1. Urbanization Trends inUrbanization Trends in
IndiaIndia
Rakesh GuptaRakesh Gupta
Indian Institute of Public AdministrationIndian Institute of Public Administration

2. ContentsContents
UrbanizationUrbanization
Variations in Rural and Urban PopulationVariations in Rural and Urban Population
Urban Infrastructure and Service DeliveryUrban Infrastructure and Service Delivery
Urban Policy in Five Year PlansUrban Policy in Five Year Plans

3. What’s ‘Urban’?What’s ‘Urban’?
That possesses a Local Authority Like:That possesses a Local Authority Like:
Municipal Corporation, Municipal Boards,Municipal Corporation, Municipal Boards,
Cantonment Board, Notified AreaCantonment Board, Notified Area
Committee or Town Area Committee.Committee or Town Area Committee.
Minimum Population of 5,000;Minimum Population of 5,000;
Density of 400 persons/S.Q.KM: andDensity of 400 persons/S.Q.KM: and

4. 75% of Male working population is75% of Male working population is
engaged in non-Agricultural Pursuitsengaged in non-Agricultural Pursuits
State Government can declare a place asState Government can declare a place as
urban if it has pronounced urbanurban if it has pronounced urban
characteristics and amenities as the newlycharacteristics and amenities as the newly
founded industrial areas, large housingfounded industrial areas, large housing
settlements or places of touristssettlements or places of tourists
importance usually have.importance usually have.
What’s ‘Urban’?What’s ‘Urban’?
…..Continued…..Continued

5. Variation in Rural Urban Population 1901-Variation in Rural Urban Population 1901-
20012001
YearYear Population (Million)Population (Million)
RuralRural UrbanUrban TotalTotal
No. UANo. UA
TownsTowns
Percentage Increase in Population -91Percentage Increase in Population -91
RuralRural UrbanUrban TotalTotal UA/UA/
TownsTowns
19011901 212.48212.48 25.8525.85
(10.84)(10.84)
238.39238.39 18271827
19411941 274.38274.38 44.1544.15
(13.86)(13.86)
318.66318.66 22502250 29.1329.13 70.7970.79 33.6733.67 23.1523.15
19511951 292.51292.51 62.4462.44
(17.29)(17.29)
361.08361.08 28432843 37.6637.66 141.5141.5 51.51.
4747
55.6155.61
19611961 360.14360.14 78.9378.93
(17.96)(17.96)
438.23438.23 23652365 69.4969.49 205.3205.3 82.8382.83 29.4529.45
19711971 438.85438.85 109.11109.11
(19.91)(19.91)
548.15548.15 25902590 106.54106.54 322.1322.1 129.94129.94 41.7641.76
19811981 525.45525.45 159.46159.46
(23.34)(23.34)
685.18685.18 35783578 147.29147.29 517.9517.9 187.42187.42 84.8984.89
19911991 627.14627.14 217.17217.17
(25.72)(25.72)
844.32844.32 37683768 195.15195.15 740.1740.1 254.17254.17 106.24106.24
20012001 741.66741.66 285.35285.35
(27.78)(27.78)
1027.021027.02 51615161 249.05249.05 10041004 330.82330.82 182.48182.48

6. Slum population in Million Plus CitiesSlum population in Million Plus Cities
Name of CityName of City Population 2001Population 2001 Slum Population as % ofSlum Population as % of
Urban PopulationUrban Population
Gr. MumbaiGr. Mumbai 11,914,39811,914,398 48.8848.88
DelhiDelhi 9,817,4399,817,439 18.8918.89
KolkataKolkata 4,980,5444,980,544 32.5532.55
BangaluruBangaluru 4,292,2234,292,223 8.048.04
ChennaiChennai 4,216,2684,216,268 25.6025.60
AhmedabadAhmedabad 3,515,3613,515,361 12.5112.51
HyderabadHyderabad 3,449,8783,449,878 17.4317.43
PunePune 2,540,0692,540,069 20.9220.92
KanpurKanpur 2,532,1382,532,138 14.5714.57
SuratSurat 2,433,7872,433,787 16.6816.68
JaipurJaipur 2,324,3192,324,319 15.0715.07

7. Slum population in Million Plus CitiesSlum population in Million Plus Cities
Contd……Contd……
Nagpur 2,051,320 35.42
Indore 1,597,441 16.25
Bhopal 1,433,875 8.81
Ludhiana 1,395,053 22.56
Patna 1,376,950 0.25
Vadodara 1,306,035 8.21
Lucknow 2,207,340 NA
Agra 1,259,979 9.67
Kochi 596,473 1.32
Varanasi 1,100,748 12.55
Nashik 1,076,967 13.21
Meerut 1,074,229 43.87

8. Slum population in Million Plus CitiesSlum population in Million Plus Cities
Contd……Contd……
Faridabad 1,054,981 46.55
Coimbatire 923,085 6.49
Madurai 922,913 19.06
Vishakhapatnam 969,608 17.65
Jabalpur 951,469 28.95
Jamshedpur 570,349 NA
Asansol 486,304 NA
Dhanbad 198,963 NA
Allahabad 990,298 NA
Amritsur 975,695 NA
Vijaywada 825,436 39.97
Rajkot 966,642 15.57

10. Urbanisation & Decadel GrowthUrbanisation & Decadel Growth
Population in CrorePopulation in Crore
Year Total
Population
No. of
towns &
UAs
Urban
Population
( U P)
Share of U
P to Total
Population
Decadal
Growth of
U P (%)
Index of
UP(Base1
951=100
1951 36.11 2843 6.24 17.3 41.4 100
1961 43.92 2365 7.89 18.0 26.4 126
1971 54.81 2590 10.91 19.9 38.2 175
1981 68.33 3378 15.95 23.3 46.1 256
1991 84.63 3768 21.76 25.7 36.4 349
2001 102.86 5161 28.61 27.8 31.3 458

11. Infrastructure and ServiceInfrastructure and Service
DeliveryDelivery
WaterWater
According to 54th round of National SampleAccording to 54th round of National Sample
Survey, 70% of urban households reportedSurvey, 70% of urban households reported
being served by tap and 21% by Tube well orbeing served by tap and 21% by Tube well or
hand pump.hand pump.
66% of urban households reported having their66% of urban households reported having their
principal source of water within their premisesprincipal source of water within their premises
while 32% had it within 0.2 Km.while 32% had it within 0.2 Km.
41% had sole access to their principal source of41% had sole access to their principal source of
drinking water and 59% were sharing a publicdrinking water and 59% were sharing a public
source.source.

12. Infrastructure and ServiceInfrastructure and Service
DeliveryDelivery (….continued)(….continued)
Solid WasteSolid Waste
71% of urban households reported removal of household waste by71% of urban households reported removal of household waste by
household members themselves, 14% by Local Authorities, 12% byhousehold members themselves, 14% by Local Authorities, 12% by
private agreement among residents.private agreement among residents.
47% of urban households reported removing of their wastes to47% of urban households reported removing of their wastes to
community dumping spot and 30% to individual dumping spot.community dumping spot and 30% to individual dumping spot.
The solid waste generated by the million plus cities ranges fromThe solid waste generated by the million plus cities ranges from
1200 metric tones per day in cities like Ahmedabad and Pune to a1200 metric tones per day in cities like Ahmedabad and Pune to a
maximum of 5000-5500 metric tones per day in cities like Delhi andmaximum of 5000-5500 metric tones per day in cities like Delhi and
Mumbai.Mumbai.
Out of total waste generated in the million plus cities hardly 30% isOut of total waste generated in the million plus cities hardly 30% is
treated before disposal.treated before disposal.
The per capita solid waste generation ranges from 300 gm inThe per capita solid waste generation ranges from 300 gm in
Bangalore to 500-550 gm in Mumbai and Delhi.Bangalore to 500-550 gm in Mumbai and Delhi.

13. Infrastructure and ServiceInfrastructure and Service
DeliveryDelivery (….continued)(….continued)
Urban TransportUrban Transport
Fare structure of city transport in most of the million plus cities is highlyFare structure of city transport in most of the million plus cities is highly
subsidized.subsidized.
Public Transport Authorities have to resort to deficit financing and have veryPublic Transport Authorities have to resort to deficit financing and have very
little incentive to be cost affective.little incentive to be cost affective.
Road network of the million plus cities has problems like inefficient use, poorRoad network of the million plus cities has problems like inefficient use, poor
maintenance, poor traffic management and poor enforcement of regulationsmaintenance, poor traffic management and poor enforcement of regulations
on parking and encroachments on right-of-way.on parking and encroachments on right-of-way.
High proportion of traffic is slow moving.High proportion of traffic is slow moving.
High traffic volumes and low road capacities lead to high volume / capacityHigh traffic volumes and low road capacities lead to high volume / capacity
ratios for most of the road networks in million plus cities.ratios for most of the road networks in million plus cities.
The share of public transport in mega cities is Mumbai 88%, Kolkata 79%,The share of public transport in mega cities is Mumbai 88%, Kolkata 79%,
Chennai 67% and Delhi 62%.Chennai 67% and Delhi 62%.
The share of urban suburban railway is Mumbai (44%). Kolkata (14%),The share of urban suburban railway is Mumbai (44%). Kolkata (14%),
Chennai (16%) and Delhi (1%).Chennai (16%) and Delhi (1%).
With the introduction of metro in Delhi, the share of passenger trips byWith the introduction of metro in Delhi, the share of passenger trips by
metro is likely to increase substantially with the completion of phase I and II.metro is likely to increase substantially with the completion of phase I and II.

14. Urban Policy during the Five Year PlansUrban Policy during the Five Year Plans
1951 – 61—1951 – 61—
Housing provided the beacon for policyHousing provided the beacon for policy
formulation.formulation.
Search for the techniques and solutions.Search for the techniques and solutions.
Thrust shifted to urban & regional planning.Thrust shifted to urban & regional planning.
Housing was treated as part of wider process ofHousing was treated as part of wider process of
planning urban and regional areas.planning urban and regional areas.
Slum clearance was also adopted as an instrumentSlum clearance was also adopted as an instrument
of urban policy.of urban policy.

15. 1961 – 69 –1961 – 69 –
Emphasis shifted from narrow focus on housing toEmphasis shifted from narrow focus on housing to
urbanizationurbanization
Strengthening of civic administration predominantlyStrengthening of civic administration predominantly
emphasizedemphasized
……....ContinuedContinued
Urban Policy during the Five Year PlansUrban Policy during the Five Year Plans

16. 1969 – 79 ----1969 – 79 ----
Notion of equity was introducedNotion of equity was introduced
Policies of dispersal adoptedPolicies of dispersal adopted
Building of State Capitals adoptedBuilding of State Capitals adopted
Policy for EIUS introducedPolicy for EIUS introduced
Sites and Services Scheme adoptedSites and Services Scheme adopted
Integrated urban development became the major policyIntegrated urban development became the major policy
issue: IUDPs preparedissue: IUDPs prepared
Habitat 1976 brought focus on ‘Welfare’ in urban policyHabitat 1976 brought focus on ‘Welfare’ in urban policy
Environmental protection and socio economic justiceEnvironmental protection and socio economic justice
emerged as new facets of development policy.emerged as new facets of development policy.
……....ContinuedContinued
Urban Policy during the Five Year PlansUrban Policy during the Five Year Plans

17. 1980 – 90 ---1980 – 90 ---
Thrust on urban policies that are complementary toThrust on urban policies that are complementary to
rural development.rural development.
IDSMT Scheme introducedIDSMT Scheme introduced
Emphasis shifted from Government action toEmphasis shifted from Government action to
people’s participationpeople’s participation
Problems of urban poor was recognizedProblems of urban poor was recognized
Urban Basic Services Scheme (UBS) introducedUrban Basic Services Scheme (UBS) introduced
……....ContinuedContinued
Urban Policy during the Five Year PlansUrban Policy during the Five Year Plans

18. 1992 – 2002 ---1992 – 2002 ---
UBS modified as UBSP of 600 towns 329 identifiedUBS modified as UBSP of 600 towns 329 identified
as GEMS;15 AGROCLIMATIC Regions, 80 ruralas GEMS;15 AGROCLIMATIC Regions, 80 rural
regionsregions
Macro strategy of urban development with urbanMacro strategy of urban development with urban
rural linkages: IDSMTrural linkages: IDSMT
PrivatizationPrivatization
Urban poverty alleviation programs continuedUrban poverty alleviation programs continued
Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojna introducedSwarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojna introduced
– Urban Self Employment ProgramUrban Self Employment Program
– Urban Wage Employment ProgramUrban Wage Employment Program
……....ContinuedContinued
Urban Policy during the Five Year PlansUrban Policy during the Five Year Plans

19. 2002 – 2007 ---2002 – 2007 ---
Strengthening of ULBs for infrastructureStrengthening of ULBs for infrastructure
development (CCF,URIF)development (CCF,URIF)
Public Private PartnershipsPublic Private Partnerships
Finance of ULBs to be strengthened throughFinance of ULBs to be strengthened through
smooth working of SFCssmooth working of SFCs
JNNURM was launched for overall development ofJNNURM was launched for overall development of
selected 63 cities.selected 63 cities.
Strengthening the autonomy of ULBsStrengthening the autonomy of ULBs
– FunctionalFunctional
– Financial (improving the debt – servicing capabilitiesFinancial (improving the debt – servicing capabilities
……....ContinuedContinued
Urban Policy during the Five Year PlansUrban Policy during the Five Year Plans

20. Thank You!Thank You!