I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
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Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
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I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
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Part 6 of the series on the politica economy of Pakistan which examines the global and domestic environment at the time of General Zia's take over,the economic policies pursued by his team during the 1977-88 decade and how these policies affected the process of economic development of Pakistan
What is Structural Adjustment Programs of IMFSAJJAD HAIDER
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) are economic policies for developing countries that have been promoted by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) since the early 1980s by the provision of loans conditional on the adoption of such policies.
BSFF Buffer Stock Financing Facility (1969–2000)
CCFF Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility
(1988–2000)
CCL Contingent Credit Line (1999 –2003)
CFF Compensatory Financing Facility (1963–88, 2000–09)
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Part 6 of the series on the politica economy of Pakistan which examines the global and domestic environment at the time of General Zia's take over,the economic policies pursued by his team during the 1977-88 decade and how these policies affected the process of economic development of Pakistan
What is Structural Adjustment Programs of IMFSAJJAD HAIDER
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) are economic policies for developing countries that have been promoted by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) since the early 1980s by the provision of loans conditional on the adoption of such policies.
BSFF Buffer Stock Financing Facility (1969–2000)
CCFF Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility
(1988–2000)
CCL Contingent Credit Line (1999 –2003)
CFF Compensatory Financing Facility (1963–88, 2000–09)
Advantages and disadvantes of foreign aid to developmentBaseera Hashmi
There is no doubt that today’s world is more affluent and has more advanced technology than ever before ,however, there are famine, pollution, water shortages and development problems in dozens of countries. In that case, many countries and organizations are supplying aid and supporting undeveloped countries. Ordinary people who live in rich countries also have greater awareness of helping their infrastructural development. Food, technological, educational aids have become an accepted policy of advanced countries to assist in furthering the development of the human and material resources of poor countries.
Unfortunately, problems were misdiagnosed or not foreseen. It is no good taking over the aid of foreign countries uncritically. Moreover, foreign aid would make undeveloped countries lose their economy, market and other area’s independence. At the same time, as a kind of political exchange, undeveloped countries have to obey new rules which created by developed countries and further to be vassal states again. Nowadays, most countries in the world have not finished the progress of being industrialized.
This Pakistan Studies presentation is created by the students of C@SE Islamabad and it gives an overview of the economic issues of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
5 year plans of pakistan by brands academyBrands Academy
Brand Academy provides details brand analysis, research, article and insights for free.
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Pakistan Five Year Development PlansSince 1955 to 2010An Overview
Introduction
Almost all five-year plans prepared during political or military regimes were shelved in the country’s history after regime change and none of them succeeded in getting the desired results.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.
The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political
disputes, a fast growing population and ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India.
Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period.
Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.
Introduction
Two wars with India, in Second Kashmir War 1965 and Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 and separation of Bangladesh adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.
Pakistan is aggressively cutting tariffs and assisting exports by improving ports, roads, electricity supplies and irrigation projects. Islamabad has doubled development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Targets
Emphasis mainly on achieving high national income.
The First Plan was implemented within certain obvious handicaps and limitations and its release was delayed by two Years.
In practice, this plan was not implemented, however, mainly because political instability led to a neglect of economic policy, but government, Deputy Chairman Planning Board (Commission) Said Hassan announces the plan in 1957.
The development expenditures were regarded as the foundation for rapid progress in the future and plans explicitly affirmed that some sectors of the economy must be expanded much more rapidly than others in order to secure maximum gains.
The size of the First Plan initially was Rs. 11.5 billion which was revised and decreased to 10.8 billion out of which Rs. 750 million for the public sector and Rs. 3.3 billion for the private sector was allocated. Of the total plan amount of Rs. 6.6 billion from the internal sources and R.s 4.2 billion was to be achieve from the foreign sources in the form of loans and aid.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Achievements/Failure
In this report the topics are:
Introduction, An Overview
Challenges to Economy of Pakistan are War on terror, We consume more and save less, Poor academic set-up, Energy crisis, Inadequate exports, Inflation, Lack of tourism, Government spends more than it earns as revenues, Our share in the world trade is shrinking, Corruption, Kashmir issue, We badly lag in social indicators, Trade, Investment failing, Political stability, law and order, Poor use of natural resources, Poverty, We face energy and water shortages, Poor governance, Uncertainty and unpredictability due to lack of continuity
And Recommendations and solutions are:
To Improve Economy, Technology, Taxation, Governance, devolution and decentralization, Energy crisis, Private sector, Government should utilize the resources well, Stakeholders in the Pakistani, Possible solutions of Energy Crisis in Pakistan, Impacts of law and order situation on economy, Natural resources, Lack of tourism, Illiteracy, Change in national psyche and mind set, Inflation, Low export and high Import, Technology, Energy solutions and climate change, Conclusion, Bibliography.
Use of Micro and Macro Frameworks in Estimating
Poverty Implications of Changes in Food Prices
Presented by Maros Ivanic at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Food Prices and Price Volatility
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
Want to know if your start-up is in a sector set to boom – or bust? Or are you wondering which sector is best for start-ups?
For start-ups, good ideas will remain good ideas regardless of economic conditions, but it’s advisable to see which way the wind is blowing before launching your business.
Business information analyst IBISWorld has researched 500 industries, forecasting which sectors are expecting exceptional growth, as well as identifying those that are facing troubled times ahead.
By Derek Byerlee. Presented at the ASTI-FARA conference Agricultural R&D: Investing in Africa's Future: Analyzing Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities - Accra, Ghana on December 5-7, 2011. http://www.asti.cgiar.org/2011conf
Is water a limiting factor for population growth in South Australia?University of Adelaide
Professor Graeme Hugo presents the fourth installment of the Science Seminar Series entitled Is water a limiting factor for population growth in South Australia
This report sheds light on the significance of digital trade integration for Pakistan and selected
Central Asian countries including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Digital trade
integration involves regulatory structures/policy designs, digital technologies, and business
processes along the entire global/regional digital value chain. Digital trade
integration requires free cross-border movement of not only digital products, services, and
technologies but also other manufactured goods, data, capital, talent, and ideas along with the
availability of integrated physical and virtual infrastructure. Hence, digital trade integration requires
the removal of digital trade barriers as well as extensive technology, and legal and policy
coordination between member states.
Countries around the world have actively engaged in establishing new and progressive bilateral and
regional trade agreements to boost trade and economic growth. The significance of digital trade has
increased considerably after the COVID-19 pandemic. Improvement in digital connectivity, ease in
regulations, and skilled workers are key factors to facilitate trade integration and promote the
growth of the e-commerce sector. The report examines the regional trade agreements of Pakistan
and selected Central Asian countries and their relevance for digital trade integration. It also
scrutinizes the challenges faced by the public institutions of Pakistan in the implementation of digital
trade policy. Besides this, the report also observes the challenges faced by SMEs dealing with digital
trade-related products.
The findings show that Pakistan and selected Central Asian countries are at different levels of digital
adoption, including mobile connectivity index and download speed of mobile and broadband.
Kazakhstan and Pakistan have a higher export and import volume compared with other countries.
However, neither country has any major trading partner from the countries selected in this study,
which demonstrates the lack of regional cooperation and the need for regional trade agreements to
boost bilateral and regional trade.
The report discusses the e-commerce laws of Pakistan and selected Central Asian countries, whereas
domestic policies and measures to increase digital trade are also reviewed. The countries are at a
different level in terms of implementing digital trade facilitation measures. Lack of effective
enforcement of intellectual property rights, non-tariff measures, foreign investment restrictions in
digital space, data and information costs, cyber security, and tax policy and administration are all key
policy issues that influence digital trade integration.
The study offers a way forward in which action points are provided for governments, the nongovernmental
sector (notably, business associations and networks), academia and think tanks, and
development partners. #DigitalTradeIntegration
#RegionalTradeAgreements
#EconomicGrowth
#DigitalConnectivity
#EcommerceLaws
The policy brief by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) outlines the urgent need to address the high consumption of Industrially Produced Trans Fatty Acids (iTFA) in Pakistan, which poses significant health risks, particularly in contributing to cardiovascular diseases. Despite being the second-highest per capita consumer of iTFA in the WHO-Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pakistan lacks comprehensive regulations and enforcement mechanisms to mitigate iTFA consumption effectively. The brief recommends a multi-faceted approach involving uniform standards, transparent enforcement, public awareness campaigns, capacity building for regulatory authorities, and collaboration with the food industry to promote healthier alternatives. It highlights the importance of political commitment, intersectoral collaboration, and public-private dialogue to successfully eliminate iTFA from the food supply chain and improve public health outcomes in Pakistan.
In his comprehensive analysis, Vaqar Ahmed highlights the challenges and impediments faced by Pakistan's trade and industrial policies, particularly concerning macroeconomic stability, energy shortages, rising costs, and regulatory constraints. The recent decline in the value of the Pakistani Rupee has further intensified issues for the manufacturing sector. The adverse macroeconomic conditions, including high inflation and a policy rate exceeding 20 percent, have hampered the sector's ability to secure working capital. Large firms' reluctance to operate in special economic zones due to supply-side gaps, coupled with global economic uncertainties, has delayed the next phase of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Ends with some policy recommendations.
Creating a conducive environment for sustainable economic development, improve living standards for all citizens, and secure a brighter future for the nation.
Highlights the country's large and young labor force, with a 1.94% population growth rate and 65.5 million individuals actively seeking work according to the 2017-18 Labor Force Survey. However, the unemployment rate currently stands at 5.8%, with the highest rate (11.56%) among youth aged 20-24. In response, the government launched the Prime Minister's Kamyab Jawan Programme, allocating Rs 100 billion to support entrepreneurship and create employment opportunities for youth. This program encompasses six key initiatives, including the Youth Entrepreneurship Scheme, Hunermand Pakistan Programme, Green Youth Movement, Startup Pakistan, National Internship, and Jawan Markaz. By focusing on skills development, entrepreneurship, and youth empowerment, the government aims to address unemployment challenges and foster a more vibrant economy.
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Urban Policy aims to transform KP's urban centers into engines of social, economic, and cultural growth by promoting vibrant communities, sustainable practices, and economic opportunities. It focuses on inclusive development, infrastructure improvement, efficient governance, environmental protection, and cultural preservation, aiming to make cities globally competitive and provide a high quality of life for all citizens. This policy, reviewed every five years, provides a roadmap for urban development in KP, seeking to create a brighter future for its residents.
This study aims to explain the macroeconomic and welfare impacts of changes in indirect taxes brought about in response to COVID-19. We study whether the tax relief provided for in the federal budget for fiscal year 2020-21 was effective in providing relief to private enterprises and the trade sector. We also study whether production subsidies granted during the first wave of COVID-19 were effectively able to support firms in the agricultural sector. This assessment allows us to draw lessons that may be useful for designing tax benefit policies amid future waves of the pandemic or during other emergency times.
The Government of Pakistan has offered export facilitation schemes
to exporters with the objectives to lower trade costs and expand
output. Currently, nearly one dozen export facilitation schemes are
active. They also include those which are run by the Federal Board
of Revenue (FBR). The question of ‘effectiveness’ of such schemes
in boosting Pakistan’s exports has remained a consistent theme of
interest among policymakers, international development partners
and private sector. This policy brief builds on a firm-level survey,
conducted by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI),
and is an attempt to understand the effectiveness, overall gains,
and shortcomings of four major export facilitation schemes offered
by the FBR, including Duty and Tax Remission for Exports (DTRE),
Manufacturing Bond (MB), Export Oriented Unit (EOU) and Export
Facilitation Scheme (EFS). The study aims to provide insights on how
best to improve design of Export Facilitation Scheme 2021, which will
absorb all other schemes by the end of 2023.
The Ministry of Commerce in Pakistan unveiled the National Tariff Policy 2019-24 (NTP 2019-
24) in November 2019. The core aims of the policy were to: i) remove tariff-related
anomalies in the short-term to lower businesses’ cost of inputs and increase their
turnover, ii) increase employment generation in the medium-term, and iii) gain
competitiveness and exports in the long-term.
After its announcement, there remains a need to analyze the effectiveness and
impact of the policy. SDPI team conducted primary research to assess the impact
of tariff policy on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) with the help of a firm-level
survey.
This specific survey aims to bridge the evidence gap by providing an in-depth
analysis on the NTP-2019-24 impact in terms of its three prime objectives. Besides,
the study also attempts to understand the business community’s challenges and
expectations vis-à-vis tariff-related matters.
Digital trade is increasing rapidly throughout the world whereas digital platforms and Coronavirus have further enhanced the importance of the digital economy and digital trade. Countries are focusing on promoting digital trade and integration through various measures including free trade agreements and bilateral negotiations. This study examined digital trade as defined by WTO E-commerce work and USITC. The study included the items that come under the definition of digital trade and examined the digital trade volume of Pakistan from 2010-2020 through three-step methodology. This includes the identification of digital trade items based on Harmonized System at a six-digit level, examining trade volume for digital goods, and identification of top ten export and import items along with top ten markets for digital trade. Favorable government policies and measures have helped Pakistan in promoting digital trade flows. However, there is a need to develop information and communication technology infrastructure in Pakistan to flourish trading activities. Furthermore, Pakistan has to reduce the fiscal and trade barriers such as rules and regulations for foreign investment in digital space, data and information costs, and ensure online security and data protection to promote digital trade integration.
by Asif Javed & Vaqar Ahmed
This study presents a pathway for fostering regional digital trade integration through
South-South and Triangular cooperation. Our main study goals include answering the
following questions:
» What are the challenges faced in the digital trade sector of Afghanistan, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka? How can these be overcome through various cooperative models?
» How can inclusive regional and free trade agreements help to overcome barriers
and enable digital trade integration?
» What can Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) dealing with digital trade-related
products learn from literature on South-South and Triangular cooperation?
Suggested citation:
Ahmed, V. and Javed, M. Digital Trade Integration: South-South and Triangular
Cooperation in South Asia (unpublished). South-South Idea Paper Series, United Nations
Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC),Washington D.C.New York, 2022.
Pakistan is facing numerous socioeconomic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic, including on food security. Food insecurity, which is a long-standing issue, has become more visible since the pandemic. Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) partner the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) – a leading policy research thinktank – has been supporting the Government of Pakistan to maintain essential economic activity and protect workers and small producers during the pandemic. One notable contribution has been the development of a Food Security Portal, which is being used by the government to better manage food security in the country. It is the first track and trace system from farm to fork for essential food items.
URI
https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17619
Citation
Suleri, A.Q.; Ahmed, V.; Ahmad, S.M.; Shah, Q.; Zahid, J. and Gatellier, K. (2022) Strengthening Food Security in Pakistan During the Covid-19 Pandemic, Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) Stories of Change, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, DOI: 10.19088/CORE.2022.008
Political and socio-economic discussions in Pakistan’s popular discourse are often inward-looking and generally focus on the country itself, or on its relationships to its immediate neighbors (Afghanistan, India, and China). We suggest here that Pakistan is part of a global system, as well. It is influenced not just by its direct neighbors, but also by: international events (war in Ukraine is just one example); by global economic factors (e.g. oil prices, changing terms of trade, or the danger of a global recession); and by various other global governance arrangements (e.g. Financial Action Taskforce and its demands from Pakistan). At the same time, Pakistan is not insulated from the global systemic changes. The global pandemic has overwhelmed the policymakers with possibilities of future epidemics also not being ruled out. In the past migration of people, both incoming and outgoing, has impacted the social fabric.
Likewise, the country is suffering from global warming and the resulting patterns of weather and precipitation. Pakistan is also a player at the international arena and is expected to play a responsible and proactive role at various global governance forums. The speech of the former Prime Minister of Pakistan at the UN General Assembly on September 27, 2019 has indicated regarding this responsibility and highlighted Pakistan’s role in the Cold War, or the engagement of Pakistani soldiers abroad, either in the United Nations peace keeping framework, or bilaterally. While many Pakistanis are aware of some of Pakistan’s international roles and dependencies, and of Pakistan’s image abroad, there is limited discussion about the country’s global role – what it should be? Who are the internal and external actors that shape Pakistan’s role, engagement, influence, and perception abroad? What role does the state and citizens play in deciding Pakistan’s global role? These are some of the questions that our chapter authors aimed to touch upon in this book. A conscious effort has been made to reach out to Pakistanis living and working abroad. Chapters have been invited from such resource persons who are not only Pakistanis but also study Pakistan from abroad and often through various lens external to Pakistan.
Web: https://pakistan.fes.de/e/global-pakistan-pakistan%CA%BFs-role-in-the-international-system
The Covid-19 pandemic and related
restrictions have had profound
socioeconomic impacts worldwide.
Governments have been faced with
responding urgently to mitigate such
effects, especially for the most
vulnerable. Covid-19 Responses for
Equity (CORE) partner Partnership for
Economic Policy (PEP) – a Southernled
organisation which believes that
evidence produced from an in-country
perspective, by empowered and
engaged local researchers and
policymakers, results in better policy
choices – has been working closely
with policymakers in Pakistan to
assess the Covid-19 impacts and the
effectiveness of current and potential
policies. As a result, PEP has helped
introduce tax reforms for the hardest
hit, agricultural subsidies for farmers,
and the reduction of trade tariffs for
struggling businesses.
Marginalization of Researchers in the Global
South in Global, Regional, and National
Economic-Development Consulting
Authors Ramos E. Mabugu | Vaqar Ahmed | Margaret R Chitiga-Mabugu
| Kehinde O. Omotoso
Date February 2022
Working Paper 2022-05
PEP Working Paper Series
ISSN 2709-7331
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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1. Nexus Between Aid & Security: The Case of Pakistan
Vaqar Ahmed (vahmed@gmail.com)
Muhammad Abdul Wahab (wahab.907@gmail.com)
Please do not quote without authors’ permission
International conference on “Policy Priorities For Foreign Aid Reform In South Asia”
29-30 July 2010 at lvy Room, cinnamon Grand Colombo
Organized by institute of Policy studies of Sri Lanka and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Columbo
1
2. Outline
• Linking Macroeconomy with Aid
• Macro – Micro Impact of Foreign Resources
• Role of Aid in Pakistan Economy
• Foreign Assistance and Regional Security
• Aid Effectiveness in Pakistan
• Priorities for Aid Policy Reform in Pakistan
2
6. Results from CGE Model
• A 50 percent increase in foreign savings:
– Increase in real private consumption by 2.8 percent
– Given the greater amount of foreign exchange available,
imports increase by 3.7 percent.
– However exports decline by 6.5 percent.
– Household welfare increases for all segments [highest for
rural workers]
Welfare Gain Vs. Dutch Disease
6
11. Plan –wise Disbursements ($ Million)
Period Loan Grants Total % of
Grant
1. Upto 30-06-1960 192 650 842 77.2
II. 2nd Plan (1961-65) 1232 1162 2394 48.5
III. 3rd Plan (1966-70) 2324 719 3043 23.6
IV. Non-Plan (1971-78) 5083 634 5717
11.1
V. 5th Plan (1979-83) 4418 1375 5793 23.7
VI. 6th Plan(1984-88) 5158 2025 7183 28.2
VII. 7th Plan (1989-93) 9540 2541 12081 21.0
VIII. 8th Plan (1994-98) 11522 1226 12748 9.6
IX. 1999-2007 12824 5380 18204 29.6
Grand Total 52293 15712 68005 23.1 11
13. Top 5 Sectoral Disbursements 2000 and 2009
Rank 2000 2009
Transport and
1 Power
Communication
2 Social welfare Power
Transport and
3 Rural Development
communication
4 Fuel Water
Education and
5 Water
Training
13
18. Net ODA received per capita (Current US$)
180
160
Afghanistan
140
120
Current US $
100
80
60 Sri Lanka
40
Nepal
20
Pakistan
0
18
19. Net ODA received (% of GNI)
50
45
40 Afghanistan
35
30
25
20 Nepal
15 Sri Lanka
10 Pakistan
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Afghanistan Pakistan Sri Lanka Nepal
19
20. US $ Million
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Aid Towards Afghan Relief
2006
2008
20
21. Damage to Pakistan Economy
Total
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
2005-10
Direct Costs
67 78 83 109 114 262 712
(Rs. Billion)
Indirect
Costs (Rs. 192 223 278 376 564 707 2340
Billion)
Total 259 301 361 484 678 969 3052
Total in $
4.4 5.0 6.0 7.7 8.6 11.5 43.2
billion
21
22. Damage to Pakistan Economy
Total
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
2005-10
Total in $
4.4 5.0 6.0 7.7 8.6 11.5 43.2
billion
• This is loss to physical assets and business only.
• This loss does not account for:
– Loss of human life
– Loss of institutions
– Loss of investors’ base
– Loss of skill base
22
23. Aid, Loss of Life and Damage to the Economy
ODA current Aid to Death Economic loss Aid to Economic Loss
($ million) Ratio ($ million) ratio
2002 - - -
2136
2003 3.5 - -
1071
2004 1.5 - -
1439
2005 1.9 4400 0.37
1607
2006 1.3 5000 0.43
2140
2007 0.6 6000 0.37
2244
2008 0.2 7700 0.20
1539 23
24. Aid inflows during Various Political Regimes
Aid
Per-capita Aid
Regime From To Received Total Aid
(Current US $)
% of GNI $ Million
Ayub Khan (Military) 1958 1969 7.6 7.0 3904
Yahya Khan
1969 1971 6.4 3.9 1148
(Military)
Zulfiquar Ali Bhutto
1971 1977 7.5 4.7 3859
(Civil)
Zia-ul-Haq (Military) 1977 1988 9.5 3.0 9641
From 1988 to 1998
1988 1990 9.4 2.2 10525
(Civil)
Pervaiz Musharraf
1999 2007 10.3 1.7 13096
(Military)
24
26. Paris Declaration Monitoring Survey
• Around 88 percent of total ODA disbursed by the
government sector was recorded in the government system.
This was due to increase in budget support in 2005 and
government’s action to align its budget with priorities defined
in Medium Term Development Framework.
• Out of the total ODA disbursed in 2005, 68% was disbursed
by using the national procurement systems. In total, 7 out of
16 donors used the national procurement systems.
26
27. Paris Declaration Monitoring Survey
• However, only three of them (WB, ADB, USAID) account
together for 97% of the total ODA disbursed by using
national procurement systems. The vast majority of donors
disbursed none or very small amounts of ODA by using the
national procurement systems.
• Out of the total ODA provided for technical cooperation in
2005, only 28% was disbursed in support of coordinated
capacity development programmes.
27
28. Paris Declaration Monitoring Survey
• The proportion of joint missions and joint analytical work is
relatively low at 12% and 41% respectively. Coordinated
missions and analytical work are still only conducted on an
ad-hoc basis, but there are plans in place to achieve more
systematic coordination.
28
30. Development Planning Process in Pakistan
• Preparation of approach paper
• Formulation of technical working groups in
Consultations with all Consultations with all
all sectors
Federal Ministries for input Provincial Govts. for input
• Preparation of sectoral chapters by
working groups and their presentation
before Planning Commission
Sent to all Federal Ministries Sent to all Provincial Govts.
and Dev. Partners for Economic
Plan for comments and input
comments and input
Finance Division Finalization of draft plan by Planning Economic Affairs Division
(Resource Availability) Commission and its presentation before (Foreign aid availability)
President/Prime Minister
Submission to National Economic Council Requirements, programming
(NEC) and negotiations for external
economic assistance
Circulation of approved plan to all
External debt management
Provincial Govts. And Federal Ministries
for implementation
Transformation of plan into viable
projects/programmes
30
36. Planning for (Inclusive) Growth
Economic
Growth
Investment Productivity
Market Development Technical
Innovations Entrepreneurship
Reforms Budget Skills
Geography Domestic
(Cities) Commerce
Aid Agenda that focuses on Market based solutions 36
37. Policy Priorities for Aid Reform
• Draft Foreign Assistance Policy Framework
• Friends of Democratic Pakistan (FoDP)
• Consensus Building Security Plan Governance
Plan Socio-economic Plan
• Kerry – Lugar Bill
• Pakistan as a Global Player
37
38. Conclusion
• The empirical literature on the impact of aid on
economic development in Pakistan is inconclusive
• There are more concerning effects at that micro level
where society has started to perceive aid as a
compensation (and not assistance) for Pakistan’s
involvement in war
• Pakistan urgently needs a new Aid Policy for managing
increased aid flows
• Finally as the reconstruction work takes off in the war-
torn areas, there will be increased need for
regular/coordinated analytical work by both
government and donors 38
39. Many Thanks
Dr. Vaqar Ahmed
Planning Commission of Pakistan
vahmed@gmail.com 39