Pre-Scaling up of Improved Finger Millet Technologies: The Case of Daro Lebu and Habro Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Absence of hierarchy of technology dissemination is a factor that affects technology utilization and adoption by the end-users. This study investigated pre-scaling up of improved finger millet varieties in Daro Lebu and Habro districts. Enhancing productivity of improved finger millet varieties through improving knowledge and skills of farmers and creating linkage among actors was the main objective of the activity. A total of 160 farmers were addressed in four kebeles and two districts of West Hararghe zone. Site and farmers were selected purposively based on potential production of the commodity and others criteria’s. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed using narration and descriptive as well as inferential statistics using SPSS software. Extension services such as advisory, inputs, training and field day were delivered and organized for the farmers, extension agents and others stakeholders thereby awareness creation in media and printed extension materials. The average yield obtained from a hectare of land is accounted that 28.31 and 20.88 quintals for Boneya and Tadesse varieties, respectively. Therefore, scaling up of improved finger millet varieties for wider community over locations should be strengthen and conducted by government sectors, non-governmental organizations and others private sectors for improving productivity of the crop in a sustainable manner.
Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge of Smallholder Farmers on Intercropping Pr...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on indigenous knowledge of intercropping practices among smallholder farmers in West Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. The study identified maize intercropped with haricot bean and sorghum intercropped with haricot bean as the most common intercropping systems. It found that drought, lack of knowledge about soil fertility management, and lack of improved technologies for intercropped crops were major constraints. However, declining land sizes due to population growth and early maturity of legume crops provided opportunities for intercropping. The study concluded that future research should incorporate farmers' practices and promote soil fertility management to improve intercropping in the area.
Farmers’ constraints in rice production in South-East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states that constitute the South East Agro-ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the constraints in rice production through the development of extension training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Article Citation:
Emodi AI.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South-East Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 114-123.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0026.pdf
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Rural women processing cassava in doma local government area of central niger...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on rural women processing cassava in Doma Local Government Area of central Nigeria. The study found that 84% of respondents claimed there were no modern processing technologies recommended in the area. Women primarily used traditional processing methods, which are laborious, time-consuming and provide low yields. The study recommends that relevant authorities work with researchers to develop appropriate processing technologies tailored to the literacy levels and skills of processors. This would help minimize constraints and allow women to realize higher benefits from their cassava processing activities.
This document provides an overview of fruit culture in Afghanistan. It discusses the country's climate and environment, the importance of horticulture to its economy, and production of various fruits. Afghanistan has a generally dry climate with cold winters and hot summers suitable for growing fruits like grapes, almonds, pistachios, and citrus. Horticulture provides food security, income, and an alternative to poppy production. The document outlines efforts to improve fruit cultivation through better varieties, irrigation, soil management, and support for farmers.
Characterization of Malt Barley based farming system in Bale highlands and We...Premier Publishers
This study was examined characterization of malt barley based farming system in Bale and West Arsi zones of Oromia regional state. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. Primary data were obtained through interview schedule by well-structured questionnaire. Secondary data were gained from zonal and district offices of agriculture of the selected sites for the study. A multistage sampling technique was employed for selecting 120 household respondents from three districts: Adaba, Dinsho and Gasera. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data using SPSS software. According to the survey finding the average landholding of farmers in the study area is 3.00ha. Barley production in the study area was decreasing due to its low price as compared to wheat, less availability of improved technologies and weak market linkage to malt factory. It is concluded that malt barley production is viable and profitable in the area if all recommendation is followed and applied accordingly.
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
- The study aimed to determine the technical efficiency and factors affecting efficiency of smallholder teff producers in Jamma district, Ethiopia.
- A stochastic frontier production analysis was conducted on data from 149 farmers. The mean technical efficiency was found to be 78%, indicating potential to increase output by 22% through efficient use of resources.
- Age, education, use of improved seed, training, and credit access were found to negatively impact technical inefficiency, while larger farm size positively impacted inefficiency. The study recommends that local government support education, training, credit access, and supply of inputs like fertilizer and seed to improve efficiency.
Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge of Smallholder Farmers on Intercropping Pr...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on indigenous knowledge of intercropping practices among smallholder farmers in West Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. The study identified maize intercropped with haricot bean and sorghum intercropped with haricot bean as the most common intercropping systems. It found that drought, lack of knowledge about soil fertility management, and lack of improved technologies for intercropped crops were major constraints. However, declining land sizes due to population growth and early maturity of legume crops provided opportunities for intercropping. The study concluded that future research should incorporate farmers' practices and promote soil fertility management to improve intercropping in the area.
Farmers’ constraints in rice production in South-East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states that constitute the South East Agro-ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the constraints in rice production through the development of extension training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Article Citation:
Emodi AI.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South-East Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 114-123.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0026.pdf
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Rural women processing cassava in doma local government area of central niger...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on rural women processing cassava in Doma Local Government Area of central Nigeria. The study found that 84% of respondents claimed there were no modern processing technologies recommended in the area. Women primarily used traditional processing methods, which are laborious, time-consuming and provide low yields. The study recommends that relevant authorities work with researchers to develop appropriate processing technologies tailored to the literacy levels and skills of processors. This would help minimize constraints and allow women to realize higher benefits from their cassava processing activities.
This document provides an overview of fruit culture in Afghanistan. It discusses the country's climate and environment, the importance of horticulture to its economy, and production of various fruits. Afghanistan has a generally dry climate with cold winters and hot summers suitable for growing fruits like grapes, almonds, pistachios, and citrus. Horticulture provides food security, income, and an alternative to poppy production. The document outlines efforts to improve fruit cultivation through better varieties, irrigation, soil management, and support for farmers.
Characterization of Malt Barley based farming system in Bale highlands and We...Premier Publishers
This study was examined characterization of malt barley based farming system in Bale and West Arsi zones of Oromia regional state. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. Primary data were obtained through interview schedule by well-structured questionnaire. Secondary data were gained from zonal and district offices of agriculture of the selected sites for the study. A multistage sampling technique was employed for selecting 120 household respondents from three districts: Adaba, Dinsho and Gasera. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data using SPSS software. According to the survey finding the average landholding of farmers in the study area is 3.00ha. Barley production in the study area was decreasing due to its low price as compared to wheat, less availability of improved technologies and weak market linkage to malt factory. It is concluded that malt barley production is viable and profitable in the area if all recommendation is followed and applied accordingly.
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
- The study aimed to determine the technical efficiency and factors affecting efficiency of smallholder teff producers in Jamma district, Ethiopia.
- A stochastic frontier production analysis was conducted on data from 149 farmers. The mean technical efficiency was found to be 78%, indicating potential to increase output by 22% through efficient use of resources.
- Age, education, use of improved seed, training, and credit access were found to negatively impact technical inefficiency, while larger farm size positively impacted inefficiency. The study recommends that local government support education, training, credit access, and supply of inputs like fertilizer and seed to improve efficiency.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Profitability Analysis and Adoption of Improved Box Hive Technology by Small ...AI Publications
Beekeeping is common and one of the agricultural activities used as good source of off-farm income to farmers in Ethiopia in generally, and particularly in the study area. The objectives of the study are to identify determinant of adoption of improved box hive technology and profitability of smallholder farmers in study area. Multi-stage sampling was employed to identify sample respondents. The sample respondents were stratified into adopters and non-adopters of improved box hive. Out of 148 total sample respondents 30 adopters and 118 non-adopters were identified. The data were collected using structured interview schedule, key informant discussion and observation. Partial budgeting technique and econometric models were employed. Partial budgeting result reveals that the beekeepers get financial benefits by adopting improved box hive. The first hurdle result of adoption decision indicated that beekeeping experience, distance to woreda town, frequency of extension contact, sex, age, education status, access to input were significant factors. Further, the second hurdle result of intensity of adoption revealed that frequency of extension contact, livestock holding, age, sex, access to input, family size and labor force were found to be significant factors. Thus, the woreda office of agriculture and rural developments, NGO’s and concerned stockholders should give due attention to these significant variables in the study area to boost improved box hive adoption and its intensity use thereby increase profitability of small holder beekeepers.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Diagnostic analysis of variables of non adoption of rice technology by farmer...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the socio-economic variables contributing to the non-adoption of rice production technologies by farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study surveyed 420 farmers and extension agents using a questionnaire. It found that key elements of finance, land access, and education had the highest impact on non-adoption. Specifically, the inability to obtain loans due to lack of collateral, high interest rates, and high land costs were most significant barriers related to finance and land access. A lack of ongoing farmer education through demonstration plots and follow-up visits also hindered adoption related to education. In conclusion, addressing these key constraints could help boost rice production and adoption of new technologies in Anambra State.
Assessment of losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmersAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed losses of jackfruit as perceived by farmers in Bangladesh. The study found that the majority (71.7%) of farmers perceived medium jackfruit losses, while 17.5% perceived high losses. Total losses averaged 18.61% of production. Losses were highest during production (13.3% of total) due to lack of cultural practices and pest/insect attacks. The study also examined relationships between farmer characteristics and perceived losses. It found that higher income, experience, and knowledge correlated with lower losses, while more problems faced correlated with higher losses.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
The study assessed factors limiting production of citrus among smallholder farmers in Benue state, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 120 respondents using structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean score and factor analysis. Results revealed that 80% males and 20% females were involved in citrus production in the study area, 95% were married with 74.17% having citrus farm size of 1-3 hectares. Site selection (93.3%), variety and rootstock selection (91.7%), irrigation (91.7%), disease control (91.7%), pest management (88.3%), fertilizer application (86.7%), wind breaks (83.3%), grafting/budding (81.7%) were major citrus management practices used by the respondents. Respondents’ activities in citrus production were constrained by infrastructural, fund-related and institutional factors. The study concluded that more males than females were involved in citrus production. It is recommended that research and extension agencies should target appropriate technologies that will improve productivity of citrus and increase income of smallholder farmers for economic empowerment.
Drivers of Improved Cassava Variety Adoption among Farmers in Oyo State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Low cassava productivity in Nigeria has been linked to low adoption of modern technologies amongst farmers, creating a large gap between the current and the potential yield of cassava. Therefore, this study examined the level of adoption of improved cassava variety (TME 419) and its drivers among cassava farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected from 236 cassava farmers with the aid of structured questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and logit regression model. Results showed that cassava farmers in Oyo state were 49 years of age with farming experience of 21 years and farm size of 4 ha. About 69% of surveyed farmers adopted the improved cassava variety while the adoption coefficient was 0.66. The likelihood of adopting improved cassava varieties was significantly influenced by education, household size, primary occupation, farming experience, farm size, land ownership and age. Therefore, increasing the years of farmers’ education, farm size, ownership of land, entry of younger farmers, household size and non-farm occupation will increase the likelihood of adopting improved cassava variety among farmers.
Impact of Frontline Demonstration (Fld’s) On Adoption Behavior of Soybean Gro...iosrjce
The main objective of the FLD is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technology and its management practices on the farmer‟s field by the scientists themselves before taking it into
main extension system of State Department of Agriculture under different agro-climatic regions and in real
farming system. Presently the FLDs are mainly conducted through KVKs in all over the country. This is the
mandatory function of KVK to remove lack of knowledge and constraints in the adoption of improved soybean
production technology. Keeping all these views in mind, the present investigation entitled “Study on knowledge
and adoption level of soybean growers through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs‟) in Ujjain district of M.P.”
For this purpose the data collected on a well prepared interview schedule. through personal interview method
by the investigator. The major findings of the study is majority of the respondents (beneficiaries of FLD
programme and non-beneficiaries) possessed medium level of adoption level. The „t‟ test indicated that there is
a significant difference between scores mean of both the group. Thus, it can be stated that, there is an impact of
FLD programme on the adoption level of the soybean growers.
This document discusses the apple industry in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It notes that apple production is a major part of the state's economy, providing employment and income. The state is a leading producer of apples in India, with production concentrated in districts like Baramulla, Anantnag, and Pulwama. However, the industry faces challenges like lack of processing and marketing facilities that result in 30% of fruit going to waste each year. Expanding the area under orchards and improving post-harvest management could further boost the economic contributions of the apple industry.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
Farmers’ assessment of the government spraying program in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document assesses a government spraying program in Ghana that aims to eradicate cocoa pests and diseases. It conducted interviews with 120 cocoa farmers in 6 communities. The study found that 14.2% of farmers had never benefited from the spraying program. Additionally, 68.3% of farmers expressed dissatisfaction with the performance of spraying personnel. The spraying program did not follow the recommended regime of spraying farms 4 times per year. Inadequate supply of chemicals and personnel were identified as the most critical constraints to the program. The study recommends timely provision of chemicals and improved supervision of spraying personnel.
The document discusses challenges facing Indian agriculture such as population growth, small land holdings, inadequate irrigation, and depleted soils. It proposes solutions like modern technology, better storage facilities, and regenerating soil biology to address these issues. The role of Indian youth is also examined, suggesting integrating agriculture into education, arousing youth interest, and creating opportunities in agricultural enterprises and policy to engage more young people in the sector.
A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmirijtsrd
Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants, vegetables, fruits, flowers and any other cultivar. Kashmir which is known as paradise on earth is locally famous for its horticulture production. Kashmiri horticulture has grown by loops and bounds in the past few years. Apple cultivation is a main crop of Kashmiri horticulture. Apple cultivation is considered as a highly profitable and attractive economic activity in Kashmir. Apple industry plays an important role in the employment generation in the region as it provides employment to nearly 30 lakh people either directly or indirectly. Which suggests that nearly half of the population of a region is engaged in the apple cultivation either directly or indirectly. The aim of a present paper is to analyze the district wise apple production in Kashmir, the total area under the apple cultivation, and the dispatch of apple fruit to different markets of the country as well as abroad from the fruit mandi sopore( largest fruit mandi in Kashmir). Arfat Manzoor"A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7090.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/commerce/7090/a-study-on-area-production-and-marketing-of-apples-in-kashmir/arfat-manzoor
Evaluation of the determinants of socio-economic and cultural performance amo...AI Publications
This article seeks to analyse the effects of the adoption of the geographical indication on the determinants of socio-economic and cultural performance among Penja pepper producers’s group under geographical indication (GR-IGPP) Moungo Division in Cameroon. 176 producers who operate in 4 pepper production areas: Loum, Penja, Njombé, Bouba (Mombo) were asked about the data on socio-economic and cultural characteristics, the 13 characteristic elements of needs on which they spend income from pepper cultivation. These data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, with graphs using the SPSS 23 software. The mapping of the production basins was carried out as an illustration of the geographical characteristics. The results obtained indicate that the percentage of men (86%) who are involved in Penja Pepper cultivation is significantly higher than that of women (14%). The age of the producers ranged between 20 years and 70 years with 45.5% of them having at least a secondary level of education and 31.8%, Primary education. In households members varied but between 3 and 10 people was the most frequent. In the practice of agricultural activities, 46% of people had 10 to 20 years of experience while 8% had less than 5 years and 21% had more than 20 years of experience. Overall, their areas of interest are investment in agricultural activities (35%) and business (10%). Only 5.5% and 5% of producers were concerned about family education and health. Women invest little in farming (8.78%), and in business 0.85%. Involvement in socio-cultural activities, construction and provision of water and electricity for households were not different from other activities. Majority of the producers were men with 39.9% of them within the active age group of 41-50 years. About 71.6% practiced professional pepper cultivation with a reseasonable proportion of income reinvested into the farms. The pepper producers must focus on the aspects of promoting culture, membership of cooperatives and CIGs that guarantee social cohesion in order to increase the chances of sustainability of this culture.
Intercropping of Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with stevia (Stevia reb...paperpublications3
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted in the consecutive two cropping seasons (2011-2012 and 2012-2013) to investigate Haricot Bean based farming system by inclusion of Stevia. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with five replications. The results showed that the yields of haricot bean were not significantly decreased with the increase of stevia population. Sole planting of stevia was superior to other intercropped treatments and produced 20035.3 kgha-1, 41859 kgha-1 and 30947 kgha-1 above ground biomass yield (total of three harvesting cycle), 12439.47 kgha-1, 26296.2kgha-1 and 19367.8 kgha-1 leaf fresh weight (total of the three harvesting cycle) and 3450.71kgha-1, 7570.3kgha-1 and 5510.5kgha-1 leaf dry weight (total of the three harvesting cycle) in the consecutive two cropping season and the pooled mean respectively. The LER and MAI indicating the practice of intercropping of haricot bean with stevia was more advantageous than the conventional monoculture crop. Even if significant yield difference was not observed for haricot bean among the treatment, haricot bean intercrop with 80% stevia mix proportion with LER of 1.43 and MAI of 88278 followed by 60% stevia mix proportion with LER of 1.34 and MAI of 62027 proved to be best than planted at sole indicating the practice of haricot bean–stevia intercropping was more advantageous and profitable than the conventional monoculture crop.
Keywords: Haricot Bean, Intercropping, Land Equivalent Ratio, Monetary Advantage, Stevia rebaudiana, Supplementary.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
.
This document summarizes a study on crop diversification patterns, trends, and determinants among smallholder farmers in eastern Ethiopia. The study analyzed survey data from 167 households in two districts. Crop diversification is an important risk management strategy for farmers in the region due to risks from drought, pests, soil degradation, and input price variations. The study found that farmers with more access to extension services, larger livestock holdings, and market information were less likely to diversify crops, while those with more farm plots, machinery, and irrigation access were more likely to diversify. The document recommends improving access to machinery, market information, and irrigation to promote greater crop diversification in the region.
Determinant of income from pineapple production in imo state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of income from pineapple production in Imo State, Nigeria. 120 pineapple farmers were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Key findings include:
- The average age of farmers was 47 years, most had secondary education, and the average household size was 5.68 people.
- The average farm income was 81,810 Naira ($545) per year. The average farm size was 1.41 hectares.
- Regression analysis found that household size, farm income, extension services, education, farm size, and cooperative membership significantly influenced income levels.
- Farmers cited inadequate capital, storage, and processing facilities as key challenges to pineapple production. The
Participatory on farm evaluation of improved bread wheat technologies in some...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 6 varieties of bread wheat on 27 farmer fields in 3 districts of Southern Ethiopia. The objectives were to test the adaptability and acceptance of wheat varieties and technologies. Data was collected on agronomic traits and yield. Analysis of variance showed varieties significantly impacted traits. Mean yield was 1.78 t/ha but varied by district. Farmers in all districts ranked the Digalu variety first. The study aimed to identify best varieties and increase wheat production and productivity in the region through participatory evaluation and technology dissemination.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Profitability Analysis and Adoption of Improved Box Hive Technology by Small ...AI Publications
Beekeeping is common and one of the agricultural activities used as good source of off-farm income to farmers in Ethiopia in generally, and particularly in the study area. The objectives of the study are to identify determinant of adoption of improved box hive technology and profitability of smallholder farmers in study area. Multi-stage sampling was employed to identify sample respondents. The sample respondents were stratified into adopters and non-adopters of improved box hive. Out of 148 total sample respondents 30 adopters and 118 non-adopters were identified. The data were collected using structured interview schedule, key informant discussion and observation. Partial budgeting technique and econometric models were employed. Partial budgeting result reveals that the beekeepers get financial benefits by adopting improved box hive. The first hurdle result of adoption decision indicated that beekeeping experience, distance to woreda town, frequency of extension contact, sex, age, education status, access to input were significant factors. Further, the second hurdle result of intensity of adoption revealed that frequency of extension contact, livestock holding, age, sex, access to input, family size and labor force were found to be significant factors. Thus, the woreda office of agriculture and rural developments, NGO’s and concerned stockholders should give due attention to these significant variables in the study area to boost improved box hive adoption and its intensity use thereby increase profitability of small holder beekeepers.
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Diagnostic analysis of variables of non adoption of rice technology by farmer...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the socio-economic variables contributing to the non-adoption of rice production technologies by farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study surveyed 420 farmers and extension agents using a questionnaire. It found that key elements of finance, land access, and education had the highest impact on non-adoption. Specifically, the inability to obtain loans due to lack of collateral, high interest rates, and high land costs were most significant barriers related to finance and land access. A lack of ongoing farmer education through demonstration plots and follow-up visits also hindered adoption related to education. In conclusion, addressing these key constraints could help boost rice production and adoption of new technologies in Anambra State.
Assessment of losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmersAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed losses of jackfruit as perceived by farmers in Bangladesh. The study found that the majority (71.7%) of farmers perceived medium jackfruit losses, while 17.5% perceived high losses. Total losses averaged 18.61% of production. Losses were highest during production (13.3% of total) due to lack of cultural practices and pest/insect attacks. The study also examined relationships between farmer characteristics and perceived losses. It found that higher income, experience, and knowledge correlated with lower losses, while more problems faced correlated with higher losses.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
The study assessed factors limiting production of citrus among smallholder farmers in Benue state, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 120 respondents using structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean score and factor analysis. Results revealed that 80% males and 20% females were involved in citrus production in the study area, 95% were married with 74.17% having citrus farm size of 1-3 hectares. Site selection (93.3%), variety and rootstock selection (91.7%), irrigation (91.7%), disease control (91.7%), pest management (88.3%), fertilizer application (86.7%), wind breaks (83.3%), grafting/budding (81.7%) were major citrus management practices used by the respondents. Respondents’ activities in citrus production were constrained by infrastructural, fund-related and institutional factors. The study concluded that more males than females were involved in citrus production. It is recommended that research and extension agencies should target appropriate technologies that will improve productivity of citrus and increase income of smallholder farmers for economic empowerment.
Drivers of Improved Cassava Variety Adoption among Farmers in Oyo State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Low cassava productivity in Nigeria has been linked to low adoption of modern technologies amongst farmers, creating a large gap between the current and the potential yield of cassava. Therefore, this study examined the level of adoption of improved cassava variety (TME 419) and its drivers among cassava farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected from 236 cassava farmers with the aid of structured questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and logit regression model. Results showed that cassava farmers in Oyo state were 49 years of age with farming experience of 21 years and farm size of 4 ha. About 69% of surveyed farmers adopted the improved cassava variety while the adoption coefficient was 0.66. The likelihood of adopting improved cassava varieties was significantly influenced by education, household size, primary occupation, farming experience, farm size, land ownership and age. Therefore, increasing the years of farmers’ education, farm size, ownership of land, entry of younger farmers, household size and non-farm occupation will increase the likelihood of adopting improved cassava variety among farmers.
Impact of Frontline Demonstration (Fld’s) On Adoption Behavior of Soybean Gro...iosrjce
The main objective of the FLD is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technology and its management practices on the farmer‟s field by the scientists themselves before taking it into
main extension system of State Department of Agriculture under different agro-climatic regions and in real
farming system. Presently the FLDs are mainly conducted through KVKs in all over the country. This is the
mandatory function of KVK to remove lack of knowledge and constraints in the adoption of improved soybean
production technology. Keeping all these views in mind, the present investigation entitled “Study on knowledge
and adoption level of soybean growers through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs‟) in Ujjain district of M.P.”
For this purpose the data collected on a well prepared interview schedule. through personal interview method
by the investigator. The major findings of the study is majority of the respondents (beneficiaries of FLD
programme and non-beneficiaries) possessed medium level of adoption level. The „t‟ test indicated that there is
a significant difference between scores mean of both the group. Thus, it can be stated that, there is an impact of
FLD programme on the adoption level of the soybean growers.
This document discusses the apple industry in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It notes that apple production is a major part of the state's economy, providing employment and income. The state is a leading producer of apples in India, with production concentrated in districts like Baramulla, Anantnag, and Pulwama. However, the industry faces challenges like lack of processing and marketing facilities that result in 30% of fruit going to waste each year. Expanding the area under orchards and improving post-harvest management could further boost the economic contributions of the apple industry.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
Farmers’ assessment of the government spraying program in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document assesses a government spraying program in Ghana that aims to eradicate cocoa pests and diseases. It conducted interviews with 120 cocoa farmers in 6 communities. The study found that 14.2% of farmers had never benefited from the spraying program. Additionally, 68.3% of farmers expressed dissatisfaction with the performance of spraying personnel. The spraying program did not follow the recommended regime of spraying farms 4 times per year. Inadequate supply of chemicals and personnel were identified as the most critical constraints to the program. The study recommends timely provision of chemicals and improved supervision of spraying personnel.
The document discusses challenges facing Indian agriculture such as population growth, small land holdings, inadequate irrigation, and depleted soils. It proposes solutions like modern technology, better storage facilities, and regenerating soil biology to address these issues. The role of Indian youth is also examined, suggesting integrating agriculture into education, arousing youth interest, and creating opportunities in agricultural enterprises and policy to engage more young people in the sector.
A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmirijtsrd
Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants, vegetables, fruits, flowers and any other cultivar. Kashmir which is known as paradise on earth is locally famous for its horticulture production. Kashmiri horticulture has grown by loops and bounds in the past few years. Apple cultivation is a main crop of Kashmiri horticulture. Apple cultivation is considered as a highly profitable and attractive economic activity in Kashmir. Apple industry plays an important role in the employment generation in the region as it provides employment to nearly 30 lakh people either directly or indirectly. Which suggests that nearly half of the population of a region is engaged in the apple cultivation either directly or indirectly. The aim of a present paper is to analyze the district wise apple production in Kashmir, the total area under the apple cultivation, and the dispatch of apple fruit to different markets of the country as well as abroad from the fruit mandi sopore( largest fruit mandi in Kashmir). Arfat Manzoor"A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7090.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/commerce/7090/a-study-on-area-production-and-marketing-of-apples-in-kashmir/arfat-manzoor
Evaluation of the determinants of socio-economic and cultural performance amo...AI Publications
This article seeks to analyse the effects of the adoption of the geographical indication on the determinants of socio-economic and cultural performance among Penja pepper producers’s group under geographical indication (GR-IGPP) Moungo Division in Cameroon. 176 producers who operate in 4 pepper production areas: Loum, Penja, Njombé, Bouba (Mombo) were asked about the data on socio-economic and cultural characteristics, the 13 characteristic elements of needs on which they spend income from pepper cultivation. These data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, with graphs using the SPSS 23 software. The mapping of the production basins was carried out as an illustration of the geographical characteristics. The results obtained indicate that the percentage of men (86%) who are involved in Penja Pepper cultivation is significantly higher than that of women (14%). The age of the producers ranged between 20 years and 70 years with 45.5% of them having at least a secondary level of education and 31.8%, Primary education. In households members varied but between 3 and 10 people was the most frequent. In the practice of agricultural activities, 46% of people had 10 to 20 years of experience while 8% had less than 5 years and 21% had more than 20 years of experience. Overall, their areas of interest are investment in agricultural activities (35%) and business (10%). Only 5.5% and 5% of producers were concerned about family education and health. Women invest little in farming (8.78%), and in business 0.85%. Involvement in socio-cultural activities, construction and provision of water and electricity for households were not different from other activities. Majority of the producers were men with 39.9% of them within the active age group of 41-50 years. About 71.6% practiced professional pepper cultivation with a reseasonable proportion of income reinvested into the farms. The pepper producers must focus on the aspects of promoting culture, membership of cooperatives and CIGs that guarantee social cohesion in order to increase the chances of sustainability of this culture.
Intercropping of Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with stevia (Stevia reb...paperpublications3
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted in the consecutive two cropping seasons (2011-2012 and 2012-2013) to investigate Haricot Bean based farming system by inclusion of Stevia. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with five replications. The results showed that the yields of haricot bean were not significantly decreased with the increase of stevia population. Sole planting of stevia was superior to other intercropped treatments and produced 20035.3 kgha-1, 41859 kgha-1 and 30947 kgha-1 above ground biomass yield (total of three harvesting cycle), 12439.47 kgha-1, 26296.2kgha-1 and 19367.8 kgha-1 leaf fresh weight (total of the three harvesting cycle) and 3450.71kgha-1, 7570.3kgha-1 and 5510.5kgha-1 leaf dry weight (total of the three harvesting cycle) in the consecutive two cropping season and the pooled mean respectively. The LER and MAI indicating the practice of intercropping of haricot bean with stevia was more advantageous than the conventional monoculture crop. Even if significant yield difference was not observed for haricot bean among the treatment, haricot bean intercrop with 80% stevia mix proportion with LER of 1.43 and MAI of 88278 followed by 60% stevia mix proportion with LER of 1.34 and MAI of 62027 proved to be best than planted at sole indicating the practice of haricot bean–stevia intercropping was more advantageous and profitable than the conventional monoculture crop.
Keywords: Haricot Bean, Intercropping, Land Equivalent Ratio, Monetary Advantage, Stevia rebaudiana, Supplementary.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
.
This document summarizes a study on crop diversification patterns, trends, and determinants among smallholder farmers in eastern Ethiopia. The study analyzed survey data from 167 households in two districts. Crop diversification is an important risk management strategy for farmers in the region due to risks from drought, pests, soil degradation, and input price variations. The study found that farmers with more access to extension services, larger livestock holdings, and market information were less likely to diversify crops, while those with more farm plots, machinery, and irrigation access were more likely to diversify. The document recommends improving access to machinery, market information, and irrigation to promote greater crop diversification in the region.
Determinant of income from pineapple production in imo state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of income from pineapple production in Imo State, Nigeria. 120 pineapple farmers were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Key findings include:
- The average age of farmers was 47 years, most had secondary education, and the average household size was 5.68 people.
- The average farm income was 81,810 Naira ($545) per year. The average farm size was 1.41 hectares.
- Regression analysis found that household size, farm income, extension services, education, farm size, and cooperative membership significantly influenced income levels.
- Farmers cited inadequate capital, storage, and processing facilities as key challenges to pineapple production. The
Determinant of income from pineapple production in imo state, nigeria
Similar to Pre-Scaling up of Improved Finger Millet Technologies: The Case of Daro Lebu and Habro Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Participatory on farm evaluation of improved bread wheat technologies in some...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 6 varieties of bread wheat on 27 farmer fields in 3 districts of Southern Ethiopia. The objectives were to test the adaptability and acceptance of wheat varieties and technologies. Data was collected on agronomic traits and yield. Analysis of variance showed varieties significantly impacted traits. Mean yield was 1.78 t/ha but varied by district. Farmers in all districts ranked the Digalu variety first. The study aimed to identify best varieties and increase wheat production and productivity in the region through participatory evaluation and technology dissemination.
Participatory rural appraisals (PRA) were conducted in July 14 to 30, 2016 in AGP-II project target districts: Erar waldiya and Dire Teyara in Harari region of Ethiopia. PRA exercises were conducted using various PRA tools which included review of secondary data, focus group discussions, field observations (Transact walk) and pair-wise ranking. The tools were used to identify the biophysical and socio-economic constraints, opportunities and developments within the kebeles. Agricultural and animal productions are common in the surveyed Kebeles of the AGP-II target districts. Mixed farming is widely practiced in the kebeles of both districts. Staple food crops like maize and sorghum, and cash crops like vegetables and khat (Catha edulis Forsk) are commonly produced across all targets of AGP-II districts and also as region as well. Growing maize and sorghum in khat alleys is another cropping system practiced in both districts. The PRA work has also identified various categories of constraints to increasing crop production in the areas. The major bottlenecks include lack of improved crop varieties, low soil fertility, deforestation, moisture stress, disease and insect pests, and lack of awareness on soil fertility crop management. In most of the PRA Kebeles, it was found that continuous cropping, complete removal of crop residues from farm lands, soil erosion, deforestation, absence of fallowing, and inadequate soil fertility management practices are the major causes for low soil fertility and crop yields. In most cases, farmers apply Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), urea and farmyard manure to improve soil fertility and crop yield. However, very few farmers use integrated application of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure for crop production. In addition, no scientifically formulated and recommended fertilizer rates are available for the specific soils and environments. Thus, due to the lack of scientifically recommended rates of fertilizers and high costs of mineral fertilizers, farmers often use smaller rates of mineral N and P fertilizers based on haphazard estimations.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the camel production system among Afar pastoralists in northeastern Ethiopia. The study found that 68.2% of respondents preferred camels over other livestock. Disease was the main problem, accounting for 40.9% of issues and 35.8% of camel culling reasons. The most common health problems were external parasites and pneumonia. Over 80% of breeding males came from the owners' own herds. The average age of first calving for females was 5.36 years. Daily milk yields ranged from 2.01-12 liters over 2-3 milkings. The average age for selecting breeding males was 2.75 years. The production system has received little support
Intercropping of Maize(Zea mays L.) with Spear mint(Mentha spicata L.) as Sup...paperpublications3
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted in 2011 up to 2013 cropping season to investigate maize based farming system by inclusion of spearmint. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications.The result showed that sole planting of spearmint gave significantly higher essential oil yield, leaf fresh weight, above ground biomass than planting as intercropped with maize. However, intercropping didn’t show significant variation on plant height, shelling percentage and grain yield of the main crop. Land equivalent ratio (LER) indicated yield advantages for all intercrop combinations, especially at 42cm inter row spacing of spearmint intercropped with maize followed by 36cm inter row spacing of spearmint intercropped with maize. Similarly, Maize intercrop with spearmint at 42cm inter row spacing of spearmint gave higher monetary advantage index (41747) followed by 36cm inter row spacing of spearmint intercropped with maize (37496) than planted at sole. This indicate that intercropping maize at 42cm inter row spacing of spearmint followed by 36cm inter row spacing of spearmint is biologically efficient, economically feasible and more profitable than planting alone.
Keywords: Intercropping, Land Equivalent Ratio, Mentha spicata, Monetary Advantage, Supplementary, Zea mays
Participatory variety selection of Faba Bean for yield components and yield a...Premier Publishers
Faba bean is one the major highland grain food legumes contributing an enormous amount of protein to the human diet in Ethiopia. Though a lot of improved varieties were released by research centers farmers depend on low yield and local varieties. Participatory variety selection is one of the methods used to evaluate varieties through involvement of users. The participatory faba bean variety selection was conducted during 2014 cropping season at Chiro and Gemachis districts on two farmers training center and three farmers field. Eight released varieties with one local check were laid out in Randomized complete block design in three replications on Farmers training center and single plot on farmer’s field. Agronomic and farmer selection data were collected and analyzed. From all the tested varieties, variety Hachalu was superior in grain yield (1437 kg ha-1) and ( 808 kg ha-1) while Wayu variety was yielded (719 kg ha-1) and 796 (kg ha-1) at Chiro and Gamachis respectively. The lowest grain yield was obtained from Obse (215 kg ha-1) variety at Chiro and Local variety (581 kg ha-1) at Gemachis respectively. In case of farmer preference Hachalu score higher mean value (3.8) followed by Tumsa (3.6) and least mean value was recorded from variety local (2.2). Therefore, the varieties selected by researcher and farmer data Hachalu, Wayu and Tumsa were recommended for further production in these areas.
This study analyzed gender differences in technical efficiency among hungry rice (Acha) farmers in Plateau State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 160 farmers, 80 male and 80 female. Results showed males had higher mean technical efficiency (0.77) than females (0.61). Production function models found farm size, inputs, and hired labor significantly influenced male output, while family labor, farm size, inputs influenced female output. Determinants of inefficiency for both included age, education, experience, and credit access, while extension contact also impacted male farmers. The study concluded gender disparities in technical efficiencies exist, and recommendations included improving input access, enhancing women's access to resources, and gender-sensitive agricultural policies.
Disease surveys were conducted in rice grown districts of Libokemkem, Dera and Fogera in south Gondar zone in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons. The study was designed to identify and record rice disease flora, their distribution in the districts, prioritize according to the importance and document for future use. Forty-six and 48 rice fields were assessed from nine Peasant Association (PA) in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons, respectively. Rice diseases; Leaf blast, Panicle Blast, Brown spot, Sheath rot, Sheath brown rot, Sheath Blight, Bacterial blight, Rice Yellow Motile Virus, Kernel smut, Downy mildew were identified in 2016 cropping season and nine rice diseases: Leaf blast, Panicle Blast, Neck Blast, Node blast, Brown spot, Sheath rot, Sheath brown rot, Rice Yellow Motile Virus, Kernel smut were identified in 2017. The overall mean prevalence of sheath rot and sheath brown rot diseases were above 60%, while the others had prevalence below 21%. The incidences and severities of these two diseases were higher than the other diseases implying that both diseases were important. In the present studies many rice diseases were recorded in lowland ecosystem as compared to upland ecosystem. From the assessment X-jigna cultivar was more susceptible to rice disease and followed by Gumera. The results indicate that a sheath rot, and sheath brown rot, were important across the districts and years. Loss assessment studies should be initiated in order to know the yield damage caused by the diseases.
This document presents a thesis research proposal on determining the factors affecting potato production in Goro Muti District, East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. The study aims to assess the major socioeconomic, production, and institutional factors limiting potato yields and identify opportunities and constraints facing farmers. Data will be collected through surveys of 196 farm households and secondary sources. The study area has potential for potato farming but current yields of 8 tons/ha are below regional and national averages due to challenges like disease, seed quality, and lack of improved practices and inputs. The research seeks to understand why production is low and provide recommendations to boost yields and incomes for smallholder farmers.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
This document summarizes research on cassava agronomy in southern Ethiopia over the last two decades. Some key findings include:
1) Optimal plant spacing of 100 cm x 80 cm, 120 cm x 80 cm, and 80 cm x 80 cm was found for Awassa, Amaro Kele, and Amaro Jijola areas respectively based on population studies.
2) Intercropping cassava with maize, beans, cowpeas, soybeans and mung beans resulted in land equivalent ratios greater than 1, indicating yield advantages over sole cropping.
3) Planting cassava vertically or at an angle in sandy soils and using middle to upper stem cuttings as planting material produced
Evaluating the Response Of Maize (Zea Mays L.), Varieties To Plant Population...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during 2011 small rainy season (Belg) at Elefeta Farmer Training Center (FTC), in west Badewacho Woreda, Hadiya Zone, with the objectives to determine the optimum proportion of maize-haricot bean intercropping for maximum productivity and economic benefit; evaluate the performance of different maize varieties intercropped with haricot bean; identify the optimum haricot bean population density of intercropped with different maize varieties; and Estimate economic benefits of maize haricot bean intercropping. Three varieties of maize (PHB3253 Jabi, PHB30G19 Shone and Local) were planted intercropped with four haricot bean population densities (D1 = 62,500; D2 = 125,000; D3 = 187500; D4 = 250,000) arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. In this study, sole cropped maize’s varieties gave significantly (P<0.05)><0.05)> with 100 % haricot bean population density is recommended for intercropping for their better compatibility and economic benefit with haricot bean as compared to other varieties and population densities in the study area.
Evaluating the Response Of Maize (Zea Mays L.), Varieties To Plant Population...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during 2011 small rainy season (Belg) at Elefeta Farmer Training Center (FTC), in west Badewacho Woreda, Hadiya Zone, with the objectives to determine the optimum proportion of maize-haricot bean intercropping for maximum productivity and economic benefit; evaluate the performance of different maize varieties intercropped with haricot bean; identify the optimum haricot bean population density of intercropped with different maize varieties; and Estimate economic benefits of maize haricot bean intercropping. Three varieties of maize (PHB3253 Jabi, PHB30G19 Shone and Local) were planted intercropped with four haricot bean population densities (D1 = 62,500; D2 = 125,000; D3 = 187500; D4 = 250,000) arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. In this study, sole cropped maize’s varieties gave significantly (P<0.05)><0.05)> with 100 % haricot bean population density is recommended for intercropping for their better compatibility and economic benefit with haricot bean as compared to other varieties and population densities in the study area.
AN ASSESSMENT OF PROFITABILITY OF GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION USING GROSS MARGIN, TH...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. With the constraints on land due to increased population and emergence of other enterprises such as sugarcane farming, groundnut remains a dominant crop in the area and continues to play a critical role as a source of income to the rural farmers. The study focused on profitability of groundnut production in Ndhiwa Sub-County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on production characteristics of farmers, groundnut yield levels, total input costs (variable) and revenues earned were obtained from 323 farmers and analyzed. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. The operational cost and returns of groundnuts production were determined through Gross Margin (GM) and return on investment analysis. Secondary and primary data collected was collated, cleaned and coded for electronic entry and analysis. Groundnut was mainly grown in small scale with the average area under groundnut being 0.32 ha under. The average gross income from groundnut production was KES 34,268 per hectare from a mean output of 659 kilograms. Groundnut was found to be profitable in the area since it had a positive gross margin.
Participatory on farm evaluation of improved bread wheat technologies in some...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated 6 varieties of bread wheat on 27 farmers' fields in 3 districts of southern Ethiopia. Variety and location significantly affected plant height, spike length, seeds per spike, and yield. The highest-yielding variety was Digalu, which farmers in all districts ranked first due to its adaptation, disease resistance, quality, and market value. Variety Tay was also well-adapted and ranked second in 2 districts. However, variety HAR-604 performed poorly and was susceptible to diseases. The study concluded that Digalu can be recommended for all areas, while Tay is suitable for some locations.
This document is a review on the effect of plant density on the growth and yields of chickpeas. It discusses how chickpeas are an important crop in Ethiopia and globally, providing nutrition and income. The literature review covers how plant density affects chickpea growth parameters, root parameters, yield, nutrient uptake and soil nutrients, and nutritional content. The objective is to review the effects of inter-row and intra-row spacing on chickpea yield and yield components.
This document is a senior seminar paper reviewing the effect of plant density on growth and yields of chickpea. It begins with an introduction on chickpea production in Ethiopia and outlines the objective to review the effects of inter- and intra-row spacing on chickpea yield and yield components. The literature review covers the origin and distribution of chickpea, its production in Ethiopia, economic importance, and effects of plant density on chickpea growth parameters, root parameters, yield, nutrient uptake, and nutritional content. The paper aims to provide an overview of existing research on how plant density impacts various aspects of chickpea growth and production.
Adaptation and Performance Evaluation of Released Napier Grass Varieties unde...PriyankaKilaniya
Five Napier grass varieties were evaluated for agronomic performance and yield at Abobo agricultural research center under rain fed condition in Gambella. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on agronomic parameters such as plant height, survival rate, leaf to stem ratio, node number per plant, internodes length per plant, tillering performance and dry matter yield were analyzed using general linear model(GLM) procedure of SAS, least significant difference (LSD) at 5% was used for mean separation. Combined analysis indicated that tested varieties varied significantly (p<0.05) for survival rate, plant height, leaf to stem ratio, tillering performance, internodes length per plant and dry matter yield. The highest plant survival rate (86.33%) was recorded for Check followed by varieties 16819(73.60%), 16984(71.92%), and 16791(67.83%) respectively. On the other hand, variety 15743(66.67%) showed the lowest plant survival rate. The mean plant height ranges from 2.09m to 2.49m with an overall mean plant height of 2.31m. The tallest mean plant height (2.49m) was recorded in 15743 while shortest mean plan height (2.09m) was recorded in check. The mean leaf to stem ratio range from 1.71 to 1.28 with the overall mean of 1.52, and The higher leaf to stem ratio value (1.71) were recorded from check, followed by 16984(1.67), 15743(1.59), 16819(1.35) while the lowest value were recorded in 16791(1.28). In a combined analysis the mean dry matter yield range from 20.02 t/ha to 14.05 t/ha with the overall mean of 16.24 t/ha. The higher dry matter yield value (20.02 t/ha) were recorded from 16819, followed by 16791(16.77t/ha) and check (16.12t/ha) respectively. The lowest mean dry matter yield were recorded in 16984(14.05 t/ha) and 15743(14.26t/ha). Generally, Napier grass varieties tested has shown variation for agronomic performance and yield under rain fed condition in Gambella
Similar to Pre-Scaling up of Improved Finger Millet Technologies: The Case of Daro Lebu and Habro Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Pre-Scaling up of Improved Finger Millet Technologies: The Case of Daro Lebu and Habro Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
2. Pre-Scaling up of Improved Finger Millet Technologies: The Case of Daro Lebu and Habro Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Zewdu et al. 132
The archaeological findings of finger millet from Ethiopia
date to about the third millennium BC (Hilu et al., 1979).
The crop is mainly grown in the northern, north western
and western parts of the country, especially during the
main rainy season. The national annual production area of
finger millet in 2016/17 cropping season is estimated at
around 456,171.54hectares, with a total production of 10.3
million quintals (CSA, 2017). Similarly, the annual finger
millet area production in 2016/17 cropping season at
Oromia region is estimated at 89,584.80 hectares, with a
total production of 2 million quintals. A total of 45,698
farmers produced finger millet in 2016/17 cropping season
at West Hararghe zone.
Finger millet cultivation is more widespread in terms of its
geographical adaptation compared to other millets. It has
the ability to withstand varied conditions of heat, drought,
humidity and tropical weather (GCDT, 2012). Also, it has
high nutritional value and excellent storage qualities. Its
grain contains 9.2% protein, 1.29% fat, 76.32%
carbohydrates, 2.24% minerals, 3.99% ash and 0.33%
calcium. In Ethiopia, the grain is used for making native
bread, injera, porridge, cake, soup, traditional breakfast
called “Chachabsa” malt, local beer, and distilled spirit
(Areki) alone or in mixture with teff, maize and barley
(Asfaw et al., 2011; Wadajo, 2015). Finger millet can be
stored for a period up to ten years or more without
deterioration and weevil damage. However, its productivity
is very low mainly due to shortage of improved varieties
(Birhanu, 2015), weeds, insect (termite), diseases (blast),
rat damage, shortage of rainfall, worm attacks, improper
application of inputs (fertilizers and seed)and traditional
management practices (Tefera and Adane, 2013).
Generation and dissemination of new improved varieties,
training and demonstration on crop production and
management are strategies revealed by different authors
for improving productivity of the crop (Tefera and Adane,
2013). Under research circumstances once new
technologies are released, verified and adapted, the next
step is conducting pilot test/demonstration on a small
number of farmer’s field. All full packages of technology
are shown to the farmers in a participatory way. Then,
selected technologies is settled for further popularization
and scaling up to create awareness towards technologies
thereby improving livelihoods and food security status of
the households in mandate area.
Similarly, adaptation trial under research station and pilot
test were conducted on finger millet varieties on farmer’s
field. Accordingly, Boneya (27.5Qt/ha) and Tadesse
(24.5Qt/ha) were outstanding varieties in resistance of
drought, yield and other parameters than local cultivar.
Again in 2012, popularization and promotion of Boneya
variety was conducted both in Habro and Daro Lebu
districts. A total of 51 farmers, seven kebeles and 4.5
hectare of land have been addressed through technology
promotion and popularization programs. Scaling up of the
technologies is highly required to create multiple impacts
and address a large number of farmers. Therefore, the
activity was initiated in order to pre-scaling improved finger
millet variety in Daro Lebu and Habro districts to improve
smallholder’s productivity and production of finger millet
thereby strengthen linkage among actors and farmers
knowledge and skill on finger millet production in the area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of the Study Area
Daro Lebu is one of the districts found under West
Hararghe Zone. The capital town of the district Mechara is
found at about 434 km South East of Addis Ababa. The
district is situated between 7o52'10" and 8o42'30" N and
4o023'57" and 41o9'14" E. at 08o35'.589"North and 40o
19'114"East. The district is characterized mostly by flat and
undulating land features with altitude ranging from 1350 up
to 2450 m.a.s.l. Ambient temperature of the district ranges
from 140C to 260C with average of 160C with an average
annual rainfall of 963 mm/year. The pattern of rain fall is
bimodal and its distribution is mostly uneven. Generally,
there are two rainy seasons: the short rainy season ‘Belg’
lasts from mid-February to April whereas the long rainy
season ‘kiremt’ is from June to September. The rainfall is
erratic; onset is unpredictable, its distribution and amount
are also quite irregular. Consequently, most kebeles
frequently face shortage of rain; hence moisture stress is
one of major production constraints in the district
(DLDoANRO, 2016). The district has an estimated total
population of 239,222,of whom 122, 386 were males and
116,836 were females; 23,609 of its population were urban
dwellers, whereas215, 613 were rural dwellers (CSA,
2013).
The district covers an area of 210, 280 hectares and
divided in to 37 kebeles and 3 rural towns of which 23
kebeles in lowland and 17 kebeles are in mid-land areas.
The livelihood of the people in the district is predominantly
dependent on mixed farming. Crop and livestock
production are the major means of livelihood of the rural
community. Most commonly grown crops include maize
(Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), groundnuts
(Arachishypogaea), coffee (Coffea arabica), khat
(Cathaedulis) and haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The
major animals kept in the area are cattle, goats, sheep,
donkeys, chickens and bees (DLDoANRO, 2016).
Habro district is another district in West Hararghe zone of
Oromia region. The district has an altitude range from
1600-2400 m.a.s.l. The mean annual rainfall of the district
is 1010 mm and the annual temperature ranges from 5-
32oC (HDoANRO, 2016). The rainfall pattern in the area is
uni-modal with high amount of rainfall occurring during the
main rainy season between June to September (Kiremt)
3. Pre-Scaling up of Improved Finger Millet Technologies: The Case of Daro Lebu and Habro Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 133
and the short rainy season stretching from March to June
(Belg). The highest rainfall is received in August. The agro-
ecology of the district comprises highland (19%), mid-
altitude (50%) and lowland (31%) areas (Mengistu et al.,
2016). It occupies a total area of 725 km2 i.e. about 4.2%
of the zonal total area. The district has an estimated total
population of 244,444; of whom 126,176 were men and
118,268 were women (CSA 2013).
Mixed crop-livestock agriculture is a common farming
system in the study area. The main crops grown in the area
are cereals such as teff (Eragrostistef), maize (Zea mays),
wheat (Triticumaestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare),
haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and sorghum (Sorghum
bicolor) and cash crops such as coffee (Coffea arabica),
chat (Cathaedulis), pepper (Capsicum species) and onion
(Alluimcepa). The major animals kept in the area are cattle,
goats, donkeys, chickens and bees (HDoANRO, 2016).
Figure 1: Map of study areas
Source: Own design, 2017
Overview of Production of Finger Millet in Western
Hararghe Zone
Finger millet is one of the cereal crops produced other than
maize, sorghum, teff and other cereals crop in the area. It
is one of top six cereal crops produced next to sorghum,
maize, barely, teff and wheat in the area in 2014 (CSA,
2015). The average yield obtained from the crop was
accounted 14.91Qt/ha. The data obtained from the Central
Statistical Authority of Ethiopia indicated that the number
of producers of finger millet for the last five years has
relatively increased from year to years (Figure 2). But,
shortage of improved seed and drought conditions affect
production and productivity of finger millet in the area.
Site and Farmer Selection
The study was conducted for one year in 2016 at Daro
Lebu and Habro districts of West Hararghe zone. Expert
meeting was undertaken for the site and farmer selection.
Major finger millet producing kebeles and farmers selected
in collaboration with district Agricultural and Natural
Resources Office. Accordingly, two kebeles from each
district were selected purposively based on finger millet
production potentials. A total of 160 farmers were selected
from two districts based on the selection criteria like
working ability of farmer, gender balance, willingness to
allocate land for scaling up, willingness to take whether the
research result or risk, promise to
4. Pre-Scaling up of Improved Finger Millet Technologies: The Case of Daro Lebu and Habro Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Zewdu et al. 134
Figure 2: Finger millet producer in West Hararghe Zone for last five years.
Source: CSA, 2013-2017
manage the field and ability to cooperate and interest to
the crop and agro-ecology of the area. An average of
0.125ha of land was used for the activity on each of the
selected farmers.
Finger Millet Scaling Up Process
Finger millet adaptation study was started by the center.
Based on results obtained, demonstration and evaluation
were undertaken and two varieties namely Boneya and
Tadesse were recommended for further studies in similar
agro-ecologies. Based on result obtained from the trial,
demonstration was conducted on farmers in 2009 and
2010 in Habro and Daro Lebu districts to evaluate finger
millet varieties along local cultivars under farmer
conditions. Based on farmer’s feedback and other
parameters, both varieties were selected by the farmers
for further promotion and scaling up process. Accordingly,
promotion of the varieties was conducted in 2011 and 2012
by increasing number of farmers and locations to create
impact on farmers improved seed production system
thereby creating awareness through field days, media
exposure and other mechanisms. Finally, scaling up of
improved finger millet varieties was conducted on a large
number of farmers and over locations to create larger
impacts on the farmer views.
Figure 3: Innovation, learning and scaling up linkages in agricultural technologies
Source: Adopted from Linn et al. (2011)
18,806
19,987
16,399
14,924
45,698
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Numberofproducers
Year
Number
of holders
New idea,
model and
approach
(variety
development)
Pilot project
(demonstration,
popularization
and variety
selection)
M&E learning
and KM (field
days,
supervision,
training &
exchange visits)
Internal
knowledge
Outside
knowledge
Scale up
Multiple
impactLimited
impact
Innovation Learning Scaling up
5. Pre-Scaling up of Improved Finger Millet Technologies: The Case of Daro Lebu and Habro Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 135
Types of Data and Methods of Data Collection
Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through
close supervision and following up of the activity with joint
action of the stakeholders. Data record sheet was
developed to collect the data. Thus, field observation,
contacting the target farmer and focus group discussion
during the field visit were the data collection methods.
Yield data and farmers’ preference toward the variety were
collected from farmer’s field. Number of farmers
participates in training and field day, number of location
addressed, amount of seed distributed and number of
farmers benefited from the scaling up process were major
types of data collected during scaling up process.
Methods of Data Analysis
Qualitative data like farmers’ preference were analyzed
using descriptive analysis and narration while quantitative
data were analyzed using SPSS v.20 software.
Method of Communicating the Result
Field days, building local farmer to farmer networking,
training and print materials (Leaflets, banners, posters,
mass media/TVO, etc) were the methods of
communicating the result in order to create impact in the
project location.
Improved Varieties of Finger Millet Traits
Both varieties of finger millet described in Table 1 were
produced for long period of time in Ethiopia. Boneya
variety was released by Bako Agricultural Research
Center operated under Oromia Agricultural Research
Institute whereas Tadesse variety was released by
Melkassa Agricultural Research Center that operated
under Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. The
varieties were different in morphological characteristics.
Table 1: Traits of improved finger millet varieties
Variety Year of release Area of adaptation Maturity days Yield (kg/ha) Production Status
Altitude (m) Rainfall (mm) On-research field On- farm field
Tadesse 1999 1600-1900 ≥700 120-130 3000-4500 2700 under production
Boneya 2002 1400-1900 1200-1300 145 2500-3000 2200 under production
Source: EARO, 2004
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Extension Services on Finger Millet Production
Improved varieties
Based on fact and figure obtained during earlier conducted
demonstration and promotion experiment, both varieties
showed better performance in terms of yield, drought
tolerant and others parameters than local cultivars. The
varieties were recommended both by farmers and
researchers interest for further dissemination and
multiplication in the area. Accordingly, Boneya and
Tadesse varieties seed were multiplied by the center and
supplied for further dissemination. A total of two kebeles
and 160 farmers from both districts produced improved
finger millet varieties in 20 hectares of lands (Table 2). A
total of 5.6 quintals of improved varieties were delivered to
the farmers, of which 2.66 quintals were Boneya and 2.94
quintals were Tadesse variety. The required amount of
fertilizer rate was covered by the farmers themselves to
apply cost-sharing extension approach.
Table 2: Summary of inputs procured to the farmers
District Kebeles Varieties Farmers Amount given(Qt) Area covered (Ha)
Daro Lebu Kotara Boneya 38 1.33 4.75
Kortu Tadesse 37 1.295 4.625
Habro Lugo Tadese 47 1.645 5.875
GarbiGoba Boneya 38 1.33 4.75
Total 160 5.6 20
Source: Own results, 2016
Advisory services
Advisory services are one of extension services given to
the farmers through public and private extension systems.
In our country, advisory service is highly dominated by
public extension systems that are given through extension
agents, researchers and agricultural professionals (Belay
and Dawit, 2017). Farmers obtained advisory services
from beginning up to the end of activity on improved finger
millet varieties and practices. The advisory services are
given to the farmers at different stages of productions
mainly by researchers and extension agents. In this study
during seed distribution, a sort of orientation on row
preparation and sowing and fertilizer application was given
by researchers to selected farmers for production
purposes. During supervision, information on weeding
practices, harvesting and overall management required for
the varieties were delivered to produced farmers mainly by
researchers, extension agents and experts.
6. Pre-Scaling up of Improved Finger Millet Technologies: The Case of Daro Lebu and Habro Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Zewdu et al. 136
All agronomic practices and packages of technologies
required for the varieties were applied on farmer’s field.
But, all farmers did not apply the agronomic practices
required for the varieties on their field. Broadcast sowing;
reduce number of seed rate and increasing and
decreasing farm allocation to finger millet varieties are
problems observed on some of farmer’s field.
Training
Besides advisory services, training was prepared for the
farmers, extension agents and agricultural experts on
finger millet agronomic practices, production and pre-
harvest and post-harvest managements to improve
knowledge, skills and attitudes of trainees. As indicated in
Table 3,a total of 15 farmers, 9 extension agents and 7
agricultural experts had to participate in training program.
Due to budget shortage, all farmers did not participate in
training program. Out of 160 finger millet producer farmers,
15 model farmers were selected by different criteria’s such
as role model, ability to transmit information,
communicator and others. Extension agents and
participant farmers were transmitted information shared
from training to the non-participant farmers. Participatory
training method was followed during implementation of
training program for sharing knowledge’s, skills and
experiences own on finger millet productions.
Table 3: Training participants on finger millet production and management
Districts Farmers Development Agents Experts
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Daro Lebu 7 0 7 3 0 3 3 0 3
Habro 7 1 8 5 1 6 4 0 4
Total 14 1 15 8 1 9 7 0 7
Source: Own results, 2016
Field day
Field day is one of extension services and methods used
to transmit information and awareness creation for larger
audience. Field day can be organized at different stages in
crop production systems. It can be two or three times
which the stages are at vegetative, flowering and maturity
depending on crop type and nature produced (Bedru et al.,
2009). Field day was used as tool to address large number
of farmers, even invited farmers who did not produce
improved finger millet varieties to create massive
awareness and large impacts on technologies for further
production and scale up on farmers field. Not only farmers
but others stakeholder were also invited to participate in
the program. In addition, during field day mass extension
methods e.g. leaflets, banner and Radio/Television were
used to reach large audience.
Accordingly, a total of 88 farmers, 8 development agents
and 22 experts from district government offices and
research offices participated on field day (Table 4).
Besides, the field day program was transmitted on news
program by Oromia Television Organization to
disseminate information for wider community. A total of
120 leaflets were distributed for the participants which
describes the production, agronomic practices and overall
managements of improved finger millet varieties. Finally,
at the end of visit during field day, group discussion was
conducted to grasp farmer’s feedback on strength and
weakness of improved finger millet varieties. Besides,
constraints in agricultural production (weeds like Striga,
wilt on chickpea and climate change); needs and interest
of farmers on others improved varieties such as early
maturing sorghum and chickpea and timely distribution of
seeds are points were risen by the participants on the
program. Accordingly, Tadesse variety was more
preferred than Boneya variety due to its color, number of
branches, height, drought tolerance and yield advantages.
Table 4: Participants of field day in Habro district
Location of field day Types of varieties Participants
Farmers Development
agents
Experts
M F T M F T M F T
Habro district (Lugo and Garbi Gobakebeles) Boneya and Tadesse varieties 82 6 88 7 1 8 20 2 22
Note: M stands for Male, F stands for Female and T stands for Total
Source: Own results, 2016
7. Pre-Scaling up of Improved Finger Millet Technologies: The Case of Daro Lebu and Habro Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 137
Figure 4. Participants observe finger millet varieties at farmer’s field in Habro district
Source: Own result, 2016
Yield Obtained From Finger Millet Varieties
Mean yield of finger millet varieties
The averages yield obtained from farmers per unit area
were accounted 6.04 and 2.98 quintals for Boneya and
Tadesse varieties, respectively. Similarly, the average
yields obtained from a hectare of land were accounted
28.31 and 20.88 quintals for Boneya and Tadesse
varieties, respectively. The independent sample t-test
indicated that there was significant difference between
Boneya and Tadesse varieties of finger millet crops in
terms of total yield per unit area and total yield per hectare
at 1% and 5% significance level, respectively (Table 5).
Boneya variety gave higher yielder than Tadesse variety
on farmer’s field this could be attributed to high number
fingers per plants, disease and drought tolerant. But, the
studies conducted in North Western Ethiopia indicated that
Tadesse variety gave high yielder than Boneya variety on
farmer’s field this could be suitable due to agro-ecologies,
less disease effect, suitable soil character and field
management (Molla, 2012).
Table 5: Mean yield of finger millet varieties in study area
Yield components Varieties N Mean Std. Dev. t-value
Yield per unit area (Qt/0.125ha) Boneya 17 6.04 3.95 3.019***
Tadesse 59 2.98 2.49
Total yield per hectare (Qt/ha) Boneya 17 28.31 13.14 2.063**
Tadesse 59 20.88 13.06
*** and ** indicates significant at 1% and 5% level, respectively
Source: Own computation, 2017
Yield comparison against location
Production of crops was different from place to place due
to environmental conditions, farmer’s indigenous
knowledge on farming, soil characters, extension services,
infrastructure and others factors. The average yields of
finger millet varieties per hectare in Habro and Daro Lebu
districts farmers were accounted 31.88 and 13.20 quintals,
respectively (Table 6). Farmers in Habro district had more
experience on finger millet production than Daro Lebu
district farmers. The independent sample t-test indicated
that there was significant difference between Habro and
Daro Lebu districts producers of finger millet crop in terms
of total yield per unit area and total yield per hectare at 1%
significance level. Farmers in Habro district were
producing more cereal crops than Daro Lebu district
farmers due to soil character of the area suitable for cereal
and other food crops whereas cash crops were mainly
produced by Daro Lebu district farmers.
Table 6: Mean yield obtained from finger millet varieties in
study area
Yield components Districts N Mean Std.
Dev.
t-value
Yield per unit area
(Qt/0.125ha)
Habro 38 5.68 3.18 7.346***
Daro Lebu 38 1.65 1.14
Total yield per
hectare (Qt/ha)
Habro 38 31.88 9.94 8.529***
Daro Lebu 38 13.20 9.14
*** indicates significant at 1% level
Source: Own computation, 2017
8. Pre-Scaling up of Improved Finger Millet Technologies: The Case of Daro Lebu and Habro Districts of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Zewdu et al. 138
Yield comparison against earlier studies
Finger millet improved varieties trials were conducted at
different stages to address large number of farmers based
on their needs and interest towards technologies at
different locations. Adaptation trials of finger millet
varieties were conducted at Mechara research stations in
2008 by comparing four varieties. Accordingly, Boneya
and Tadesse varieties were recommended for further
evaluation in similar agro-ecologies due to their higher
yield potentials, disease and drought tolerant compared to
the other varieties. Based on result obtained during
adaptation stages, demonstration and promotion have
been conducted on farmer’s field at Habro and Daro Lebu
districts in 2009 and 2012 to evaluate and create demand
towards technologies under farmer’s contexts,
respectively. The results obtained from the study indicated
that Boneya variety gave high yielder than Tadesse variety
on farmer’s field and on-stations.
The yields obtained during demonstration stage from
Boneya and Tadesse varieties were decreased by 9 and
6.5 quintals from adaptation trials stage, respectively
(Table 7). The experiments were managed on-stations
during adaptation stages by researchers and other
supportive staffs. Day to day monitoring and follow up,
continuous management and full agronomic packages
were implemented on-stations than on farmer’s field which
created yield difference on similar crops between farmers
and research fields. In general, yield obtained from finger
millet varieties at adaptation trial stage was higher than
those obtained from demonstration and scaling up stages
due to above factors whereas yield obtained during
demonstration and scaling up stages were comparable
among the varieties due to implemented under farmers
managed conditions.
Table 7: Stages of improved finger millet varieties
production in the area
Varieties Yield (Qt/ha)
Adaptation
stage
Demonstration
stage
Scaling
up stage
Boneya 37 27.5 28.31
Tadesse 31 24.5 20.88
Source: Own computation, 2017
CONCLUSION
The number of finger millet producers in West Hararghe
zone was relatively increased in recent years due to
dissemination of improved agricultural technologies.
Path of improved agricultural technologies in agricultural
research centers started from technologies development
up to impact evaluation on farmer’s livelihoods. Adaptation
of improved finger millet trials was conducted in 2008
whereas demonstration was conducted in 2009 and also
popularization was implemented in 2012 in Habro and
Daro Lebu districts to create large impacts on farmer’s
views.
Extension services such as improved finger millet
varieties, advisory services during follow up, training and
field day were delivered and organized jointly to the
farmers, extension agents, experts from different
disciplines and others stakeholders. Besides, awareness
rising program such media exposure, printed extension
materials and group discussion were conducted to boost
technologies for large number of users.
The average yield obtained from a hectare of land was
accounted 28.31 and 20.88 quintals for Boneya and
Tadesse varieties, respectively. The yield difference
occurred due to high number fingers per plants, disease
and drought tolerant of Boneya over Tadesse varieties in
the area. The independent sample t-test result indicate
that there was significant difference between Boneya and
Tadesse varieties as well as Habro and Daro Lebu districts
in terms of yield per unit area and hectare at 1% and 5%
significance level, respectively.
Yield obtained from finger millet varieties at adaptation trial
stage was higher than demonstration and scaling up
stages due to day to day monitoring and follow up,
continuous management and full agronomic packages
conducted by researchers at research fields whereas yield
obtained during demonstration and scaling up stages were
comparable among the varieties due to implemented
under farmers managed conditions.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on results obtained and conclusions made, the
following recommendations are given to responsible body.
➢ Path way of agricultural technologies dissemination
and transfer should be strengthened more than current
ways to address large number of farmers.
➢ It is advisable to apply cluster approach for technology
scaling up under farmers fields to address large
number of farmers and to protect quality of seed for
further multiplications.
➢ It is better to strengthen current awareness raising
program through using different communication
techniques.
➢ It is better to reduce yield gap between research and
farmers field through applying continuous
management and full agronomic practices on farmer’s
field.
➢ It is advisable to scale up improved finger millet
varieties on large number of end-users through
horizontal and vertical scaling up approach to create
impacts on farmers’ livelihoods.