The document discusses various protocols at the network layer of the TCP/IP model, including ICMP, IGMP, ARP, and RARP. ICMP is a control protocol used for network administration and management. It carries network status information such as issues, congestion, and host accessibility. IGMP is used to manage Internet Protocol multicast group memberships. ARP resolves IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses to allow communication between network applications and the datalink layer. RARP is a reverse address resolution protocol that allows a client to request its IPv4 address from the network when it only knows its MAC address.

1. IUBAT-International University of
Business Agriculture & Technology
Name ID
Md. Shibly Noman 14303131
Tahmid Uddin Mahmud Nishat 14303132
“The Optimist”
Presenting By
Group Members
Course Instructor: Dr. Abhijit Saha
Course: CSC 465
Section: B

2. TCP/IP Protocol
• TCP/IP protocols map to a four-layer conceptual model known as the DARPA
model , named after the U.S. government agency that initially developed
TCP/IP.
• The four layers of the DARPA model are: Application, Transport, Internet, and
Network Interface. Each layer in the DARPA model corresponds to one or
more layers of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

3. TCP/IP PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE

4. TCP/IP Layers & TCP/IP
Protocols

5. Network Layer
 This layer deals with Packets (Data Bundles).
 Responsible for logical addressing and routing.
 Devices:
• Routers, layer 3 switches, firewalls etc.
 Network Layer Protocols:
• ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP etc.

6. Network Layer Functions
 Provides for transfer of variable length sequences
from source to destination via one or more
networks.
 Responds to service requests from the transport
layer and issues requests to the data link layer.
 Concerned with:
• Data Packet.
• Logical Addressing (IP Address)
• Routing.

7. Network Layer Protocols-ICMP
• ICMP protocol is a bunch or error, queries and response messages
that are helping us every day to troubleshoot and manage our
networks.
• Network protocol “ICMP” is known as a control protocol because it
is used for the purpose of administration and management within
an IP network.
• ICMP is a vital part of Internet protocol implementations, but it is
not holding the application data. It carries the network status
information.

8. Network Layer Protocols-ICMP (cont.)

9. Network Layer Protocols-ICMP (cont.)
Responsibilities: This protocol is being
utilized to provide the details of:
• Issues during the core
communications and interactions of
applications within a network.
• Network obstacles and congestion.
• Out-of-the-way host’s accessibility.
Fig: ICMP Packet Format

10. Network Layer Protocols-IGMP
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a communications
protocol used to manage the membership of Internet Protocol multicast
groups. IGMP is used by IP hosts and adjacent multicast routers to
establish multicast group memberships.

11. Network Layer Protocols-IGMP (cont.)
IGMP Operations:
• It is an integral part of the IP multicast
specification, operating above the
network layer, though it doesn't
actually act as a transport protocol.
• It is analogous to ICMP for unicast
connections
• IGMP can be used for online streaming
video and gaming, and allows more
efficient use of resources when
supporting these types of applications.
Fig: IGMP Operations

12. Network Layer Protocols-IGMP (cont.)
Fig: IGMP Message Type
Fig: IGMP Message Type

13. Network Layer Protocols-ARP
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) resolve an IPv4 address (32 bit
Logical Address) to the physical address (48 bit MAC Address).
• Network Applications at the Application Layer use IPv4 Address to
communicate with another device.
• But at the Datalink layer, the addressing is MAC address (48 bit
Physical Address), and this address is burned into the network card
permanently.

14. Network Layer Protocols-ARP (cont.)
 ARP Protocol Data
Unit:

15. Network Layer Protocols-ARP (cont.)
Purpose of ARP:
The purpose of Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is to find out the MAC
address of a device in your Local Area Network (LAN), for the corresponding
IPv4 address, which network application is trying to communicate.
• Assume broadcast nature of LAN
• Broadcast IP address of the destination
• Destination replies it with its MAC address.
• Source maintains a cache of IP and MAC address binding

16. Network Layer Protocols-RARP
The Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol (RARP) is an obsolete
computer networking protocol used by
a client computer to request its Internet
Protocol (IPv4) address from a
computer network, when all it has
available is its link layer or hardware
address, such as a MAC address. The
client broadcasts the request, and does
not need prior knowledge of the
network topology or the identities of
servers capable of fulfilling its request.

17. Network Layer Protocols-RARP (cont.)
Mechanism:
Both the machine that issues the request and the server that responds use physical network
addresses during their brief communication. Usually, the requester does not know the
physical address. So, the request is broadcasted to all the machines on the network. Now,
the requester must identify itself uniquely to the server. For this either CPU serial number or
the machine's physical network address can be used. But using the physical address as a
unique id has two advantages.
• These addresses are always available and do not have to be bound into bootstrap code.
• Because the identifying information depends on the network and not on the CPU vendor,
all machines on a given network will supply unique identifiers

18. Network Layer Protocols-RARP (cont.)
RARP Request & RARP Reply:

19. Network Layer Protocols-RARP (cont.)
RARP Example:

20. Thanks for your attention