This document discusses DNA-based bio-micro-electronic mechanical systems (Bio-MEMS). It describes how lab-on-a-chip devices can integrate sample treatment functions like separation and amplification on a single microchip. This allows miniature versions of biological processes to be created cheaply and efficiently using microfluidic channels. DNA microarrays are also discussed as a way to study protein interactions using fluorescent labeling and laser scanning of array spots. Finally, miniaturized polymerase chain reaction is presented as a key DNA detection method on these chips due to its ability to detect low pathogen concentrations with minimal reagents and short assay times.

1. DNA BASEDBIO–MICRO-
ELECTRONIC
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Presented by
Suku krishna
k v
Instrumentation
technology

2. INTRODUCTION
• In 1953, james watson & Francis crick proposed the double
helix structure of DNA.
• DNA helps to untangle revolutionary histories and helps to
precisely diagnosing and treatment by finding examining specific
pieces of DNA
• It has special physical and physico-chemical features,
becoming a versatile tool for nano-construction.
• DNA BASED BIO–MICRO-ELECTRONIC MECHANICAL
SYSTEMS helps to integrate sample treatment such as
cleaning, sepration, amplification, signal generation &
transduction in self concealed manner

3. LAB ONCHIP
• Goal-incorperatemultiple aspects of modern biology or
chemistry lab on single microchip
• Cost billions of dollars to find one good drug
• We also cannot predict if drug is better untill trying it on people
• So by making a miniature version of our body parts using
microfluidic device which is an efficent process
• The process is done inside pietridish by making small
channels inside it
• Design is created using computer
• It operates liquid in very small scale

4. LABON CHIPFORSEPRATIONPROCESS

5. • 5 wells with different ph value isthere
• 2 inlet reservior ie. One is acid and other is base
• Designing process includes a reagent PDMS (polydimethyl
siloxane) which is a silicon based organic polymer that is used
to make the chip
• Pluronic f-127 to create channels in chip which is a hydrogel
used in bioprinter
• Pdms is poured in pietridish and after some time peel it off
after washing use biopsy printer to create holes for inlet and
outlet

7. • , the analysis component (1) was first to be miniaturized and is indispensable to detect the
analyte; it often includes a separationprocess.
• Sample preparation (2) is often required to make real-world samples amenable to analysis;
• the core microfluidic chip (3) thus consists of these two components connected by
microchannels. For systems to be manufactured inexpensively in large volumes, microfluidic
chip might be fabricated on a plastic card (4) or other supportingsubstrate.
• Reagents (5) may be needed for sample preparation or analysis, for example to label the
analyte with fluorescent molecules.
• Actuators (6) to motivate and regulate fluid movement through the various modules of the
microfluidic chip can be integrated (or supported) on the same plastic card with the microfluidic
device or remain external. T
• the detector (7) is more often integrated in the case of electrical (electrochemical, impedance)
detection approaches than for optical transduction. Sample is introduced to the chip through
fluidic connections (8).
• An electronics board (9) controls the system and collects data;
• batteries (10) power the system. Following analysis with the aid of software, the answer is displayed
(11)

8. MICROARRAY
• Classification of Lab-on-Chips for Protein Analysis
• LOC systems can be broadly classified into
• microfluidic based • spotted microarray based systems.
• DNA microarrays have been successfully used to measure
mutations and/or gross changes in genomic DNA and levels of
messenger RNA (mRNA). Measuring DNA or mRNA does not
provide a direct measure of the levels, activation state or
function of proteins.
• Hence, protein microarrays were developed to study the
protein– protein, protein–ligand (like DNA, lipid, small
molecule drugs etc.) interaction, and protein profiling.

9. • Fabrication of microarrays involve deposition of nanoliter
quantities of biological fluids (proteins) in a desirable
arrangement of discrete spots on a substrate (e. g. glass or
plastic) surface.
• There are two main types of spot formation techniques –
contact printing and non-contact printing. The contact printing
is a serial deposition method that forms array of spots by
direct contact between the printing device (pin or tip) and
substrate. Pin printing, microstamping and nanotip printing are
some of the other technologies that have been developed

10. • The non-contact printing involves techniques based on
photochemistry, electro-printing, droplet dispensing and laser
writing [2].

11. STEPS
• SAMPLE PREPERATION( sample 1 is atissue from healthy cell &
sample 2 is a tumor tissue
• RNA is extracted from both sample and then transcribed into
CDNA using reverse transcription
• CDNA is fluroscently labeled (CDNA from healthy sample is in
green and CDNA from sample 2 is inred)
• In microarray chip it has many spots each spot is coated with
multiple
identical probes these are shot oligonucleotides that cover
sequence of specific gene (gene X)
• When samples are added molecules from sample 1 hybidize with
probes of that spot
• CDNA from sample binds to its complimentry sequence of DNA
bases of chip

12. • Sample 2 does not have complimentry CDNA
• molecules are rinsed away
• Then after laser scanning spots to electronically capture data ie.
Laser excites fluroscent dye and emission levels are measured
by detector
• Raw data can be analysed using bioinformatics
• Computer captures information & calculates ratio of red and
green on each spot
• Conclusion- gene x is expressed in sample 1 & not in sample 2

13. • Next take different spot containing different oligonucleotide
against gene y
• With only sample 2 containing complimentry CDNA but not
sample 1 spot appears red because of specific fluroscent label
• Conclusion-gene y is expressed in sample 2 & not in
sample 1
• There is also a 3rd scenario where both samples contains
molecules that hybradize with gene probe
• Which will be in yellow colour
• Conclusion-gene z is expressed in both samples

14. MINIATURIZEDPCR
• . One of the key methods in DNA-based detection systems
is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
• The PCR method enables detection of specific organisms of
even a very low concentration.
• The PCR method also requires minimal amount of
reagents and samples for detection and identification of
harmful pathogens.
• It offers short assay time, low reagent consumption & rapid
heating or cooling rates & reduce power consumption

20. THANKYOU