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student presentation general physics 1 presentation 3 group 2 electricity in our daily lives 7 mar 2009
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1) Electronic systems are made up of an input sensor, processor, and output device. Logic gates like NOT, AND, and OR are the basics behind any processor.
2) Relays are used to operate devices that require larger currents than logic gates can provide. They are activated by a small current and switch a larger current.
3) Lenses use refraction to bend light rays. Converging lenses make light rays converge to a focal point, while diverging lenses cause light rays to diverge. Lenses are used in cameras, magnifying glasses, and to correct vision.Electricity
Electricity involves the movement of electrons. It can be static electricity from electrons moving between objects, or current electricity from electrons flowing in a conductor. There are two types of electric charge - positive and negative - which attract and repel each other. Electricity flows through circuits that can be either closed, allowing current to flow, or open with a break preventing current. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel.
Slide unit 5 electricity
The document discusses electricity and electrical circuits. It provides examples of how electricity is used in daily life through appliances like TVs and computers. It then outlines what students will learn about sources of electricity, different types of circuits, circuit components, how circuits work, and electrical safety. Examples of electricity sources include dry cells, accumulators, solar cells, and hydroelectric power stations. The key differences between series and parallel circuits and how switches and bulbs are affected in each are also mentioned.
Electricity for Kids
Electricity is a form of energy that results from charged particles like electrons and protons either accumulating in one place or flowing as a current. It is generated by moving electrons off of atoms, leaving them with more protons than electrons. Copper, silver, and gold are good conductors of electricity, while wood, cotton, and insulators conduct it poorly. Common household appliances like lamps, fans, vacuums, and air conditioners require electricity to function.
Applications of electricity
The document provides an overview of key concepts in electricity and magnetism including:
1) Positive and negative charge, Coulomb's law, and the forces between charged objects.
2) What charge is and that protons and electrons have equal but opposite charges.
3) Conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and their properties related to charge flow.
4) Electromagnets, magnetic fields generated by electric currents, and their applications.
5) Electromagnetic induction, transformers, alternating current, and direct current.
Electrical Energy
The document discusses key concepts about electrical energy including:
- Atoms are made up of a nucleus surrounded by electrons that carry a negative charge. Protons in the nucleus carry a positive charge while neutrons carry no charge.
- Static electricity occurs when surfaces rub against each other, transferring electrons between them and building up positive or negative charges.
- Electric current involves the flow of electrons along a wire or conductor, which can be measured in amps. Voltage measures the energy supplied by these charges and is measured in volts.
Basic electricity
Electricity is the flow of electric charge, which is generated from converting primary energy sources like coal into a secondary energy source. Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter and contain protons with a positive charge, neutrons with no charge, and electrons with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus. Electricity occurs when electrons are pushed out of their normal orbits in atoms and move from one atom to another. Electricity powers devices through either series or parallel circuits and is integral to many aspects of modern daily life.
Introducing Electricity
This document introduces electricity and electric circuits. It discusses:
1) The sources of electricity as main electricity from power stations and electric cells for portable devices.
2) The components of an electric circuit including connecting wires, bulbs, switches, and cells.
3) How circuits can be arranged in series or parallel and the differences between complete and incomplete circuits.
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1) Electronic systems are made up of an input sensor, processor, and output device. Logic gates like NOT, AND, and OR are the basics behind any processor.
2) Relays are used to operate devices that require larger currents than logic gates can provide. They are activated by a small current and switch a larger current.
3) Lenses use refraction to bend light rays. Converging lenses make light rays converge to a focal point, while diverging lenses cause light rays to diverge. Lenses are used in cameras, magnifying glasses, and to correct vision.Electricity
Electricity involves the movement of electrons. It can be static electricity from electrons moving between objects, or current electricity from electrons flowing in a conductor. There are two types of electric charge - positive and negative - which attract and repel each other. Electricity flows through circuits that can be either closed, allowing current to flow, or open with a break preventing current. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel.
Slide unit 5 electricity
The document discusses electricity and electrical circuits. It provides examples of how electricity is used in daily life through appliances like TVs and computers. It then outlines what students will learn about sources of electricity, different types of circuits, circuit components, how circuits work, and electrical safety. Examples of electricity sources include dry cells, accumulators, solar cells, and hydroelectric power stations. The key differences between series and parallel circuits and how switches and bulbs are affected in each are also mentioned.
Electricity for Kids
Electricity is a form of energy that results from charged particles like electrons and protons either accumulating in one place or flowing as a current. It is generated by moving electrons off of atoms, leaving them with more protons than electrons. Copper, silver, and gold are good conductors of electricity, while wood, cotton, and insulators conduct it poorly. Common household appliances like lamps, fans, vacuums, and air conditioners require electricity to function.
Applications of electricity
The document provides an overview of key concepts in electricity and magnetism including:
1) Positive and negative charge, Coulomb's law, and the forces between charged objects.
2) What charge is and that protons and electrons have equal but opposite charges.
3) Conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and their properties related to charge flow.
4) Electromagnets, magnetic fields generated by electric currents, and their applications.
5) Electromagnetic induction, transformers, alternating current, and direct current.
Electrical Energy
The document discusses key concepts about electrical energy including:
- Atoms are made up of a nucleus surrounded by electrons that carry a negative charge. Protons in the nucleus carry a positive charge while neutrons carry no charge.
- Static electricity occurs when surfaces rub against each other, transferring electrons between them and building up positive or negative charges.
- Electric current involves the flow of electrons along a wire or conductor, which can be measured in amps. Voltage measures the energy supplied by these charges and is measured in volts.
Basic electricity
Electricity is the flow of electric charge, which is generated from converting primary energy sources like coal into a secondary energy source. Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter and contain protons with a positive charge, neutrons with no charge, and electrons with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus. Electricity occurs when electrons are pushed out of their normal orbits in atoms and move from one atom to another. Electricity powers devices through either series or parallel circuits and is integral to many aspects of modern daily life.
Introducing Electricity
This document introduces electricity and electric circuits. It discusses:
1) The sources of electricity as main electricity from power stations and electric cells for portable devices.
2) The components of an electric circuit including connecting wires, bulbs, switches, and cells.
3) How circuits can be arranged in series or parallel and the differences between complete and incomplete circuits.
Electricity in our daily lives
Electricity powers computers and allows them to process, store, and display digital information. Computers use electricity to power components like the CPU, graphic card, hard drives, and RAM. The CPU processes digital signals represented as strings of 1s and 0s. Hard drives store data using magnetic platters and read/write heads, while RAM temporarily stores running programs by changing the state of electric circuits. LCD monitors display colors by adjusting the voltage applied to liquid crystal pixels.
MICROPROCESSOR,BASICS AND MEMORY CONCEPT
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Memory Unit
The document discusses computer memory and the memory hierarchy. It begins by describing the main types of memory - volatile primary memory and non-volatile secondary memory. It then discusses the memory hierarchy from fastest to slowest: registers, cache memory, main memory, magnetic disks, and removable media like magnetic tapes. The rest of the document provides more details about each level of the memory hierarchy, including descriptions of different types of main memory like RAM, DRAM, and SRAM. It also includes block diagrams to illustrate how different memory components work.
Electro -Mechanical components/devices
This document provides information on various electro-mechanical devices and components of a computer system. It describes electromechanical devices that have both electrical and mechanical processes, such as motors and switches. It then discusses the evolution of computer components, including the motherboard, expansion cards like video/graphics cards, RAM memory, and registers. It explains how these components work and interact together within a computer system.
Phase Change memory
1. Phase change memory (PCM) uses reversible phase changes in chalcogenide glass to store information as amorphous or crystalline states, allowing fast switching between high and low resistance states.
2. PCM provides attributes of RAM, NOR flash, and NAND flash by being byte-addressable, faster than flash, and non-volatile like flash. It is being developed as a replacement for flash memory.
3. A basic PCM cell consists of an access transistor and a programmable element made of chalcogenide glass that can be switched between amorphous and crystalline phases using electric pulses to change resistance and store data.
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Optical computers
Optical computers use photons of light rather than electric current to perform computations. They promise massive increases in computer efficiency, speed and decreases in size and cost compared to silicon-based computers. Optical computers use components like lasers, photonic crystals and spatial light modulators to simulate transistors and logical gates using light. Applications include high-speed intercommunication and data processing. Research is ongoing to improve optical switching and signal processing capabilities.
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The microprocessor is an integrated circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It contains millions of transistors configured as thousands of individual digital circuits that each perform specific logic functions. A clock signal directs the circuits to perform calculations very quickly, with speed depending on the microprocessor's clock frequency. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 from 1971, and they have since incorporated exponentially increasing numbers of transistors following Moore's Law.
Storage Devices
The document provides information about storage devices, including primary storage (RAM, ROM, cache) and secondary storage (hard disk drives). It discusses the components, technologies, and interfaces of hard disks. RAM can be static RAM, dynamic RAM (including FPM, EDO, SDRAM, DDR RAM), or cache memory. ROM includes masked ROM, programmable ROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Errors in memory can be soft errors or hard errors. Secondary storage devices like hard disks use magnetic recording and have components like platters, read/write heads, and error correction codes to ensure data integrity.
Semiconductor Memory
The presentation summarizes key aspects of digital electronic circuits related to memory. It begins with an introduction to memory and discusses different categories and characteristics of memory like volatility and mutability. It then describes various forms of primary memory including RAM, ROM, PROM and EPROM and their characteristics. Specific memory technologies like SRAM, DRAM are explained in detail covering concepts like addressing, reading and writing cycles. The presentation concludes with discussing advances in memory technologies.
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Computer hardware
The document discusses the components and functioning of a computer system. It describes how a computer accepts data as input, processes it using the central processing unit (CPU) and other components, and produces output. The CPU contains a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that work together to control data flow and perform calculations. The computer also includes storage devices like RAM, ROM, hard disks, and optical drives to permanently save data and programs.
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Electricity powers computers and allows them to process, store, and display digital information. Computers use electricity to power components like the CPU, graphic card, hard drives, and RAM. The CPU processes digital signals represented as strings of 1s and 0s. Hard drives store data using magnetic platters and read/write heads, while RAM temporarily stores running programs by changing the state of electric circuits. LCD monitors display colors by adjusting the voltage applied to liquid crystal pixels.
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The document discusses computer memory and the memory hierarchy. It begins by describing the main types of memory - volatile primary memory and non-volatile secondary memory. It then discusses the memory hierarchy from fastest to slowest: registers, cache memory, main memory, magnetic disks, and removable media like magnetic tapes. The rest of the document provides more details about each level of the memory hierarchy, including descriptions of different types of main memory like RAM, DRAM, and SRAM. It also includes block diagrams to illustrate how different memory components work.
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This document provides information on various electro-mechanical devices and components of a computer system. It describes electromechanical devices that have both electrical and mechanical processes, such as motors and switches. It then discusses the evolution of computer components, including the motherboard, expansion cards like video/graphics cards, RAM memory, and registers. It explains how these components work and interact together within a computer system.
Phase Change memory
1. Phase change memory (PCM) uses reversible phase changes in chalcogenide glass to store information as amorphous or crystalline states, allowing fast switching between high and low resistance states.
2. PCM provides attributes of RAM, NOR flash, and NAND flash by being byte-addressable, faster than flash, and non-volatile like flash. It is being developed as a replacement for flash memory.
3. A basic PCM cell consists of an access transistor and a programmable element made of chalcogenide glass that can be switched between amorphous and crystalline phases using electric pulses to change resistance and store data.
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This document describes a wheelchair control system using head motion detection. The system uses tilt sensors connected to the user's head to detect forward, backward, left and right motions. The tilt sensors send signals to a microcontroller which controls a motor driver to move the wheelchair motors in the corresponding directions. The microcontroller also interfaces with an LCD display to show the user the detected head movements and corresponding wheelchair motions. The goal is to provide independent mobility to people with severe disabilities affecting the use of hands.
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Flash memory is a type of non-volatile memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It was developed in the 1980s and is now widely used in technology devices. Flash memory provides a solid-state solution to memory storage that is smaller, faster, more durable and uses less power than a traditional hard disk. Common applications of flash memory include USB drives, memory cards, and the BIOS chips used in computers.
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The document discusses embedded computing platforms and system architecture. It covers the CPU bus and bus protocols. It describes the four-cycle handshake protocol and timing diagrams for microprocessor buses. It discusses different types of memory devices like RAM, ROM, and flash memory. It also covers I/O devices, DMA, and system bus configurations. The software architecture and relationship with hardware architecture is explained. Debugging embedded systems using host/target design is also summarized.
Racetrack
Racetrack memory is a new type of non-volatile memory that stores data by moving magnetic domains along a nanoscopic wire using electric current. It can read and write data much faster than existing storage technologies and enable devices to store vastly more data at a lower cost. Racetrack memory works by moving magnetic domains along a U-shaped nanowire using spin-polarized electric current and reading/writing the domains as they pass over magnetic sensors. It has the potential to revolutionize data storage and computing by providing vastly higher storage capacities than existing technologies in a smaller space.
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Flash drives use non-volatile flash memory to allow for portable data storage. They consist of a small circuit board with NAND flash memory chips, controllers, and a USB connector. Flash drives offer advantages over hard drives like smaller size, lighter weight, lower power consumption, and greater shock resistance. However, flash memory has a limited number of write/erase cycles and is more expensive per unit of storage than hard drives. Flash drives are commonly used to transfer files between computers and store data on devices like cameras, phones, and music players.
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Optical computers use photons of light rather than electric current to perform computations. They promise massive increases in computer efficiency, speed and decreases in size and cost compared to silicon-based computers. Optical computers use components like lasers, photonic crystals and spatial light modulators to simulate transistors and logical gates using light. Applications include high-speed intercommunication and data processing. Research is ongoing to improve optical switching and signal processing capabilities.
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The microprocessor is an integrated circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It contains millions of transistors configured as thousands of individual digital circuits that each perform specific logic functions. A clock signal directs the circuits to perform calculations very quickly, with speed depending on the microprocessor's clock frequency. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 from 1971, and they have since incorporated exponentially increasing numbers of transistors following Moore's Law.
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The document discusses the components and functioning of a computer system. It describes how a computer accepts data as input, processes it using the central processing unit (CPU) and other components, and produces output. The CPU contains a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that work together to control data flow and perform calculations. The computer also includes storage devices like RAM, ROM, hard disks, and optical drives to permanently save data and programs.
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