Need for Convergence in Planning and Implementation Across all MISSIONS

Jit Kumar Gupta
Former Director, College of Architecture IET Bhaddal

 UN Habitat Report, State of World’s Cities 2008/2009-
Harmonious Cities, defines cities as--
 Cities contain both order and chaos.
 In them reside beauty and ugliness--virtue and vice.
 They can bring out best or worst in human kind.
 They are physical manifestation of history and culture
 They are incubators of innovations, industry, technology,
entrepreneurship and creativity.
 Cities are materialization of humanity’s noblest ideas, ambitions and
aspirations,
 but when not planned or governed properly, can be repository of
society’s ills.
 Cities drive national economies by creating wealth, enhancing social
development and providing employment but
 they can also be breeding grounds for poverty, exclusion and
environmental degradation.

 Population of India reached
 250 million in 1919
 500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
 1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
 1027 million in 2001 (1yr Later)
 1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later)
 Last century --- 5 fold growth in population
 2050- Indian population- 1600 mil. -- 50% in Urban India.
 Metropolitan Centres -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)-68(2031)
 10 m plus- nil (1951)- 3 (2011) -7 (2031)-9 (2051
 Urban India --first time added more persons(91m) than
Rural India(90m)in last decade
 massive shift of population -not simply a shift of demographics
 Shift places cities/towns at centre of India’s development
trajectory.
 Increased population requires
 More cities, More housing,
 More educational/ healthcare/ other institutions
 More commercial space ,More transportation– More
infrastructure– more Resources

* Urban Pop. (2011)--377 m (31.1 %)- 7935 towns/cities
- Mega Cities with Pop > 10m - 4% of total pop
- Cities with Population 5-10m- 3%
- Cities with Population 1-5m- 6%
- Cities with Population 0.1-1m- 9%
- Cities with Population < 0.1 m- 9%
** Rural Pop (2011) - 833 m ( 68.9%) - 6,40, 867 villages
---- Very large (>10k) and large villages(>5k)-17%
-- Medium villages (2-5 k)— 24%
--- Small villages (1-2000) — 17%
------Hamlets (5 00-1000) — 8%
---- Small Hamlets(<5 00)— 3%
 Every 3rd Indian lives in urban areas
 Every 5th Indian lives in cities
 Every 8th Urbanite lives in Mega city
 4 0% urbanites live in 53 metro cities
 7 0% urbanites are residing in cities.
 Large and medium villages house 60%rural pop.

 India Urban Awakening :Building Inclusive Cities-
Report- April, 2010 -- by 2030:
 590 m to live in Urban India- twice the US population
 70% GDP generated by cities
 80% Revenue generated by cities
 4 fold increase in per capita income
 5 times the number by which GDP would multiply
 270 million net increase in working age group
 70% of new jobs(170 mil) generated in cities
 91 M urban households will be middle class-- up from 22 M
 68 Cities will be Metropolises-Europe has 35 only
 $ 1.2T capital needed to meet projected infrastructure demand
 700-900 million Sqmts of residential/ commercial area needed
annually- a new Chicago to be created
 2.5 b Sqmts roads paved-20times created in last decade
 7400km (350-400 km/year) of metro needed -20times created in
last decade
 200 million Rural Indians to benefit-living close to top 70 cities
 75%urban India to live in bottom segment -earning Rs 80 per day

• Urban area are important because they are :
 Areas of future concentration of population,
 Providers of large employment.
 Areas of large investment.
 Housing major infrastructure & services.
 Hub around which entire economy gravitates.
 Promoters of higher order of productivity
• Major contributors to the national wealth/GDP
 1950-51 - 29% (level of urbanization - 17.29%)
 1970-71- 37% (level of urbanization - 19.91%)
 2011- 12- 65% (level of urbanization - 31.1%)
 10 Largest cities house 8%pop and produce 15%GDP
 53 Metro cities house 13 %pop and produce 33%GDP
 100 Largest cities house 16%pop and produce 43%GDP

 Urbanization -- determinant and consequence of
economic development.
High Positive between development and urbanization .
 Urban growth & economic growth go hand in hand
 Cities called engines of economic growth
 -- make large contribution to national wealth.
 Economy hinges on productivity of urban settlements.
 Building Smart cities critical to boost rural economy
 Urban centers need to be planned to
 Attract investment
 Provide Employment.
 Ensure quality of life.
 Make them Smart ,Sustainable, Productive,
Livable, Humane and Eco- friendly.
Lack of policies to manage Urban India will
 jeopardize growth
 risking employment generation.

 India
Urbanization-
issues

 Despite distinct advantages , Urban
centers:
 Poorly managed and governed.
 Fail to meet challenges of urban dynamism
 Haphazard /Unplanned pattern of development.
 Enormous growth of slums
 Poor quality of life
 Failure to meet basic needs of
1. Shelter
2. Services
3. Land ,Water/ Sanitation
• Population , Poverty , Pollution and traffic have emerged
as the greatest threat and challenge to Indian Cities.
• Indian Urbanization is rightly called :
 Urbanization of Population
 Urbanization of Poverty
 Urbanization of Pollution

• Cities profoundly alter the :
--quality of life
-impact local and global environment
- consume 70% energy / generate 73% carbon
footprints
• Cities fast emerging as GREY CITIES,
• the way they:
 Use land
 Consume resources
 Create high energy demand
 Increase travel needs
 Create heat islands
 Generate waste
 Create ecological problems
 Destroy natural habitat
 Add to water pollution
 Adversely impact environment
 Lower down quality of life
Urbanization-issues

 Total Cities in Punjab by Category– 237
A--Statutory Towns (Cities) = 168
a) Municipal Corporations = 10
b) Municipal Councils = 96
c) Nagar Panchayats = 59
d) Cantonment Boards = 3
B--Census Towns = 69
Total Towns = 237
 So far Master Plans of 36 towns have been prepared
 GMADA-12, GLADA-6,BDA-4, ADA-7,JDA-5, PDA-2
 Bathinda with 21 towns is the district with largest number of
towns.
 Pathankot, the district with lowest number of towns having
only two towns --Pathankot and Sujanpur.
 There are 2 metropolises in Punjab -- out of 53 in country-
Ludhiana, Amrisar
 There are ---20 class-1 towns in Punjab
 Ludhiana is the most populated city in Punjab- 16,18,879- 2011
 Level of Urbanisation is 37.5% with urban population standing at
1.04 crore.—census of 2011,

After Eleventh Schedule to Constitution, TWELFTH SCHEDULE shall be added,
namely:-
 1. Urban planning including town planning.
 2. Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings.
 3. Planning for economic and social development.
 4. Roads and bridges.
 5. Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes.
 6. Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management.
 7. Fire services.
 8. Urban forestry, protection of environment/ promotion of ecological aspects.
 9. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the
handicapped and mentally retarded.
 10. Slum improvement and up-gradation.
 11. Urban poverty alleviation.
 12. Provision of urban amenities / facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds.
 13. Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.
 14. Burials/ burial grounds/ cremation grounds and electric crematoriums.
 15. Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals.
 16. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
 17. Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public
conveniences.
 18. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries.''.

 Government of India runs 4 missions and 2 Yojnas for urban
transformation
 Smart City Mission- To make cities more livable,
sustainable, productive , operationally effective and
efficient
 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY)- Housing for All- Urban
 Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)- Urban-To promote clean
urban India through solid waste management, free from
open defecation,
 National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY- NULM)- To provide
gainful employment to all, converting India from unskilled/
informal economy to skilled/formal economy
 Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (
AMRUT)- to provide basic infrastructure to all urban
residents- to improve their quality of life
 Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojna
(HRIDAY)- to Preserve, Conserve, Promote and Manage
valuable manmade/natural Heritage-by bringing together
urban planning/economic growth and heritage conservation
in a inclusive/integrated manner

 Covers only 100 identified Major urban nodes in India
 In Smart Cities Mission, objective is to promote cities that provide;
 -- core infrastructure
 -- give a decent quality of life to its citizens,
 -- a clean and sustainable environment and
 --application of ‘Smart’ Solutions.
 -- focus is on sustainable/inclusive development
 --set examples replicated both within / outside Smart City,
 Core infrastructure elements in a Smart City would include:
i. adequate water supply,
ii. Assured electricity supply,
iii. sanitation, including solid waste management
iv. efficient urban mobility and public transport,
v. affordable housing, especially for the poor,
vi. robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
vii. good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation,
viii. sustainable environment,
ix. Safety/security of citizens, particularly women, children/ elderly,

 Covers all 4041 statutory towns in India- effective from 17.06.2015
-and implemented upto 31.03.2022- Housing for all
 supports construction of houses upto 30 square meter carpet area
with basic civic infrastructure
 States to encourage formation of associations of beneficiaries under
scheme like RWA -- to take care of maintenance of houses built


 Covers district headquarter towns and all cities - with focus on-
 To reduce poverty / vulnerability of urban poor households
 -- by enabling access gainful self-employment and
 -- skilled wage employment opportunities
 -- resulting in appreciable improvement in livelihoods
 -- on a sustainable basis,
 -- through building strong grassroots level institutions of poor.
 -- providing shelter equipped with essential services to urban
homeless in a phased manner.
 address livelihood concerns of urban street vendors by facilitating
access to;
 -- suitable spaces,
 -- institutional credit,
 -- social security and
 -- skills
 -- for accessing emerging market opportunities.

 Mission 6 Objectives--
 --Elimination of open defecation
 Eradication of Manual Scavenging
 Modern / Scientific Municipal Solid Waste Management
 To effect behavioural change-- regarding healthy
sanitation practices
 Creating Generate awareness-- about sanitation and its
linkage with public healt
 -- Capacity Augmentation for ULBs-- to create enabling
environment for private
sector participation in Capex (capital expenditure) and
Opex (operation and
maintenance)
 ---- 100% scientific management of Solid Waste
 - converting them into zero-garbage/zero-waste cities
 Mission Coverage: --All 4041-Statutory towns
 Mission duration upto 2nd October 2019.


.
 Five hundred cities will be taken up under AMRUT including
i.Statutory Cities /Towns with a population of over one lakh
ii. Capital Cities/Towns of States/ UTs,,
iii. Cities/ Towns classified as Heritage Cities- under HRIDAY ,
iv. 13 Cities /Towns on the stem of main rivers with a population
above 75,000 and less than 1 lakh,
v. Ten Cities from hill states, islands and tourist destinations (not
more than one from each State).
•Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
aims at;
•-- (i) ensuring that every household has access to a tap with assured
supply of water and a sewerage connection;
•-- (ii)increasing the amenity value of cities by developing greenery
and well maintained open spaces (e.g. parks);
•-- (iii) reducing pollution by switching to public transport or
constructing facilities for non-motorized transport (e.g. walking and
cycling)
• Mission Focuses on ;--Basic Services,-- open spaces;
•----urban transportation; --- Capacity Building



HRIDAY strategizes efforts like;
-- planning, development, implementation and management of
heritage cities
-- in partnership with State Governments
-- to Preserve and revitalise soul of heritage city
-- to reflect city’s unique character by encouraging
-- aesthetically appealing, accessible, informative & secured
environment.
-- undertake strategic and planned development of heritage cities
--improving overall quality of life with specific focus
-- on sanitation, security, tourism, heritage revitalization / livelihood
-- retaining city’s cultural identity.
Duration of HRIDAY scheme --- 4 years starting December 2014
Scheme will focus on development of twelve heritage cities namely;
1. Ajmer 2. Amravati 3. Amritsar 4. Badami
5. Dwarka 6. Gaya 7. Kanchipuram 8. Mathura
9. Puri 10. Varanasi 11. Velankanni 12. Warangal

 Dictionary meaning of Convergence
 – when ideas and opinion converge – gradually they
become similar
 -- Connecting and combining
 - aggregating something formed by adding and
pooling together several things
 -moving toward union or uniformity
 -- Coming together of distinct and separate factors
or phenomenon-- such as technologies/resources

 All missions focus on urban areas
 Addressing urban problems and issues
 Overcoming challenges of Indian Urbanisation-
 - Poverty
 - Pollution
 - Shelter
 -- deficiency in basic needs of urban population -
amenities/services
 -- overcoming challenges of heritage conservation
Improve urban planning process-
 -- making it holistic and integrated
 -- Making urban India a better place to live in
 -- improving quality of life of urban residents
 -- Improving urban productivity
 -- Improving operational efficiency of urban areas
 -- Making urban India more sustainable
 --

Why Convergence---
 Promotes effective management
 Promotes Personal Connections
 Creates value for money
 Increase value of investment
 Facilitates networking
 Promotes Effective management
 Promotes Effective monitoring
 Brings operational economy
 bringing operational efficiency
 Improves resource/employee management
 Promotes synergies between various agencies/line
departments
 Promotes better planning and development

 -- making optimum use of available resources
 - to minimise duplication and overlapping
 - minimising wastage of resources
 -- minimising conflicts
 -- Promotes sharing, pooling of resources
 -- creating synergies between various missions
 -- achieving holistic growth and development of urban areas
 --making optimum use of available resources
 -- empowering available institutional network
 --Capacity buildings of ULBs to emerge as institution of self-
governance
 -- identifying right beneficiaries under various missions
 - avoiding misuse / abuse of available resources
 -- bringing transparency in operation / implementation of various
missions
 Avoiding creating multiplicity of agencies/institutions etc
 -Reducing expenditure on establishment, manpower , infrastructure
etc due to sharing

 To make these missions integral part of urban planning
process
 To evolve appropriate norms and standards of planning
and development,provision of basic services and
amenities
 To make communities integral part of mission planning
and development process
 To accord due recognition to informal sector by making
them integral part of city planning and development
process
 To ensure overall development of the urban settlements
 To provide basic services and amenities to poorest of
poor pan urban area
 To eliminate dualities and contradictions in the urban
growth
 To eliminate island of prosperity in the sea of poverty

 Synergizing/ converging missions will be vital to
 -Put missions on fast track
 expedite the achievements of the missions
 promote Convergence between ministries and schemes
 To make cities smart
 to make cities slum free
 To make cities defecation free
 To make cities clean and green
 To make cities provider for employment to all
 To make cities provider of basic amenities and services
 To make cities development cost- effective
 Better utilisation of resources
 Achieve holistic social/ economic develpemnt
 Reducing marginalization/ reducing poverty
 improving skill based employment
 To achieve value for money spent in the missions

 Overall structure of the Government-divided in line department – both at
centre and state level
 Each Departments working in silos
 There are Government within governments
 Each department acts like a government in its own right- with least effort to
co-operate collaborate and synergize
 Each department has its own priorities
 - absence of structure across line department for co-ordination
 Overlapping areas of operation and subjects/ jurisdiction- leading to conflict
and duplication
 Marginalization of ULBs in planning and policy framing
 --Poor capacity of ULBs to undertake the task assigned in the missions-
manpower/ resources
 Large dependence on government/ consultants/advisors --having little
knowledge of ground realities
 Divorce between planning and implementation
 Allocation of resources
 -Overlapping of mission components
 - decision making largely bureaucratic-- with least involvement of elected
councilors
 Fragmentation of resources

 Under SBMU-- almost 44.56 lakh individual household toilets/2.921
lakh community/ Public toilets constructed across & 23% of total
waste generated being processed.
 - With creation of infrastructure under SBM/AMRUT/ Smart Cities
Mission-
 --requirement for developing human resources to support
operation/management/maintenance of new
sanitation /waste management infrastructure in a
sustainable manner emerges
 -DAY – NULM aims to reduce poverty/ vulnerability of urban poor HH
by building strong grassroots institutions of poor, facilitates access
to self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities,
 need for convergence between the SBM-U / DAY-NULM to improve
the quality of life of marginalised
groups.
 -- requires improving entire sanitation value chain including --
collection/emptying, transportation, processing/treatment, and
reuse/disposal.
 --need to create an institutional framework for jobs and
 -- creating skills ecosystem for the sanitation /waste management
sector.

 Converging DAY-NULM and SBM-(U) through models;
 -- promoting livelihoods options for women’s Self-Help
Groups (SHGs), informal workers/ other marginalised
communities.
 -existing along sanitation / waste management value chains--
--collection / transportation of waste,
 -- processing /converting municipal solid waste to wealth ,
 -- operation & maintenance of sanitation facilities
 -- management of resource centres under SBM-U.
 Models to include--
 -- Social Mobilization and Institutional Development (SMID),
 --Employment through Skill Training & Placement (ESTP),
 - Self Employment Program (SEP),
 -- dovetailed to upgrade / promote sanitation /waste management
sector livelihoods.
 --infrastructure /operational structures of two missions
may be utilised to achieve dual objectives.


 understand demand /supply scenario of skilled workers,
 -- skilling gaps in existing workforce
 -- recognition of skills of informal workers in this sector
 Such skill gap study shall ascertain
 -- (i) size and profile of sanitation / waste management sectors
 (ii) stakeholder analysis of the sectors
 (iii) expected growth trends / investment flow in the sectors
 (iv) identification of skills in-demand in the sectors
 (v) estimation of workforce– organized/unorganized sector
 (vi) specifications / job roles and major sourcing hubs for workforce
 (vii) current skill set of workforce / identification of gaps, and
 (viii) anticipated changes in employment patterns / future
requirements along with technological innovations, trends
 key outcomes of study would be
-- identifiation and development of the relevant National
Occupational Standards (NOS) and Qualification Packs

Occupational Standards (NOS) and Qualifiation Packs

 forming / mentoring of Self Help Groups (SHGs) / their federations
under DAY-NULM
 -- to enable urban poor communities to help themselves out of
poverty / sustainable income generating livelihoods.
 DAY-NULM guidelines encourage formation of SHGs from vulnerable
occupations -- rag pickers / waste pickers.
 These groups eligible for all benefits under DAY-NULM, such as;
 -- revolving fund support,
 --capacity building support, and
 -- interest subvention for loans,
 -- access to skills training and
 -- placement programs,
 -- services through City Livelihoods Centres (CLCs)
 City Livelihoods Centres -established under DAYNULM
 -- another platform for convergence.
 --CLCs connect service providers-- plumbers, masons, carpenters,
electricians, tailors, etc.
 -- to households seeking these services,
 improving local access to services, as well as livelihoods
opportunities in cities.

Access to financial products is critical
-- to support economic growth / livelihood opportunities for marginalised
groups.
Emerging Challenges are—
-- Reluctance of banks to finance—
--Information gap on source of credit / government schemes for
marginalised segments
-- Risky nature of micro and small-scale enterprises
-- Gaps in business acumen of small entrepreneurs
--Above challenges to providing financial access to enterprises micro /
small category,
-- can be overcome to a certain extent
-- through leveraging the scheme benefits
--available under DAY-NULM.
--Affordable means of credit can facilitate setting and
-- scaling up of enterprises.

The Mission functionaries of SBM-U / DAY-NULM
-- may be apprised of convergence models and guidelines
-- as part of integrated capacity building program
-- as well attend training sessions on convergence models.
-- Each state may constitute a Convergence Task Force
-- comprising of State Mission Directors of DAY-NULM and SBM-U.
-- This task force would ensure that Mission functionaries
-- at all levels have assigned targets
-- for convergence initiatives and
--- regularly review the progress against these.
-- Several Civil Society Organisations /NGOs,
work in sanitation / waste management
-ULB may engage these organizations for
-- training workers and SHG members for
--SBM-U activities,
-- as per local requirements
-- in accordance with roles defined

---Centre
SBM and NULM Mission Directorates to issue convergence guidelinesSTAT
-- States
SBM State Mission Directorate and NULM - State Mission
Management Unit-
-- to issue state level convergence guidelines and
-- oversee implementation of convergence modelsCITY
----
ULBs to appoint SHG members as ‘Swachhagrahis’
City-
ULBs and NULM - City Mission Management Units to implement
convergence models at the city level –
-ULB to appoint fromSHG members as ‘Swachhagrahis’ –
-City Livelihoods Centers – to register informal workers and other
vulnerable persons and connect them to HH seeking
service/training ---
-- City Level Federations – aid in identification of waste pickers and
other marginalised persons
WARD/SLUM
-Area Level Federations – sanitation and waste management sub-
committees to work towards achieving SBM-U outcomes

 Leading India from informal to formal economy
 Leading India from unskilled to skilled economy
 Providing employment to all on sustained basis with assured income
 Empowering poor
 Eradicating Poverty
 Providing identity to Poor
 Launching urban India on fast rack of economic growth and
development
 To promote planned development of urban areas
 To make informal sector integral / important part of urban planning
 To make cities better/secure/ safer place to live and work for poor
 To minimise mushrooming/growth of slums
 To eradicate house-lessness
 To improve quality of life for poor
 To improve operational efficiency of urban poor
 To provide dedicated space for urban poor to do business
 To minimise dualities/contradictions in planning/development of cities
 To integrate informal sector with formal economy of city
 To bring poor within the social/ economic fabric of urban structure

 To evolve realistic space norms/standards for planning and
development of dedicated commercial areas for informal
activities
 To create addition business space in the city
 To promote ease of doing business in cities
 To create large avenues for self-employment
 To minimise unemployment
 To create large number of self-help groups for skill development.
Improved living conditions and assured employment
 To create a skilled dedicated workforce for urban services and
construction of buildings in a more professional manner
 To broaden the economic base of the city
 To make available urban services at affordable cost
 To improve the maintenance/ upkeep of buildings/services
 To generate more revenue for the ULBs
 To minimise island of prosperity in sea of poverty
 Cities to become more safe, livable and sustainable

 To make India a greener and cleaner place to live
 To create a well defined /effective/efficient system
of urban waste management
 To bring an end to open defecation
 To promote human dignity- women /urban poor
 To eliminate environment Pollution
 To promote employment based on waste
 To convert all insanitary latrines to sanitary latrines
 To make latrines accessible to all- poorest of poor
 Converting waste into wealth
 To improve standards of public health/ hygiene
 Making communities partners in waste management
 To make waste management /employment as wealth
generator

 To bring rag pickers into organised social/economic urban waste
management system
 Creating opportunities for innovations to convert waste into wealth
 Saving precious agriculture land used for dumping waste
 To promote reduce/ recycle/reuse
 To make waste management from a liability to an asset and make
it as the highest resource earning mechanism for ULBs
 To minimise urban/environmental pollution
 Minimising pollution of the water resources by effective waste
management
 Managing 100% solid waste on day to day basis
 Using technology to make management of waste faster and quicker–
chips on bins to indicate whether full
 Making roads better place to travel and walk rather than a garbage
dump
 To promote urban economy
 To bring in behavioral change
 To make Indian best globally in personal and public hygiene
 Making solid waste management integral part of city planning
process

 Creating norms swm and providing spaces on defined norms within
urban planning and development
 To minimise /reduce the economic brden on the ULBs
 To bring private sector as a major player in the urban solid waste
management
 To promote R&D in SWM to improve processes and products used
 To promote swm as a community based activity
 To create avenues for skill development of manpower engaged in
swm
 To use latest technology based on specific composition of waste
generation
 Making industry as partner in waste collection, processing and
treatment
 To disseminate best international/national practices in solid waste
management for modification/adoption
 To adopt mechanism of charging for waste generation based on
weight
 To include disposal of packaging as part of the pricing of the product
 Major players to be actively involved in SWM- grain/ fruit/meat/fish
markets/wholesale markets

Swachh
Bharat Mission
(SBM) - Urban

 India has 4,041 statutory towns
 -- eight million households do not have
access to toilets and defecate in the open-7.90/377
million)
 -- Weak sanitation has --health costs and
 -- untreated sewage - biggest source of water resource
pollution in India.
 -indicating scale of challenge ahead of Indian cities -- -
-huge costs incurred from not addressing them.
 --President of India to Indian Parliament in June 9, 2014
 ----We must not tolerate indignity of homes without
toilets and public spaces littered with garbage-For
ensuring hygiene,waste management/sanitation across
nation, a “Swachh Bharat Mission to be launched”
 -This will be our tribute to Mahatma Gandhi
 -- on his 150th birth anniversary to be celebrated in
year 2019.

 1. seeks to address specific issues— namely
 open defecation,
 manual scavenging,
 Solid Waste Management,
2. Creating general awareness and behaviour
 -- towards healthy sanitation practices and
 -- their linkages to public health.
3 Mission components include
 -- provision of household, community and public
toilets;
 -- effective SWM techniques;
 -- public awareness campaigns; and
 -- capacity building of implementing bodies.

 . The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) envisions
 -- 100% scientifc management of Solid Waste by 2nd
October 2019.
 --creating an eco-system of related stakeholders, to
provides livelihood opportunities for marginalised
sections of communities
 --Recognising critical role of informal
sector/marginalised communities in entire sanitation/
waste management value chain
 -- actively promoting their integration into formal
waste management value chain.
 - empowered self-help groups taking responsibility of
managing their city’s waste and
 --converting them into zero-garbage/zero-waste cities.
 Pune, Ambikapur emerged as lighthouse cities by doing
exemplary work done by SHG groups in this sector.

Mission Objectives
1 Elimination of open defecation
2 Eradication of Manual Scavenging
3 Modern / Scientific Municipal Solid Waste
Management
4 To effect behavioural change-- regarding
healthy sanitation practices
5 Creating Generate awareness-- about
sanitation and its linkage with public health
6 Capacity Augmentation for ULBs-- to create
enabling environment for private
sector participation in Capex (capital
expenditure) and Opex (operation and
maintenance)
Duration of Mission-- till 2nd October 2019
-- Mission Coverage: --All Statutory towns

2.3 Mission Components
1 Providing Household toilets– includes
conversion of insanitary latrines into pour-flush
latrines
2 Community toilets- shared facility for fixed
group of residents/settlement- where space/
land is a constraints in providing HH toilets.
3 Public toilets/urinals-- for floating
population / general public-- markets, train
stations/tourist places/public areas- where
large number of people pass
4 Solid waste management
5 IEC & Public Awareness
6 Capacity building/ Administrative & Office
Expenses (A&OE)

 Preparing State Sanitation Concept
 Preparing State Sanitation Strategy
Preparing City level sanitation plans
 ensuring Behavioural Change
Strategy and IEC
Creating Enabling Environment for
Private Sector Participation
Capacity Building
Special Focus Groups:wi
 Critical for achieving objectives of mission-
 --a city sanitation plan
 --and state sanitation strategy

State Governments to ensure :
-- All manual scavengers– identified/
rehabilitated
--insanitary toilets linked to their employment
 - insanitary toilets upgraded to sanitary toilets
-- streamline/ formalize SWM systems
-- All rag pickers identified-
-- given priority to upgrade their work conditions
--integrated into formal system of SWM .
-- ensure temporary accommodation for migrants/
construction labour have adequate toilets-- on
premise/ linked to a public / community toilet.
--Priority to vulnerable sections HH- pensioners
/girl children/pregnant/lactating mothers

 Estimated cost of implementation of SBM (Urban)
-- based on unit cost-- Rs. 62,009 Crore.
 --Government of India share --Rs. 14,623 Crore.
 -- State/ULB share- 25% of GoI funding-- Rs. 4,874
Crores
 -- balance-- generated through sources including:
 --Private Sector Participation
 Additional Resources from State Government/ULB
 Beneficiary Share
 User Charges
 Land Leveraging
 Innovative revenue streams
 Swachh Bharat Kosh
 Corporate Social Responsibility
 Market Borrowing
 External Assistance

 Household Toilets
SBM (Urban) aims to ensure that--
-- No households engage in open defecation:
-- No new insanitary toilets constructed during mission
period, and
-- Pit latrines converted to sanitary latrines.
 Target Group for construction of Individual household units
of Toilets, :
- 80% of urban households engaging in open defecation
- All households with insanitary latrines
- All households with single-pit latrines
-- remaining 20% of households practicing open defecation
to be catered by community toilets due to constraints of
space.
 --States contribution -- a minimum of Rs 2,667 per IHHL
 -- Central Share of Rs 4,000 per IHHL
 --Funds released in two instalments
 - Funds deposited directly into beneficiary account

 Community/public Toilets
-- remaining 20% of households practicing open defecation
catered by community toilets due to constraints of space.
 - May also provide mobile toilets
 - state to empower ULb to construct the toilets- through land/funds
 - ULB s permitted to leverage land for raising resources for funding
 - Projects prepared/sanctioned by ULB.
 Total cost /unit--- Rs 98000/-
 --States contribution -- a minimum of Rs 26,134/-
 -- Central Share of Rs 39,200 per seat
 --Funds released in two instalments
 - All community toilets to have-- minimum 5 year
maintenance contract
 - financial benefits to be transferred to beneficiary timely
& hassle free
 -- state to evolve standard norms and ensure monitoring
of implementation

 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) refers to a process
that comprises of—
 - waste segregation and storage at source,
 -- primary collection,
 -- secondary storage,
 --transportation,
 -- secondary segregation,
 -- resource recovery,
 -- processing,
 -- treatment,
 --final disposal of solid waste.
 Manual on SWM 2016– referenced to for DPR formulation
/implementation
 --ULBs to prepare DPR for SWM in consultation with state
governments
 --. Smaller cities can form clusters to become viable entities to
attract private investment.
 -- 100% Cost reimbursement for preparing the DPR shall be done
by GoI

•State governments to handhold ULB’s-- preparing DPR’s for
SWM by empanelling / short-listing /identifying private or
government agencies
•Street Sweeping, litter control interventions/ dumpsite
remediation's-to be part of DPR -- essential for a clean city
•to promote projects of waste to energy- central
government Grant /VGF may used either upfront/
generation based incentive for power generated for a given
period of time
•Central government incentive for SWM projects--maximum
of 35% Grant / VGF , State share - 23.3% of project cost
• States free to choose technology for SWM project/toilets/
street sweeping
•ULBs advised to distribute colour coded bins 2 bins per
household-- waste is segregated at source itself--Green Bin
for Wet Waste (biodegradables)--, Blue Bin for non-
biodegradable

•
• Kay strategy under SBM –
•--- behaviour change
•-- to ensure that importance of sanitation communicated to general
public
•-- cover issues --open defecation, prevention of manual scavenging,
hygiene practices, proper use/maintenance of toilet facilities – related
health / environmental consequences.
• Communication material-- for behavior change designed in
consultation with M/o Information and Broadcasting, M/o HFWelfare --
15% of total central allocation earmarked for this component.
-- 12% earmarked for States to undertake massive public awareness
campaign
•--- remaining 3% earmarked for the MoHUA to draw a national media
campaign
•Capacity Building & Administrative and Office Exp—
•-- 3% of total Central allocation under mission -- earmarked for
capacity building/ administrative / office expenses of States and ULBs

National Urban
Livelihoods Mission
(DAY-NULM)

 Economic development / urbanisation are positively linked.
 - Cities emerging as engines of economic growth,
 -- contributing more than 60 per cent to GDP
 in 2004-05- India’s 92 % workforce worked in informal economy.
 -- urban informal sector has large share
 -- Low levels of education / skill in unorganized sector
 -- inability to access opportunities offered by emerging markets.
 -- Needs skills up-gradation for better livelihoods opportunities
 -poor face constant threat of eviction, removal, confiscation of
goods /almost non-existent social security
 -- face deprivation/ discrimination, social exclusion, crime,
violence, insecurity hazardous environmental conditions and lack
of voice in governance
 urban poverty broadly divided into three categories:
 (i) residential vulnerability -access to land, shelter, basic services
 (ii) social vulnerability-- deprivations like gender, age and social
stratification, lack of social protection, inadequate voice and
participation in governance structures, etc
 (iii) occupational vulnerability-- dependence on informal sector
for employment / earnings, lack of job security, .
 These vulnerabilities are inter-related

National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP)-2007—
 -- aims at promoting sustainable development of habitat
 -- to ensure equitable supply of land, shelter and services
 --at affordable prices to all sections of society.
 -- Supreme Court of India have brought into focus
 -- plight of urban homeless by holding that
 -- the right to dignified shelters is a necessary component
of right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution of
India.
 Thus there is a need to develop a policy and programme
for the urban homeless
 Urban poverty alleviation programmes need to be based on;
 -- skill development
 -- easy access to credit.
 -- Accordingly, a mission-mode approach to urban livelihoods
 -- considered necessary in the form of National Urban Livelihoods
Mission (NULM)

 Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission -
implemented by MoHUA -aims at--
 - Reducing poverty and vulnerability of urban poor households
 - by enabling them to access gainful self-employment
 and skilled wage employment opportunities,
 resulting in an appreciable improvement in their livelihoods
 on a sustainable basis,
 through building grassroots level institutions of poor.
 providing shelter with essential services
to urban homeless in a phased manner.
 -- address livelihood concerns of urban street vendors by facilitating;
-- access to suitable spaces
-- institutional credit,
-- social security
-- skills
-- to the urban street vendors
-- for accessing emerging market opportunities.

 NULM believe that
 -- poor are entrepreneurial
 -- have desire to come out of poverty.
 -- Challenge is to unleash their capabilities
 -- to generate meaningful / sustainable livelihoods.
 -- fist step in this process- motivating urban poor to form
their own institutions
 -- any livelihood promotion programme
 -- can be scaled up in a time bound manner
 -- only if driven by poor and their institutions.
 -- strong institutional platforms support poor
 -- in building their own human, social, financial/ other assets
 -As per 74thAmendment Act-1992, urban poverty alleviation is
a legitimate function of the Urban Local Bodies (ULB).
Threfore, ULBs would need to undertake a
lead role for all issues and programmes concerning the urban
poor in cities/towns, including skills and livelihoods.

 NULM aims at universal coverage of urban poor
 -- for skill development
 -- credit facilities
 -- for market-based jobs and self-employment, facilitating
easy access to credit.
 Street vendors constitute an important segment of the urban
population
 --. Street vending provides a source of self-employment
 - Needs to be protected and safeguarded
 Urban homeless persons without shelter/ social security/
protection are most vulnerable class,
 -- even while contributing towards sustaining cities with their
cheap labour.
 --need for addressing challenges faced by homeless people,
regarding-- shelter, social housing and social protection

 NULM places a very high emphasis on --
 --convergence with schemes/programmes
 --of relevant line Ministries/Departments and
 --programmes of state governments
 -- dealing with skills, livelihoods, entrepreneurship
 -- development, health, education, social assistance, etc.
 -- An alliance strategy will be sought with all concerned departments
 --to promote skills training of rural-urban migrants
 --as a bridge between livelihoods of rural and urban poor
 NULM would aim at
 --partnership with the private sector
 --in providing skill training, employment and operation of shelter for homeless.
 --It will strive for active participation of private and civil society sectors in
 -- providing shelter to the urban homeless,
 --skill training and
 --placement of the urban poor and
 -- also in facilitating technological, marketing and handholding support
 --for the urban poor entrepreneurs
 --who want to be self-employed and
 --set up their own small businesses or manufacturing units.

 Mission will espouse following values:
 i -Ownership /productive involvement-- of urban
poor and their institutions in all processes;
 Ii- Transparency-- in programme design and
implementation, including institution building and
capacity strengthening;
 Iii- Accountability- of government functionaries
and the community;
 iv- Partnerships-- with industry and other
stakeholders; and
 V- Community self-reliance-- self-dependence, self-
help and mutual-help

 remarkable changes in urban development observed in last 3
years due to two key missions, namely
 -- Swachh Bharat Mission – Urban (SBM-U) and
 -- National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM).
 GOI driving convergence, between Ministries schemes, to;
 -- better utilization of resources / improving lives of citizen
 -- To expedite achievement of missions
 -- achieving holistic social development goals
 --meeting requirement for developing human resources fir
operations/management/ maintenance of new sanitation/
waste management infrastructure in a sustainable manner.
 - empowering Self-Help Groups by providing employment
opportunities in growing sanitation / waste management se
 - convergence to improve employment for urban poor &
vision of a clean India by October 2, 2019
 --contribute to larger goal of reducing poverty / vulnerability
of urban poor
-- help in making India healthy, hygienic and liveable for all.

 - Desludging septic tanks in Cuttack undertaken by private Vacu-Tug
operators
 -- charged exorbitant prices for desludging due to housing in narrow lanes
 --facing issues of access by large sanitation vehicles
 --necessitated manual emptying of pits/septic tanks.
 -- For making desludging affordable/ eliminate manual emptying Cuttack
MC added vacuum emptier vehicles to its fleet
 . The Odisha Faecal Sludge and Septage Management/ Ernst & Young--
initiated process of federating identified sanitation workers into SHGs., --
providing alternate source of livelihood -- through increasing mechanical
emptying.
 -- FSSM program assessed requirement of desludging
 -- conducted meetings,-- discussed business models
 --recommended sanitation worker SHG to ULB
 -- requested CMC to engage SHG for desludging operations.
 -- team conducted meetings with community/ municipal authority/ state
government to seek support for this initiative.
 -- CMC provided one Vacu-tug machine to SHG for desludging operations.
 -- CMC considering engaging women SHGs in O&M of community/ public
toilets

Town
Development
Scheme-
Contents

 Scheme to make provisions for any / all of following matters,
(b) laying out land– vacant/ already built
(c) filling/reclamation or low lying areas
(d) laying new streets or roads, construction, diversion
(e) reconstitution of plots ;
(f) construction/alteration/ removal of buildings, bridges
/structures ;
(g) reserving land for roads, open spaces, gardens,
recreation, schools, markets, industrial and commercial
facilities and public purpose ;
(h) undertaking housing schemes for
(i) sewerage, drainage and sewage disposal ;
(j) lighting ; (k) water supply ;
(l) preservation of objects of historical importance;
 -Specify development controls regulating buildings- setback
etc ------acquisition of land by purchase, exchange of
property -- effected by execution of scheme

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