the feed and product streams are identified.
❑ Input-output diagrams are not very detailed and are most useful in
early stages of process development.
❑ Flow of raw materials and products may be included on a BFD.
❑ The processes described in the BFD, are then broken down into
basic functional elements such as reaction and separation sections.
❑ Also identify the recycle streams and additional unit operations to
achieve the desired operating conditions.
7. Reactor Gas Separator
Toluene, C7H8
10,000 kg/hr
Hydrogen H2
820 kg/hr
Mixed Liquid
75% Conversion of
Toluene
Mixed Gas
2610 kg/hr
Benzene, C6H6
8,210 kg/hr
Reaction : C7H8 + H2 C6H6 + CH4
Figure 1: Block Flow Diagram for the Production of Benzene
C6H6
CH4
C7H8
Example 1:
BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM (BFD)
8. Production of Ethane from Ethanol
Ethanol is feed to continuous reactor with presence of Acid Sulphuric catalyzer
to produce ethylene. Distillation process then will be applied to separate
ethylene-H2O mixture. Ethylene as a top product is then condensate with
condenser to perform liquid ethylene. Hydrogenation of ethylene applies in
another reactor with presence of Nickel catalyzer to produce ethane as a final
product. Develop BFD for these processes.
Reactor 1
Ethanol,
C2H5OH
H2SO4
Reactor 2
Distillation
column
Ethylene,
CH2CH2 (g)
Ethane,
CH3CH3
CH3CH2OH H2SO4 CH2=CH2 + H2O
CH2=CH2 + H2
Ni
CH3CH3
Ni
Hydrogen,
H2
Cold
water in
Hot water
out
H2O
CH2CH2
H2O
Ethylene liq.
CH2CH2 (l)
Example 2:
Answer:
9. Ammonia-air mixture is feed to the bottom stream of an absorber with flow rate of 10L/min.
Water then feed to the upper stream of the same absorber with desired flow rate of 5L/min.
There are two outputs from the absorber where upper stream is insoluble NH3 and bottom
stream is NH3-Water mixture. This NH3-water mixture then feed up to a batch distillation
column. The column produces ammonia gas as a top product which this product then will be
condensate with a condenser to produce liquid ammonia. Develop Block Flow Diagram (BFD)
for this process.
Example 3:
Absorber
Batch
Distillation
Water 5 L/min
Ammonia-air mixture 10 L/min
Insoluble
ammonia
Ammonia-water mixture
Ammonia gas
Cold water
in
Hot water
out
Ammonia
liquid
Condenser
11. A Process Flow Diagram generally includes following information;
a) Flow rate of each stream in case of continuous process or
quality of each reactant in case of a batch process.
b) Composition streams.
c) Operating conditions of each stream such as pressure ,
temperature, concentration, etc.
d) Heat added or removed in a particular equipment.
e) Flows of utilities such as stream, cooling water, brine, hot oil,
chilled water, thermal fluid, etc.
f) Major equipment symbols, names and identification.
g) Any specific information which is useful in understanding the
process. For example, symbolic presentation of a hazard,
safety precautions, sequence of flow, etc.
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
12. PFD
1. Major Pieces Of
Equipment
2. Utility
Streams
3. Process Flow
Streams
4. Basic Control
Loops
14. PFD
1. Major Pieces Of
Equipment
2. Utility
Streams
3. Process Flow
Streams
4. Basic Control
Loops
15. PFD will contains the following information:-
1. All major pieces of equipment (descriptive
name, unique equipment no.), pumps and valves.
2. All the utility streams supplied to major
equipments such as steam lines, compressed air
lines, electricity, etc.
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
16. Process Unit Symbology
Symbol Description
Heat exchanger
H2O Water cooler
S Steam heater
Cooling coil
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
17. Process Unit Symbology
Symbol Description
Heater coil
Centrifugalpump
Turbine type compressor
Pressure gauge
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
18. Process Unit Symbology
Symbol Name
Stripper
Absorber
A separator unit used
commonly to liquid mixture
into gas phase.
Description
A separator unit used
commonly to extract mixture
gas into liquidphase.
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
19. Process Unit Symbology
Symbol Name
Distillation
column
Liquid mixer
A separator unit used
commonly to crack liquid
contains miscellaneous
component fractions.
Description
A process unit that used to
mix several components of
liquid.
or
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
20. Process Unit Symbology
Symbol Name
Reaction
chamber
Horizontal tank
or cylinder
A process unit where chemical
process reaction occurs
Description
A unit to store liquidor gas.
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
21. Process Unit Symbology
Symbol Name
Boiler
Centrifuge
A unit for heating.
Description
A separator unit that to
physically separated liquid
mixture. (exp: oil-liquid)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
24. EXAMPLE 4
Production of Ethane from Ethanol
Ethanol is feed to continuous reactor with presence of Acid Sulphuric catalyzer to produce ethylene.
Distillation process then will be applied to separate ethylene-H2O mixture. Ethylene as a top product
is then condensate with condenser to perform liquid ethylene. Hydrogenation of ethylene applies in
another reactor with presence of Nickel catalyzer to produce ethane as a final product. Develop PFD
for these processes.
CH3CH2OH H2SO4 CH2=CH2 + H2O
CH2=CH2 + H2
Ni
CH3CH3
T-100
Distillation Column
Ethanol
H2SO4
Ethylene
Ethylene
liq.
Ethane
Ni
Hydrogen
Cold water in
Hot water out
H2O
R-100
Reactor
E-100
Condenser
R-101
Reactor
R-100
T-100
E-100
R-101
P-100
Pump
P-101
Pump
P-100
P-101
V-100 V-101 V-102
V-103
V-104
V-105
V-106
V-107
CV-101
CV-100
25. Ammonia-air mixture is feed to the bottom stream of an absorber with flow rate of
10L/min. Water then feed to the upper stream of the same absorber with desired
flow rate of 5L/min. There are two outputs from the absorber where upper stream
is insoluble NH3 and bottom stream is NH3-Water mixture. This NH3-water mixture
then feed up to a batch distillation column. The column produces ammonia gas as a
top product which this product then will be condensate with a condenser to
produce liquid ammonia. Develop Process Flow Diagram (PFD) for this process.
EXAMPLE 5
Water 5 L/min
Ammonia-air
mixture 10 L/min
Insolubleammonia
gas
Ammonia-water mixture
Ammonia gas
Cold water in
Hot water out
Ammonia liquid
T-100
Absorber Column
T-101
Batch Distillation Column
E-100
Condenser
26. Process Equipment General Format XX-YZZ A/B
XX are the identification letters for the equipment classification
C - Compressor or Turbine
E - Heat Exchanger
H - Fired Heater
P - Pump
R - Reactor
T - Tower
TK - Storage Tank
V - Vessel
Y - designates an area within the plant
ZZ - are the number designation for each item in an equipment class
A/B - identifies parallel units or backup units not shown on a PFD
Supplemental Information Additional description of equipment given on top of PFD
Process Unit Tagging and Numbering
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
28. PFD
1. Major Pieces Of
Equipment
2. Utility
Streams
3. Process Flow
Streams
4. Basic Control
Loops
29. PFD will contains the following information:-
All process flow streams: identification by a
number, process condition, chemical composition.
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
30. Stream Numbering and Drawing
- Number streams from left to right as much as possible.
- Horizontal lines are dominant.
Yes No No
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
31. EXAMPLE 4- CONT’
T-100
Distillation Column
Ethanol
H2SO4
Ethylene Ethylene liq.
Ethane
Ni
Hydrogen
Cold water
in
Hot water
out
H2O
R-100
Reactor
E-100
Condenser
R-101
Reactor
R-100
T-100
E-100
R-101
P-100
Pump
P-101
Pump
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
V-100
V-101 V-102
V-103
V-104
V-105
V-106
V-107
CV-100
CV-101
P-100
P-101
32. Stream Information
-Since diagrams are small not much stream information
can be included.
-Include important data – around reactors and towers, etc.
❑ Flags are used
❑ Full stream data
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
37. PFD
1. Major Pieces Of
Equipment
2. Utility
Streams
3. Process Flow
Streams
4. Basic Control
Loops
38. PFD will contains the following information:-
- Basic control loops: showing the control
strategy used to operate the process under
normal operations.
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
42. ❑ Also known as “PROCESS& INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM”
❑ Detailed graphical representation of a process including the
hardware and software(i.e piping,equipment, and
instrumentation)necessary to design, construct and
operate the facility.
❑ Common synonyms for P&IDs include Engineering Flow
Diagram (EFD), Utility Flow Diagram (UFD) and Mechanical
Flow Diagram (MFD).
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
47. SENSORS (Sensing Element)
✓ A device, such as a photoelectric cell, that receives and responds to a signal or
stimulus.
✓ A device, usually electronic, which detects a variable quantity and measuresand
converts the measurementinto a signal to be recorded elsewhere.
✓ A sensor is a device that measuresa physicalquantity and converts it into a signal
which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
✓ For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into
expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.
A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by
a voltmeter.
✓ For accuracy, all sensorsneed to be calibrated against known standards.
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
48. TEMPERATURE SENSOR
A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage
related to a temperature difference. Thermocouples are a widely used type
of temperature sensor and can also be used to convert heat into electric power.
1. Thermocouple
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
49. TEMPERATURE SENSOR
2. ResistanceTemperature Detector (RTD)
✓Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD), as the name implies, are sensors used to
measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with
temperature.
✓Most RTD elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire wrapped around a ceramic
or glass core. The element is usually quite fragile, so it is often placed inside a
sheathed probe to protect it.
✓The RTD element is made from a pure material whose resistance at various
temperatures has been documented. The material has a predictable change in
resistance as the temperature changes; it is this predictable change that is used to
determine temperature.
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
50. Accuracy for Standard OMEGA RTDs
Temperature
°C
Ohms °C
-200 ±056 ±1.3
-100 ±0.32 ±0.8
0 ±0.12 ±0.3
100 ±0.30 ±0.8
200 ±0.48 ±1.3
300 ±0.64 ±1.8
400 ±0.79 ±2.3
500 ±0.93 ±2.8
600 ±1.06 ±3.3
650 ±1.13 ±3.6
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
51. FLOW SENSOR
1. Turbine Meter
In a turbine, the basic concept is that a meter is manufactured with a known cross
sectional area. A rotor is then installed inside the meter with its blades axial to the
product flow. When the product passes the rotor blades, they impart an angular
velocity to the blades and therefore to the rotor. This angular velocity is directly
proportionalto the total volumetric flow rate.
Turbine meters are best suited to large, sustained flows as they are susceptible to
start/stop errorsas well as errorscaused by unsteady flow states.
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
52. FLOW SENSOR
2. Magnetic Flow Meter
Measurement of slurries and of corrosive or abrasive or other difficult fluids is easily
made. There is no obstruction to fluid flow and pressuredrop is minimal.
The meters are unaffected by viscosity, density, temperature, pressure and fluid
turbulence.
Magnetic flow meters utilize the principle of Faraday’s Law of Induction; similar
principle of an electrical generator.
When an electrical conductor moves at right angle to a magnetic field, a voltage is
induced.
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
54. FLOW SENSOR
3. Orifice Meter
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
• An orifice meter is a conduit and restriction to
create a pressure drop.
• A nozzle, venture or thin sharp edged orifice
can be used as the flow restriction.
• To use this type of device for measurement, it
is necessary to empirically calibrate this device.
• An orifice in a pipeline is shown in the figures
with a manometer for measuring the drop in
pressure (differential) as the fluid passes thru
the orifice.
55. FLOW SENSOR
4. Venturi Meter
A device for measuring flow of a fluid in terms of
the drop in pressure when the fluid flows into
the constrictionof a Venturi tube.
A meter, developed by Clemens Herschel, for
measuring flow of water or other fluids through
closed conduits or pipes. It consists of a venturi tube
and one of several formsof flow registeringdevices.
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
56. TRANSMITTER
Transmitter is a transducer* that responds to a measurement variable and
converts that input into a standardizedtransmission signal.
*Transducer is a device that receives output signal from sensors.
Pressure Transmitter
Differential Pressure
Transmitter
Pressure Level
Transmitter
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
57. CONTROLLER
Controller is a device which monitors and affects the operational conditions of a
given dynamical system.
The operational conditions are typically referred to as output variables of the system
which can be affected by adjustingcertain input variables.
IndicatingController
Recording Controller
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
58. FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT
Final Control Element is a device that directly controls the value of manipulated
variable of control loop.
Final control element maybe control valves, pumps, heaters, etc.
Pump Control Valve Heater
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
60. Instrumentation Symbology
Instruments that are field mounted.
-Instruments that are mounted on process plant (i.e sensor that
mounted on pipelineor process equipments.
Field
mounted on
pipeline
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
62. Instrumentation Symbology
Instruments that are board mounted (invisible).
-Instruments that are mounted behinda control panel board.
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
63. Instrumentation Symbology
Instruments that are functionedin Distributed ControlSystem (DCS)
- A distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control system usually of
a manufacturing system, process or any kind of dynamic system, in which
the controller elements are not central in location (like the brain) but are
distributed throughout the system with each component sub-system
controlled by one or more controllers. The entire system of controllers is
connected by networks for communicationand monitoring.
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
69. With using these following symbols;
Complete controlloop for LCV 101
Principal of P&ID
Example 1
V-100
LCV 101
LV 100
LC
LC
LT
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
70. With using these following symbology;
Draw control loop to show that PRV-100
will be activated to relief pressure when
the pressure in the V-100 is higher than
desired value.
Example 2
V-100
PT Where PT is locally mounted
Where PIC is function in DCS
PRV-100
PT
PIC
PIC
PE Where PE is locally mounted
on V-100
PE
The Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
Sometimes also known as Process & Instrumentation Diagram
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
71. Exercise 1
TK-100
(pH adjustmenttank)
TK-101
(acid feed tank)
The diagram shows pH
adjustment; part of waste water
treatment process. With using
above symbols, draw control
loop where the process need is:
The process shall maintained at
pH 6. When the process liquid
states below pH 6, CV-102 will
be opened to dosing NaOH to
the tank TK-100. When the
process liquid states above pH 6,
CV-101 will be operated to
dosing HCl.
TK-102
(basefeed tank)
CV-101
CV-102
pHE 2 pHT 2
pHIC 2
pHE 1 pHT 1
pHIC 1
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
72. Answer1
TK-100
(pH adjustmenttank)
TK-101
(acid feed tank)
The diagram shows pH
adjustment; part of waste water
treatment process. With using
above symbols, draw control
loop where the process need is:
The process shall maintained at
pH 6. When the process liquid
states below pH 6, CV-102 will be
opened to dosing NaOH in the
base feed tank. When the
process liquid states above pH 6,
CV-101 will be operated to
dosing HCl in the acid fed tank.
TK-102
(basefeed tank)
CV-101
CV-102
pHTE
2
pHT 2
pHIC 2
pHE 1 pHT 1
pHIC 1
pHE 1
pHT 1
pHIC 1
pHE 2
pHT 2
pHIC 2
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
73. Exercise 2
V-100
PCV-100
PCV-101
LT 1
TK-100
LIC 1
FC
FC
Where LT1 and LIC 1 to control
PCV-100 (failureclose);
PCV-100 closewhen level reached
L 3
PCV-100 open when level below L3
L1
L2
L3
LT 2 LIC 2
Where LT2 and LIC 2 to control
PCV-101 (failureclose);
PCV-101 closewhen level reached
L5
PCV-101 open when level below L5
L4
L5
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
74. Answer 2
V-100
PRV-100
PRV-101
LT 1
TK-100
LIC 1
FC
FC Where LT1 and LIC 1 to control
PRV-100 (failureclose);
PRV-100 closewhen level reached
L 3
PRV-100 open when level below L3
L1
L2
L3
LT 2 LIC 2
Where LT1 and LIC 1 to control
PRV-101 (failureclose);
PRV-101 closewhen level reached
L5
PRV-101 open when level below L5
L4
L5
LT 1
LIC 1
LT 2
LIC 2
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
76. Instrumentation Numbering
❑ XYY CZZLL
X represents a process variable to be measured.
(T=temperature, F=flow, P=pressure, L=level)
YY represents type of instruments.
C designates the instrumentsarea within the plant.
ZZ designates the process unit number.
LL designates the loop number.
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
77. Instrumentation Numbering
❑ LIC 10003
L = Level shall be measured.
IC = Indicating controller.
100 = Process unit no. 100 in the area of no. 1
03 = Loop number 3
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
78. Instrumentation Numbering
❑ FRC 82516
F = Flow shall be measured.
RC = Recording controller
825 = Process unit no. 825 in the area of no. 8.
16 = Loop number 16
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
81. Type of Process Control Loop
❖ Feedback Control
❖ Feedforward Control
❖ Feedforward-plus-FeedbackControl
❖ Ratio Control
❖ Split Range Control
❖ Cascade Control
❖ Differential Control
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
82. Feedback Control
❖ One of the simplest process control schemes.
❖ A feedback loop measures a process variable and sends the measurement to a
controller for comparison to set point. If the process variable is not at set point,
control action is taken to return the process variable to set point.
❖ The advantage of this control scheme is that it is simple using single transmitter.
❖ This control scheme does not take into consideration any of the other variables in
the process.
V-100
LCV-100
LC
V-100
Fluid in
Fluid out
LT
Y
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
83. Feedback Control (cont…)
❖ Feedback loop are commonly used in the process control industry.
❖ The advantage of a feedback loop is that directly controls the desired process variable.
❖ The disadvantage of feedback loops is that the process variable must leave set
point for action to be taken.
V-100
LCV-100
LC
V-100
Fluid in
Fluid out
LT
Y
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
84. Example 1
❖ Figure below shows the liquid vessel for boiler system. This system has to maximum desired
temperature of 120 oC (L2) where the heater will be cut off when the temperature reached desired
temperature. Draw feedback control loop for the system.
V-100
V 100
TC
Fluid in
Fluid out
TT
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
85. FeedforwardControl
❖ Feedforward loop is a control system that anticipates load disturbances and controls
them before they can impact the process variable.
❖ For feedforward control to work, the user must have a mathematical understanding of how
the manipulated variables will impact the process variable.
LCV-100
FT
FC
Y
Steam
TI
Process variableneed to be
controlled = Temperature
Fluid in
Fluid out
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
86. FeedforwardControl (cont…)
❖ An advantage of feedforward control is that error is prevented, rather than corrected.
❖ However, it is difficult to account for all possible load disturbances in a system
through feedforward control.
❖ In general, feedforward system should be used in case where the controlled variable has the
potential of being a major load disturbance on the process variable ultimately being
controlled.
LCV-100
FT
FC
Y
Steam
TI
Process variableneed to be
controlled = Temperature
Fluid in
Fluid out
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
87. Example 2
❖ Figure below shows compressed gas vessel. Process variablethat need to be controlled is
pressure where the vessel should maintainpressure at 60 psi. This pressure controlled
through the gas flow measurement into the vessel. By using feedforward control system,
draw the loop.
V-100
FT Process variableneed to be
controlled = Pressure
FC
Y
PI
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
88. Feedforward-plus-Feedback Control
❖ Because of the difficulty of accounting for every possible load disturbance in a
feedforward system, this system are often combined with feedback systems.
❖ Controller with summing functions are used in these combined systems to total the
input from both the feedforward loop and the feedback loop, and send a unified
signal to the final control element.
LCV-100
FT
FC
Y
Steam
TT
Process variableneed to be
controlled = Temperature
Fluid in
Fluid out
TC
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
89. Example 3
❖ Figure below shows compressed gas vessel. Process variable that need to be controlled is pressure
where the vessel should maintain pressure at 60 psi. By using pressure controlled through both the gas
flow measurement into the vessel and vessel pressure itself, draw a feedforward-plus-feedback control
loop system.
V-100
FT Process variableneed to be
controlled = Pressure
FC
Y
PT
PIC
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
90. Exercise 2
❖ Figure below shows the boiler system that used to supply hot steam to a turbine. This
system need to supply 100 psi hot steam to the turbine where the PCV-100 will be opened
when the pressure reached that desired pressure. With using pressure control through
temperature and pressure measurement in the boiler, draw a feedforward-plus-feedback
control loop system.
BOILER
Process variableneed to be
controlled = Pressure
Water Hot steam
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
91. Answer 2
BOILER
TT
Process variableneed to be
controlled = Pressure
TIC
Y
Water Hot steam
PIC
❖ Figure below shows the boiler system that used to supply hot steam to a turbine. This system need
to supply 100 psi hot steam to the turbine where the PCV-100 will be opened when the pressure
reached that desired pressure. With using pressure control through temperature and pressure
measurement in the boiler, draw a feedforward-plus-feedback control loop system.
PT
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
92. Ratio Control
❖ Ratio control is used to ensure that two or more flows are kept at
the same ratioeven if the flows are changing.
Water Acid
2 part of water
1 part of acid
FT
FT
FF
FIC
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
93. Ratio Control (cont…)
Application: - Blending two or more flows to produce a mixture with
specified composition.
- Blending two or more flows to produce a mixture with
specified physicalproperties.
- Maintainingcorrect air and fuel mixture to combustion.
Water Acid
2 part of water
1 part of acid
FT
FT
FF
FIC
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
94. Ratio Control (Auto Adjusted)
- If the physicalcharacteristic of the mixed flow is measured, a PID controller can be used
to manipulatethe ratio value.
- For example, a measurement of the density, gasolineoctane rating, color, or other
characteristic could be used to control that characteristic by manipulatingthe ratio.
Water Acid
2 part of water
1 part of acid
FT
FT
FF
FIC
AIC
Remote Ratio
Adjustment
Remote Set Point
Physical Property
Measurement
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
95. Cascade Control
❖ Cascade Controluses the output of the primary controller to manipulatethe set pointof
the secondary controller as if it were the final control element.
Reasonsfor cascade control:
- Allow faster secondary controller to
handledisturbances in the secondary
loop.
- Allow secondary controller to handle
non-linearvalve and other final control
element problems.
- Allow operatorto directly control
secondary loop during certain modes of
operation(such as startup).
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
96. Cascade Control (cont…)
Requirementsforcascade control:
- Secondary loop process dynamics must
be at least four times as fast as primary
loop process dynamics.
- Secondary loop must have influence
over the primary loop.
- Secondary loop must be measured and
controllable.
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
97. Exercise 3
❖ Figure below shows pH adjustment process where pH 6.5 need to be maintained.pH in
the tank is controlledby NaOH dosing to the tank. But somehow, the flow of waste
(pH 4.5) also need to considered where excess flow of the waste shall make that pH in the
tank will decrease. Draw a cascade controlloop system.
Process variableneed to be
controlled = pH
NaOH Tank
pH AdjustmentTank
Waste, pH 4.5
pH 6.5
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
98. Answer 3
❖ Figure below shows pH adjustment process where pH 6.5 need to be maintained. pH in the tank is
controlled by NaOH dosing to the tank. But somehow, the flow of waste (pH 4.5) also need to
considered where excess flow of the waste shall make that pH in the tank will decrease. Draw a cascade
control loop system.
Process variableneed to be
controlled = pH
pHT
FT
pHC
FC Y
NaOH Tank
pH AdjustmentTank
Waste, pH 4.5
pH 6.5
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
100. Split Range Control
TK-100
(pH adjustmenttank)
TK-101
(acid feed tank)
The diagram shows pH
adjustment;part of waste
water treatment process.
The process shall
maintainedat pH 6. When
the process liquidstates
below pH 6, CV-102 will be
opened to dosing NaOH to
the tank TK-100. When the
process liquidstatesabove
pH 6, CV-101 will be
operatedto dosing HCl.
TK-102
(basefeed tank)
CV-101
CV-102
pHT 1
pHIC
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)