7. الفونيم أنواع:
نوعان الفونيم
قطعي فونيم(Segmental)
فوقطعي فونيم(Suprasegmentals)
Segmental Phoneme:
In linguistics (specifically, phonetics and phonology), the
term segment is "any discrete unit that can be identified, either
physically or auditory, in the stream of speech“
Suprasegmentals :
Some phonemes cannot be easily analyzed as distinct segments
but rather belong to a syllable or word. These phonemes are
considered suprasegmentals and include tone, stress,
and prosody. In some languages nasality and vowel
harmony are considered suprasegmentals.
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12. اًحواصطال ًلغة النبر مفهوم
والنبرفياللغةالعربيةمعناهالبروز،والظھورومنهالمنبرفيالمساجد
،ونحوھاوھذاالمعنىالعامملحوظفيداللته،االصطالحيةفھوفي
الدرسالصوتيیعني
الت المقاطع ةّيبق من أوضح بصورة الكلمة مقاطع من مقطع نطقي
تجاوره،
فالمقطعالذيقَطْنُیبصورةأقوىممایجاورهیسمىصوتاأوامقطع
،امنبورالحظمثالالفرقفية ّقوالنطقوضعفهبينالمقطعاألول
والمقطعينالثانيوالثالثفيكلمة"َبَرَض"تجدأن"َض"المقطع
األولقَطْنُیبارتكازأكبرمنزميليهفيالكلمةنفسھا
The term stress is defined as syllable prominence may
derive from several phonetic factors such as increased
length, loudness, pitch movement or a combination of
these aspects.
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13. العربية؟ في صوتية وحدة النبر هل
ك وتحيلھا ،غيرھا عن تميزھا التي الكلمة مالمح من صوتي ملمح النبراال
ایثانو افونيم بعضھم هّدع وقد ،والطالء البناء حيث من متكامالاتأكيد ا؛
الكلمة بنية في النسبية لقيمته.
وقد ،امنبور أحدھا كان مقطع من أكثر انتظمت إذا الكلمة أن المقرر ومن
و قوة مختلفة بدرجات وإن ، ٍنبر من أكثر الواحدة الكلمة ىّقتتلاضعف
Arabic lexical stress
Arabic lexical stress is more predictable than English
stress. Arabic has stress placement rules that operate at
the word level. The placement of stress is determined by
the number and length of the syllables in the word. In
brief the system, degree, placement types, and location of
stress in Arabic differ completely from English stress.
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14. ARABIC SYLLABLE STRUCTURE
Arabic has two kinds of syllables: open syllables (cv) and
(cvv) and closed syllables (cvc),( cvvc) and (cvcc).
Every syllable begins with a consonant or else a
consonant is borrowed from a previous word through
elision – especially in the case of the definite article ?al
(the) ( used when starting an utterance) or – L (when
following a word), e.g., baytu-l mudiir بيتالمدیر “ house (
of) the director” , which because bay-tul – mu –diir when
divided syllabically. By itself the definite noun mudiir
would be pronounced /? Al mudi: /
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15. PLACEMENT OF STRESS IN ARABIC
According to Kharama and Hajjaj (1989:27), the placement of Arabic
stress can be classified as follows:
Word Stress
A-1) Words of one syllable have primary stress whether it is long or
short.
e.g. /‘bard/ ( cold ) برد
/’tar/ ( the flu ) طار
/’fi/ ( in ) في
B-1) Words of two or three syllables take a primary stress on the first
syllable.
e.g. /’?ana / (I) أنا
/’?abadan/ (never) أبدا
/’kataba/ (he wrote ) كتب
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16. SENTENCE STRESS IN ARABIC
A-2)-Some articles in Arabic are not stressed if they are
followed by words with two consonants, and if they do not
take secondary stress.
e.g /’fi/ (in) في / fi-l-‘bayt/ البيت في ( at home) but
/,fi bay’tina / بيتنا في (in our home ) with secondary stress.
B-2) - Inversion of subject and predicate seems to change
the words on which the stress falls, but not the stress type.
e.g. ا / ar-rajulu fi –l-‘bayt/ البيت في الرجل (the
man in the house ).
/fi-l-bayti –‘rajul/ رجل البيت في (there is a man in
the house).
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17. SENTENCE STRESS IN ARABIC
C-2)- With the possessive phrase stress on the second part .
e.g الرجل /بيتbayt-ur-‘rajul/ ( the man’s house ).
كتاب الولد /kitab Al-‘walad/ ( the boy’s book).
d-2)- Stress placement concerning the inseparable pronouns with
verbs within a sentence varies:
e.g / ‘dahaba/ذھب (he went ).
/ da'habat /ذھبت (she went ).
They keep stress on the second syllable of the verb.
Finally, when emphasizing some words of the sentence, stress in
this case becomes movable.
e.g /’sami wajada muna /(sami found muna)مني وجد سامي .
/sami ‘wajada muna /(sami found muna)مني وجد سامي .
/sami wajada ‘muna /(sami found muna). مني وجد سامي
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21. /التنغيمINTONATION
والباحثون العلماء یعرفه كما والتنغيم" :ا ارتفاع على لّدی مصطلحلصوت
الظ من ھو بل ، الكالم موسيقى أیضا مىّسوی ،الكالم في وانخفاضهواھر
نّأل ،المعنى تحدید في تساعد التي الصوتية"ی قد النغمة تغيرفي تغير تبعه
اللغات من كثير في الداللة-
In linguistics, intonation is variation of spoken pitch that is not used to
distinguish words; instead it is used for a range of functions such as
indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signaling the
difference between statements and questions, and between different
types of question, focusing attention on important elements of the
spoken message and also helping to regulate conversational
interaction. It contrasts with tone, in which pitch variation in some
languages does distinguish words, either lexically or grammatically.
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30. TEMPO IN LINGUISTICS
Although tempo is a prosodic property, tempo is not a
genuine linguistic property. Linguistic structures require
units which can be described as invariant and
distinctive. There is no direct linguistic property or
contrast that can be attached to speech tempo. Tempo
neither bears any meaning nor does it differentiate any
meaning by itself. The sentence "John loves Mary."
spoken slowly means exactly the same as the same
sentence spoken a bit faster. However, tempo can have
a strong effect on the realization of linguistic structures.
There are various terms used to denote the tempo of
speaking such as
Speech rate, rate-of-speech (ROS), rate of speech
production, speed of talking, talking rate, reading rate
(for read speech), speaking tempo or simply tempo
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34. RHYTHM
Speech rhythm
• Temporal organization of syllables in an utterance.
• Different languages may have different types of
rhythm–
Germanic & Slavic languages, Arabic, are
said to be stress-timed;
Romance languages, Turkish, Yoruba, are
said to be syllable-timed;
Japanese is said to be mora-timed.
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