This document discusses organic Rankine cycle power generation. It describes the working principle, which involves using a pump to pressurize an organic fluid, heating it to vaporize it using a heat source, expanding the vapor through a turbine to produce power, and condensing the fluid to return it to the pump. Key components and considerations for the organic fluid and system design are discussed. Applications mentioned include waste heat recovery, biomass power, and solar power. Advantages include high efficiency and the ability to use low-grade heat sources.
Solar-Organic Rankine Cycle. Basic idea of Organic-Rankine cycle. Comparison of various working fluid for a Solar ORC based on the tests conducted on a simple ORC system of 2KW capacity operating on a solar water heater (water temp. 90C) as a source of heat. Comparison made on the basis of efficiency, pressure ratio, turbine exit volume flow rate, mass flow rate, heat input, Environmental considerations, toxicity, flammability.
one of the renewable energy resources project that help me lot to my carrier in research field : this slide is for the prototype model that i design actual full scale size may be bit of different from my calculations and data's
Fossil fuel consumption in the recent years has been increasing and the burning of fossil fuel is said to be a major contributor towards global warming, acid rains, air, water and soil pollution, forest devastation and radioactive substances emissions. Besides the environment, the fossil fuel prices fluctuate considerably, usually going up and being very expensive in many countries.
Most importantly, the quantity of fossil fuels, like petroleum,natural gas, and coal can only decrease since they are non-renewable resources.
As a result many countries have been investing billions of dollars in new technologies and demand for sophisticated power supply options is greatly increased.
In a typical developed country as much as 40% of total fuel consumption is used for industrial and domestic space heating and process heating. Of this around one third is wasted.
Currently recovering low temperature heat which includes Industrial waste heat, geothermal energy, solar heat, biomass and so on could be a very critical and sustainable way to solve energy crisis. Utilising waste heats along with attempts for the use of renewable sources as low grade thermal heat has motivated us to develop a project based on ORC.
Solar-Organic Rankine Cycle. Basic idea of Organic-Rankine cycle. Comparison of various working fluid for a Solar ORC based on the tests conducted on a simple ORC system of 2KW capacity operating on a solar water heater (water temp. 90C) as a source of heat. Comparison made on the basis of efficiency, pressure ratio, turbine exit volume flow rate, mass flow rate, heat input, Environmental considerations, toxicity, flammability.
one of the renewable energy resources project that help me lot to my carrier in research field : this slide is for the prototype model that i design actual full scale size may be bit of different from my calculations and data's
Fossil fuel consumption in the recent years has been increasing and the burning of fossil fuel is said to be a major contributor towards global warming, acid rains, air, water and soil pollution, forest devastation and radioactive substances emissions. Besides the environment, the fossil fuel prices fluctuate considerably, usually going up and being very expensive in many countries.
Most importantly, the quantity of fossil fuels, like petroleum,natural gas, and coal can only decrease since they are non-renewable resources.
As a result many countries have been investing billions of dollars in new technologies and demand for sophisticated power supply options is greatly increased.
In a typical developed country as much as 40% of total fuel consumption is used for industrial and domestic space heating and process heating. Of this around one third is wasted.
Currently recovering low temperature heat which includes Industrial waste heat, geothermal energy, solar heat, biomass and so on could be a very critical and sustainable way to solve energy crisis. Utilising waste heats along with attempts for the use of renewable sources as low grade thermal heat has motivated us to develop a project based on ORC.
A detailed explanation about Rankine cycle or vapour power cycle for mechanical 2nd year students.Areas of uses of vapour power cycle or steam power cycle.
Power Plant Regenerative feed heating and design aspects of Feed Heaters.This is a ppt for beginners in Power Plant Engineering.Also discusses Heat Transfer and Rankine cycle.
Make power out of your waste heat - Organic Rankine Cycle Sindhu Maiyya
How to utilize the waste heat generated by pretty much all the processes we engage in. An idea to convert the waste heat into useful power.
A presentation give in the finals of Schenider Electric Go Green in the City Challenge -2012
A detailed explanation about Rankine cycle or vapour power cycle for mechanical 2nd year students.Areas of uses of vapour power cycle or steam power cycle.
Power Plant Regenerative feed heating and design aspects of Feed Heaters.This is a ppt for beginners in Power Plant Engineering.Also discusses Heat Transfer and Rankine cycle.
Make power out of your waste heat - Organic Rankine Cycle Sindhu Maiyya
How to utilize the waste heat generated by pretty much all the processes we engage in. An idea to convert the waste heat into useful power.
A presentation give in the finals of Schenider Electric Go Green in the City Challenge -2012
Sustained power generation from low-grade heat. sk 270513Alex Prohorov
Minimal estimation for waste heat utilization in Russia is about $300M annually. From more then 4000 GPU we can utilize up to 18 GW additional electric power.
Various heat sources require different technical solutions. Heat-El fits for all.
Development of a 300 kWe Integrated Axial Turbine and Generator for ORC Appli...Keith D. Patch
2nd International Seminar on ORC Power Systems: Turbo Expanders II, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Publisher: ASME, International Gas Turbine Institute (IGTI)
Abstract
Concepts NREC has completed its design and development of an integrated high speed axial turbine and permanent magnet generator. The Turbine –Generator Unit (TGU) is ideal for ORC applications for its compactness, reliability, and versatility. The 20,000 rpm TGU does not use a shaft seal or gearbox and the generator is evaporatively cooled using the ORC working fluid. The TGU is designed with the intent of having the same turbine housing and generator used with a range of operating ORC fluid operating pressures and temperatures to enable its wide spread use in a variety of ORC heat recovery applications. The rotor and nozzle stators are changed to aerodynamically optimize the performance of the turbine at different ORC fluid operating conditions and flow rates. The output voltage of the generator can range from 300 to 480 VAC and at 50 hz and 60 hz. This facilitates its use in waste heat recovery applications throughout the world. This technical paper will review the mechanical and electrical design features of the turbine-generator unit.
Gran Canaria Tonight es una de las principales agencias de Organización y Gestión de eventos en Gran Canaria y líder en internet gracias a su número de visitas y seguidores en sus diferentes redes Sociales.
Fundada en 2007, GCtonight ha consolidado la reinversión de esta gran agencia durante los últimos años de trayectoria. Esta trayectoria no habría sido posible sin el apoyo de nuestros colaboradores y patrocinadores que nos ayudan a seguir en lo más alto día tras día.
Wie schon weltweit beobachtet, setzt Airbnb auch in der Schweiz sein starkes Wachstum fort. Das zeigen die neuen Zahlen des Walliser Tourismus Observatoriums, das nach 2014 zum 2. Mal die Marktpräsenz der Wohnungsvermittlungsplattform Airbnb auf Schweizer Ebene erhoben hat. Dabei wurden die Angebote von Airbnb mit der Hotel- und dem Parahotellerieangebot in den jeweiligen Kantonen und Destinationen verglichen.
Unsere Studie zeigt, dass sich das Airbnb-Angebot in Bezug auf die vermittelten Objekt seit 2014 mehr als verdoppelt hat - von 6033 Objekten auf heute 12937 Objekte. Es handelt sich bei den Zahlen in der Studie um Minimalwerte, da wir mit unserer Methode « nur » circa 90% des Angebots erfassen konnten.
Das Bettenangebot ist von 20‘841 (Ende Oktober 2014) auf 33‘374 (Ende Oktober 2015) gewachsen, d.h. um rund 60%. Kantone mit rund 1‘000 und mehr Objekten sind Zürich (2'117), Wallis (1'737), Genf (1'633), Waadt (1'437), Bern (1'158), Basel-Stadt (1'140) und Graubünden (934). Diese Regionen stellen rund 80% des Airbnb-Angebotes in der Schweiz.
Airbnb ist in den städtischen Regionen und den klassischen Ferienregionen stark vertreten. Vom Bettenangebot her dominieren das Wallis mit 8‘139 Betten (24.4% Marktanteil) und Graubünden mit 3‘967 (8.8%) Betten den Markt, vor Waadt, Zürich, Bern, Genf, Basel-Stadt und Tessin. Gemeinsam stellen diese Regionen 85% des Schweizer Airbnb-Bettenangebots.
Airbnb konkurrenziert die klassische Hotellerie vor allem in städtisch geprägten Kantonen wie Basel-Stadt (Airbnb Angebot entspricht schon 31% des Hotelbettenangebots), Waadt (19%) und Genf (17%). Dort sind sie deutlich stärker als im Schweizer Durchschnitt von 13 Prozent. Ein im Vergleich zur Hotellerie stark wachsendes Angebot ist auch beim Schwergewicht Wallis (25%) festzustellen.
8‘515 Objekte (oder 65.82% des Angebots) werden von einem einzigen Vermieter (d.h. total 8515 Vermieter oder 85.5% aller 9‘959 Vermieter) verwaltet, der keine weiteren Objekte auf Airbnb betreut und wahrscheinlich als Privatperson eingestuft werden kann. 946 Vermieter (9.5% der Vermieter) kümmern sich um 2 Objekte, d.h. total 1892 Objekte oder 14.62% des Angebots.
Die 498 restlichen Vermieter (5.0% der Vermieter) kümmern sich um mehr als 2 Objekte und können wahrscheinlich schon als gewerbliche Vermieter eingestuft werden. Sie verwalten 2‘530 Objekte oder 19.56% des Angebots.
Während Airbnb 2015 weltweit wahrscheinlich 80-100 Millionen Logiernächte generieren wird, schätzen wir für die Schweiz ein Logiernächtevolumen von mindestens 1 Million für 2015.
biomass power plant used wood pellet production line / industrial wood pell...yuongjixie
Biomass pellet power plant used wood pellet production line / industrial wood pellet machine
1.Main Characteristics of wood pellet machine
(1) Vertical feeding, sawdust directly feed into press room naturaly without the compulsory force.
This session is part of the Clean Energy Regulators Initiative Webinar Programme.
Theme 8 - Promotion of Energy Efficiency
Module 1 - Energy Efficiency Based on Sectors
This presentation will focus on the main initiatives that can be introduced in the industrial, commercial, institutional and residential sectors to reduce energy intensity and associated greenhouse gas emissions. We will first review the importance of motors in the industrial sector and how their consumption could be reduced in bringing in efficient motors, variable speed drives or best practices for motor repair. Various technologies for the remaining energy usage in this sector will be also highlighted as well as best practices for energy management, in addition to energy management tools that can be used by industries to track and improve their energy usage. The presentation will then draw attention to the very important commercial and institutional sectors where building work makes up the vast majority of energy consumption. This will include a review of the main energy efficiency measures for building envelopes as well as for mechanical and electric systems. Finally, the presentation will focus on the residential sector where building envelopes, lighting systems, appliances and electronic equipment have significant potential for improvement.
The paper is about utilizing the exhaust heat energy which is produced from the internal combustion engine of the vehicle to generate electricity by means turbine rotation. This system also helps to improve the performance, efficiency and emissions of the internal combustion engine.
Economic selection of type of genration and types of equipment used in power...Madhusudan Sharma
This presentation gives the economic aspect of choosing the type of generation of electrical energy and the equipments which are used in plant. Smart selection of generation type and equipments leads a economic and most efficient generation of electrical power and I also focus on this particular topic in this presentation
@ MR. UNIQUE PRESENTATIONS.
There use are not only for the purpose of electroplating process but for the service engineering too and these can be made from the pure fabric that is polypropylene. To know more about Filter Bags, Please visit our Official Page www.filterclothindia.co.in
Presentation on sparkler filter bag with slide show. This presentation is for education purpose only. For Commercial interest or requirements, PL visit www.filterclothindia.co.in
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
3. Power production such as electricity,
mechanical work by the process of expansion
of organic fluid.
It uses a pThis low temperature heat is
converted in to work with the help of rankine
cycle.
rocess of waste heat recovery system(WHS).
The organic fluid such as industrial wast
having lower boiloing point changes its phase
from liquid to vapour.
This low temperature heat is converted in to
4. An organic fluid in
liquid state at low
pressure is pressurized
by a pump
This pressurized flow
is then vaporized by
means of a heat source
The superheated
vapour is expanded
trough a turbine,
producing mechanical
power
CONT..
5. An optional regenerator can be added between
expander exhaust and condenser supply.
The fluid is condensed and flows back to the pump
supply.
Organic Rankine cycles are particularly well-adapted
to low temperature heat sources which include
geothermal source, waste heat from industrial process
and solar power
7. The selection of the working fluid is of key
importance in low temperature Rankine Cycles
In order to recover low-grade heat, the fluid
generally has a lower boiling temperature than
water.
Refrigerants and hydrocarbons are two
commonly used components
8. PROPERTIES OF
WORKING FLUID
LOW FREEZING
POINT
HIGH HEAT OF
VAPOURISATION
AND DENSITY
HIGH STABILITY
TEMPERATURE
EXAMPLES:-
1}Chloro-fluoro-carbon (CFC)
2} Hydro-Chloro-Fluoro Carbon (HCFC)
9. Waste heat recovery
Most important development field for ORC.
applied to heat and power plants, or to industrial
and farming processes, automobile exhausts,
intercooling of compressor etc.
Benefits
• CO2-free additional power
• Increased plant / process efficiency
• Fuel savings
Driving forces
• Fuel, electricity prices / incentives
• CO2 or emissions constraints
• Grid independence
10. Biomass is available all over the
world and can be used for the
production of electricity on small to
medium size scaled power plants
11. Are similar to other
steam
turbine thermal
power plants
Heat from a fuel
source is used to
heat water or another
working fluid.
fluid is then used to
turn a turbine of a
generator, thereby
12. SOLAR POWER PLANT
The organic Rankine
cycle can be used in
the solar parabolic
trough
technology in place of
the usual steam
Rankine cycle. The ORC
allows a lower collector
temperature, a better
collecting efficiency
(reduced ambient
losses) and hence the
possibility of reducing
the size of the solar
13. CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST
In case of the ORC unit at Lienz, the additional
specific investment costs as compared to a
conventional biomass heating plant amounts to
EUR 2.765 per kWe.
In general, specific investment costs for ORC
units vary between EUR 1.500 and EUR 3.500 per
kWe .
When an ORC is applied at the exhaust end of an
existing gas engine the specific investment costs
vary between EUR 2.500 per kWe (2 MWe gas
engine capacity) and EUR 3.500 per kWe (1200
kWe gas engine capacity)
14. Technical Advantages:-
High cycle efficiency .
Very high turbine efficiency.
Low turbine mechanical stress due to low
peripheral speed.
Low turbine rpm, allowing the direct drive of
the electric generator without gear reduction in
many applications. CONT.
15. No erosion of bades due to absence of
moisture in vapour nozzles.
No water consumed.
16. Operational Advantages:-
Simple start stop procedures.
Automatic and continuous operation.
No operator attendance needed.
Quiet operation.
High availability. (typically 98%)
17. Partial load operation down to 10% of nominal
Power
High efficiency at partial load.
Lower maintainence cost.
Long life