The document explains the concepts of present and past participles in English grammar, detailing their forms and uses. Present participles are formed by adding 'ing' to verbs and serve various functions such as forming continuous tenses, gerunds, adjectives, and relative pronouns. Past participles generally end in 'ed', 'd', or 'en', and are used for creating passive voice, perfect tenses, adjectives, and also in relative pronouns.

1. 现在分词 和 过去分词
The Present-ing Participle
and
The Past-ed/en Participle

2. The Present Participle 现在分词
Formula:
Verb + ing or known as present participle.
E.g.:
read + ing = reading
study + ing = studying
teach + ing = teaching
Although present participle has ing form, it is not
present tense.

3. The Present Participle
现在分词
There are 5 forms of present participle (V ing)
A. To form a Continuous Tense
B. To form a Gerund
C. To form an Adjective
D. Functional Adjective
E. Relative Pronouns (Active Voice )

4. (A) To form a Continuous Tense
E.g.:
1. I am looking for Ms. Helen.
2. She is working in the restaurant this holiday.
3. The rain started when we were walking
home.
The Use of The Present Participle

5. (B) To form a Gerund
E.g.:
1. They enjoy playing (play) football.
2. My sister keeps on talking with him.
3. The government talks about fighting against
the terrorists.

6. (C) To form an Adjective-describe noun
E.g.:
1. The weather is really freezing.
2. I had an excruciating pain on my tooth last
night.
3. The death toll of car accidents has increased
at an alarming rate.
* death toll = 死亡人数
极痛苦的

7. More examples on To form an Adjective
E.g.:
1. I just bought a washing machine.
2. She loves her colouring book.
3. Amy broke her arm at the training centre.

8. (E) Omit Relative Pronouns (Active Voice 主动式)
关系代名词的省略
E.g.:
1. Adam, who works hard every day, earns a lot of
money.
= Adam, working hard every day, earns a lot of money.
= Working hard every day, he earns a lot of money.
2. The fireman, who rescued the woman, jumped into the
sea of fire.
= The fireman, rescuing the woman, jumped into the
sea of fire.
= The fireman jumped into the sea of fire, rescuing the
woman.
Omit Relative
Pronoun ‘who’

9. Formula:
 Verb + ed /d or Verb + en
Eg:
 watch + ed = watched
 eat = eaten
 catch = caught
* Past Participle is not past tense although it looks like
it.
The Past Participle 过去分词

11. The Past Participle
过去分词
There are 4 forms of past participle (V ed/d or en)
A. To form a Passive Voice
B. To form a Perfect Tense-has have had + PP
C. To form an Adjective
D. Relative Pronouns (Active Voice )

12. (A) To form a Passive Voice 被动式
E.g.:
1. I am punished by Ms. Helen.
2. She is trained as a trainee in the company.
3. When he left the house, we were taken care
of by the house maid.
The Use of The Past Participle

13. (B) To form a Perfect Tense
E.g.:
1. They have known each other for 10 years.
2. My sister has eaten her lunch.
3. He had had a motorbike before he bought a
car.
Past Participle

14. (C) To form an Adjective
Eg:
1. Mary is really interested in baking.
2. I felt disappointed after I lost in the game.
3. She was holding a bouquet of shriveled
flowers. 枯萎 layu

15. More examples on To form an Adjective
/Well 的后面 + pp. adj
E.g.:
1. You should get prepared before it is too late.
2. They got married last month.
3. The entire essay is well-organised.

16. (E) Omit Relative Pronouns (Passive Voice 被动式)
关系代名词的省略
E.g.:
1. Mary, who was scolded by the teacher, had tears in her eyes.
= Mary, scolded by the teacher, had tears in her eyes.
= Scolded by the teacher, Mary had tears in her eyes.
2. The forest, which was destroyed by mankind, had protected
the animals for 100 years,.
= The forest, destroyed by mankind, had protected the
animals for 100 years.
= The forest has protected the animals for 100 years,
destroyed by mankind.
Omit Relative
Pronoun ‘who’

17. PRESENT PARTCIPLE (VING 形容词) PAST PARTICIPLE (形容词)
1) The game is interesting. I am interested in the game.
2) The class is boring. I am really bored.
3) My results are disappointing. She is disappointed with her
results.
4) The incident was
embarrassing.
They were embarrassed when
they were criticized in public.
Difference between Present Participle
& Past Participle (I)
(区分 VING 形容词和PP形容词 (I))
Adjectives

18. Present Participle (VING):
 describe about object, subject ,topic, things
 the way of how you make people feel
形容词是指：令人感到
Past Participle (V + ed/d or en):
 describe about your own feelings/inner
thoughts
 the way of how you feel
形容词是指：自身感到

19. PRESENT PARTCIPLE (VING 形容词) PAST PARTICIPLE (形容词)
The water is boiling. We should drink boiled
water.
The falling stars are beautiful. The fallen tree caused the
traffic congestion.
The withering flowers are
dying.
The withered flowers spoil
the scene.
Difference between Present Participle
& Past Participle (II)
(区分 VING 形容词和PP形容词 (II))
Continuous Form versus Completed Task

20. Present Participle (VING):
 the state / task is still on going for a period
of time
形容词是指：状态还正在
Past Participle (V + ed/d or en):
 the task / state has already completed
形容词是指：状态被完成

21. Common Present Participle & Past Participle
(常见的VING形容词和PP形容词)
PRESENT PARTCIPLE (VING 形容词) PAST PARTICIPLE (形容词)
assisting (attack;suicide) accustomed to (working)
award-winning (movie; song) addicted to (smoking)
charming (boy; leader) brightly-lit (way; road; corridor)
ever-lasting (effect) broken-armed (statue)
man-eating (plants) complicated (problem)
power-saving (device) hidden (message)
lacquered (box)
regulated (exercise)
single-celled (living being)
well-known (hotel; place)
well-prepared (speech; lecture)

22. Exercise
Fill in the blanks with ‘Present Participle’ or ‘Past
Participle’.
1. _______(Run) five miles, he noticed that he had lost his
keys on the way.
2. They had ______(eat) so much grass.
3. Before ______(leave) the house, I always check if all
lights are switched-off.
4. They were ______ (leave) out on the meadow.
5. The sheep were just standing there _______ (wag) their
tails.

23. 7. A (burn) child dreads(fear) fire.
8. The driveway was covered by (fall) leaves.
9. It is an (interest) movie.
10. The (miss) boy has been found.
11. She is a (bore) writer.
12. The (stole) bicycle was returned to the
owner.
13. The professor is (admire) by his students.
14. Her performance was really (amuse).
15. He appears to be (depress).

24. Exercise : Answers
Fill in the blanks with ‘Present Participle’ or ‘Past
Participle’.
1. Running (Run) five miles, he noticed that he had lost
his keys on the way.
2. They had eaten (eat) so much grass.
3. Before leaving (leave) the house, I always check if all
lights are switched-off.
4. They were left (leave) out on the meadow.
5. The sheep were just standing there wagging (wag) their
tails.

25. 7. A burnt / burned (burn) child dreads fire.
8. The driveway was covered by fallen (fall) leaves.
9. It is an interesting (interest) movie.
10. The missing (miss) boy has been found.
11. She is a boring (bore) writer.
12. The stolen (stole) bicycle was returned to the owner.
13. The professor is admired (admire) by his students.
14. Her performance was really amusing (amuse).
15. He appears to be depressed (depress).