The document discusses various database concepts including indexing, hashing, and encryption. It provides details on: - The different types of indexes (clustered, non-clustered, unique) and when to use each. - Hashing algorithms like MD5 and SHA that are used to securely store passwords. - The differences between asymmetric and symmetric encryption, with asymmetric being more secure but slower. - Transparent data encryption in SQL Server 2008 that performs real-time encryption of data files transparently without requiring code changes.

1. Presented By Santosh Kumar

2. CONTENTS
1 Indexing
1.1 Problem
1.2 What is Indexing
1.3 Types
1.4 Clustered Index
1.5 Non-Clustered Index
1.6 Unique Index
1.7 When To Create Index And When Not
2 Hashing
2.1 Problem
2.2 What is Hashing
2.3 Algorithms Used In Hashing
2.4 Hash Function
3 Encryption
3.1 What is Encryption
3.2 Asymmetric Encryption
3.3 Symmetric Encryption
3.4 Which one is better.
3.5 Why Use Encryption
3.6 Transparent Data Encryption

3. Indexing

4. PROBLEM
 Performance
 Data Searching

5. WHAT IS INDEXING
 An index can be created in a table to find data
more quickly and efficiently.
 great indexing can make your application nimble
and fast.

6. TYPES
 Clustered Index
 Non-Clustered Index
 Unique Index

7. CLUSTERED INDEX
 It sorts and stores data rows in a table, based
on key values.
 Sytax to create Clustered Index:
CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX Index_Name ON
Schema.TableName(Column);

8. CLUSTERED INDEX
 This is also called implicit index because It is
automatically created by creating primary key.
 Why Clustered Index can not created more than
one column???

9. Clustered Index

10. NON-CLUSTERED INDEX
 It contains a key value and a pointer to the data
in the heap or clustered index.
 Syntax to create non-clustered Index:
CREATE INDEX Index_Name ON Schema.T
ableName(Column);
 Can it be created more than one column in a
table???

11. UNIQUE INDEX
 A unique index ensures that the index key
contains no duplicate values.
 The basic system to create :
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name on
table_name (column_name);
 Uniqueness can be a property of both
clustered and nonclustered indexes.

12. WHEN TO CREATE INDEX AND
WHEN NOT
 Indexes should not be used on small tables.
 Tables that have frequent, large batch update or
insert operations.
 Indexes should not be used on columns that
contain a high number of NULL values.
 Columns that are frequently manipulated should
not be indexed.

13. Hashing

14. PROBLEM
 Security
 Data Stolen

15. WHAT IS HASHING
 Hashing is used to hash some input.
 In this we use hash function for hashing.

16. ALGORITHMS USED IN
HASHING
 MD2
 MD4
 MD5
 SHA
 SHA1
 SHA2-256
 SHA2-512

17. HASH FUNCTION
 A hash function takes in data and returns back a
fixed length block of bits such that any change to
the data should result in a different block.
HASHBYTES ( '<algorithm>', { @input | 'input' } )
<algorithm>::= MD2 | MD4 | MD5 | SHA | SHA1 |
SHA2_256 | SHA2_512

18. HASH FUNCTION

19. Hashing is One Way

20. Example Of Hashing

21. Example Of Hashing

22. Example Of Hashing

23. Encryption

24. WHAT IS ECRYPTION
 A process that converts original information ,
plain text to difficult to interpret.
 Done by using encryption algorithm.

25. ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION

26. SYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION

27. WHICH ONE IS BETTER?
Although, symmetric encryption is fast, it is not as
safe as asymmetric encryption because someone
could “steal” the key and decode the messages. But
because of its speed, it's commonly used for e-commerce
transactions.
 Asymmetric encryption is more complex--and
more secure. Asymmetric encryption's added
safety comes at a price: More computation is
required, so the process takes longer.

28. WHY USE ENCRYPTION?
 Authentication
 Privacy
Protects personal data such as passwords.
 Provides for confidentiality of private information.
 Integrity
 Ensures that a document or file has not been altered.
 Accountability
 Prevents denial or plagiarism.

29. TRANSPARENT DATA
ENCRYPTION
TDE is a new feature in SQL Server 2008; it
provides real time encryption of data and log
files. Data is encrypted before it is written to disk;
data is decrypted when it is read from disk. The
"transparent" aspect of TDE is that the encryption is
performed by the database engine and SQL Server
clients are completely unaware of it. There is
absolutely no code that needs to be written to
perform the encryption and decryption. There are a
couple of steps to be performed to prepare the
database for TDE, then the encryption is turned on
at the database level via an ALTER DATBASE
command.

30. TRANSPARENT DATA
ENCRYPTION
 Create a master key
 Create or obtain a certificate protected by the
master key
 Create a database encryption key and protect it
by the certificate
 Set the database to use encryption

31. CREATE A MASTER KEY
A master key is a symmetric key that is used to
create certificates and asymmetric keys. Execute
the following script to create a master key:
USE master;
CREATE MASTER KEY
ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'Pass@word1';
GO

32. Create A Master Key

33. CREATE A CERTIFICATE
Certificates can be used to create symmetric keys
for data encryption or to encrypt the data
directly. Execute the following script to create a
certificate:
USE master;
CREATE CERTIFICATE TDECert
WITH SUBJECT = 'TDE Certificate'
GO

34. Create A Certificate

35. CREATE A DATABASE
ENCRYPTION KEY
A database encryption key is required for TDE. Execute
the following script to create a new database and a
database encryption key for it:
CREATE DATABASE mssqltips_tde
GO
USE mssqltips_tde;
CREATE DATABASE ENCRYPTION KEY
WITH ALGORITHM = AES_256
ENCRYPTION BY SERVER CERTIFICATE TDECert
GO

36. ENABLE TDE
The final step required to implement TDE is to
execute the following script:
ALTER DATABASE mssqltips_tde
SET ENCRYPTION ON

37. First Example Of TDE
 Create A Database

38. First Example Of TDE
 Create A Table

39. First Example Of TDE
 Backup This Database

40. First Example Of TDE
 Open this backup with notepad++

41. First Example Of TDE

42. First Example Of TDE

43. First Example Of TDE

44. First Example Of TDE

45. First Example Of TDE

46. First Example Of TDE

47. Second Example Of TDE

48. Second Example Of TDE

49. Second Example Of TDE

50. Second Example Of TDE

51. Second Example Of TDE

52. Any Question???????

53. Thank you.!