The document describes the hardware and software components of a password-based access control system using a microcontroller, including a keypad for entering passwords, an LCD display, and codes for comparing entered passwords to a stored password and controlling an output to trigger a relay if the passwords match. The system continuously monitors the keypad, compares entered passwords to the stored password, and allows access by turning on an LED or unlocking a device if the passwords match or displays an error message if they do not match.
Ppt on interfacing led and 7 segment with 8951 pooja jaiswal
The circuit uses an AT89C51 microcontroller to control LEDs connected to its ports. The AT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 4KB of flash memory and 128 bytes of RAM. LEDs are connected to port P0 and turned on/off by the microcontroller setting the port pin high or low. Resistors are used to limit current flowing to the LEDs from the microcontroller's 5V output. Seven segment displays can also be interfaced by connecting segments to a port and driving each digit's pattern to display numbers.
This document provides an introduction to the electronic components needed to build a motor speed controller, including resistors, capacitors, diodes, light emitting diodes (LEDs), variable resistors, transistors, integrated circuits (ICs), and printed circuit boards. It explains what each component is and how it functions within an electric circuit. The key components that enable motor speed control are the variable resistor, IC, and H-bridge circuit which uses pulse width modulation to vary motor speed.
Load cells have a strain gauge, which deforms when pressure is applied to it. And then strain gauge generates an electrical signal on deformation as its effective resistance changes on deformation. A load cell usually consists of four strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration.
Overview of the world's first true single-chip wireless power transmitter (IDTP9030), and the world's highest-output-power single-chip receiver solution (IDTP9020). This silicon-based IC solution facilitates the design of wireless power (electromagnetic inductive) charging bases and wirelessly powered battery charging on mobile devices. The highly integrated multi-mode transmitter reduces board footprint by 80 percent and bill-of-materials (BOM) cost by 50 percent compared to existing solutions. Designed to be WPC Qi-compliant, both devices are capable of "multilingual" (multi-mode) operation, supporting both the Qi standard as well as proprietary formats for added features, improved safety, and increased power output capability. Demonstration presented by Jack Deans, Field Applications Manager at IDT. Visit http://www.idt.com/products/power-management/wireless-power.
Design and Construction of Parcel Wrapping System using Arduinoijtsrd
This paper describes about the automatic parcel wrapping system using arduino UNO. Packaging automation is the process or procedure of packaging a product without human assistance. It can range from individual equipment to simple process or complete packing lines. This system provides smart workflows and eliminates redundant tasks, allowing them to do more with less. This system has three sensors which used to sense the box, objects and the end of the conveyor. This system is commanded to insert 10 objects and the count numbers of objects are displayed on the 7 segment display. Moreover, two flat belt conveyors are used to carry objects and boxes. DC motors are also used for moving conveyor. The first conveyor that run one motor is to carry boxes and the second that runs another motor is to carry objects. IR sensors are used to sense the object and the boxes. Then, the conveyor for carrying the boxes that has filled objects will again to start run and will stop at end sensor. This machine can be used in industries for recording the amount of product. Nwe Nwe Oo | Ma Naing | Moe Myint Aung "Design and Construction of Parcel Wrapping System using Arduino" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25291.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/25291/design-and-construction-of-parcel-wrapping-system-using-arduino/nwe-nwe-oo
This project involves creating a propeller LED display using an AT89C2051 microcontroller, MOC7811 IR sensor, and LEDs. The IR sensor detects each revolution of a DC motor and sends an interrupt to the microcontroller. The microcontroller measures the time for one revolution and divides it by 120 to calculate the display interval. It then loads this value into a timer configured to overflow at set intervals. Each overflow displays the next value from a lookup table, taking advantage of persistence of vision to display a continuous image as the propeller spins. The components were selected for their suitability to the requirements of interfacing with the microcontroller and sensor, processing speed, and other factors.
Ppt on interfacing led and 7 segment with 8951 pooja jaiswal
The circuit uses an AT89C51 microcontroller to control LEDs connected to its ports. The AT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 4KB of flash memory and 128 bytes of RAM. LEDs are connected to port P0 and turned on/off by the microcontroller setting the port pin high or low. Resistors are used to limit current flowing to the LEDs from the microcontroller's 5V output. Seven segment displays can also be interfaced by connecting segments to a port and driving each digit's pattern to display numbers.
This document provides an introduction to the electronic components needed to build a motor speed controller, including resistors, capacitors, diodes, light emitting diodes (LEDs), variable resistors, transistors, integrated circuits (ICs), and printed circuit boards. It explains what each component is and how it functions within an electric circuit. The key components that enable motor speed control are the variable resistor, IC, and H-bridge circuit which uses pulse width modulation to vary motor speed.
Load cells have a strain gauge, which deforms when pressure is applied to it. And then strain gauge generates an electrical signal on deformation as its effective resistance changes on deformation. A load cell usually consists of four strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration.
Overview of the world's first true single-chip wireless power transmitter (IDTP9030), and the world's highest-output-power single-chip receiver solution (IDTP9020). This silicon-based IC solution facilitates the design of wireless power (electromagnetic inductive) charging bases and wirelessly powered battery charging on mobile devices. The highly integrated multi-mode transmitter reduces board footprint by 80 percent and bill-of-materials (BOM) cost by 50 percent compared to existing solutions. Designed to be WPC Qi-compliant, both devices are capable of "multilingual" (multi-mode) operation, supporting both the Qi standard as well as proprietary formats for added features, improved safety, and increased power output capability. Demonstration presented by Jack Deans, Field Applications Manager at IDT. Visit http://www.idt.com/products/power-management/wireless-power.
Design and Construction of Parcel Wrapping System using Arduinoijtsrd
This paper describes about the automatic parcel wrapping system using arduino UNO. Packaging automation is the process or procedure of packaging a product without human assistance. It can range from individual equipment to simple process or complete packing lines. This system provides smart workflows and eliminates redundant tasks, allowing them to do more with less. This system has three sensors which used to sense the box, objects and the end of the conveyor. This system is commanded to insert 10 objects and the count numbers of objects are displayed on the 7 segment display. Moreover, two flat belt conveyors are used to carry objects and boxes. DC motors are also used for moving conveyor. The first conveyor that run one motor is to carry boxes and the second that runs another motor is to carry objects. IR sensors are used to sense the object and the boxes. Then, the conveyor for carrying the boxes that has filled objects will again to start run and will stop at end sensor. This machine can be used in industries for recording the amount of product. Nwe Nwe Oo | Ma Naing | Moe Myint Aung "Design and Construction of Parcel Wrapping System using Arduino" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25291.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/25291/design-and-construction-of-parcel-wrapping-system-using-arduino/nwe-nwe-oo
This project involves creating a propeller LED display using an AT89C2051 microcontroller, MOC7811 IR sensor, and LEDs. The IR sensor detects each revolution of a DC motor and sends an interrupt to the microcontroller. The microcontroller measures the time for one revolution and divides it by 120 to calculate the display interval. It then loads this value into a timer configured to overflow at set intervals. Each overflow displays the next value from a lookup table, taking advantage of persistence of vision to display a continuous image as the propeller spins. The components were selected for their suitability to the requirements of interfacing with the microcontroller and sensor, processing speed, and other factors.
Our project is a persistence of vision display (POV) that spins 360 degrees horizontally. The purpose of our POV display project is to create a small apparatus that will create a visual using only a small number of LEDs as it spins in a circle. When the LEDs rotate several times around a point in less than a second, the human eye reaches its limit of motion perception and creates an illusion of a continuous image. Therefore, our POV display demonstrates this phenomenon by creating a visual as the LEDs spin rapidly in a circle and the person watching will see one continuous image.
An LCD is a display unit that uses liquid crystal technology. The 16x2 LCD module is commonly used and can display 32 ASCII characters across 2 lines with 16 characters per line. It has 16 pins that are used for power supply, contrast adjustment, data/command register selection, read/write mode selection, enabling the display, and feeding data via its 8-bit data lines.
If you are new to electronics field, then here are some simple tips of the components and parts you will need in the beginning, though its not everything but at least you can combine info from here with other resources you get from the web, hope its useful.
A book for students and hobbyists to learn basic electronics through practical presentable circuits.
A handy guide for school science fair projects or for making personal hobby gadgets.
Design new panels and make new circuit designs.
For more info : please visit www.hobbyelectronics.in
This document summarizes various circuit components used in robotics including active components like voltage and current sources, passive components like resistors, capacitors and inductors, and semiconductor devices like diodes and transistors. It also discusses components like thermistors, light dependent resistors, batteries, switches, rectifiers, LEDs, photodiodes and transistors.
This comprises of compact yet detailed description about basic robotics. It gives description about different components that make up a robot and gives an idea on how to become advanced in robotics with an easy, user-friendly start.
This document provides an overview of the Arduino microcontroller board. It begins with an abstract discussing the advantages of Arduino boards over other controller boards. It then introduces Arduino, describing it as an open-source physical computing platform using a simple I/O board and development environment. The remainder of the document details the hardware components of the Arduino board, the Arduino programming software, and concepts for programming Arduino including variables, data types, and control structures.
This document provides instructions and circuit diagrams for several electronic circuits, including a 10 LED sequencer, 12v lamp dimmer, 16 LED night rider, 555 Schmitt trigger, constant current source, AC detector, auto cutout, door watcher, emergency light, input impedance booster, battery monitor, and capacitance beeper. It also notes faults in some originally published circuits and provides simplified revised versions to address those faults. The purpose is to teach circuit design and troubleshooting skills.
Construction of digital voltmeter by Bapi Kumar DasB.k. Das
The document describes the construction of a digital voltmeter. It discusses 6 main sections: 1) a pulse train generator, 2) control and gating circuitry, 3) a counting section, 4) an analog input/transducer, 5) a latching and display section, and 6) completing the connections between all sections. The pulse train generator and control/gating circuitry work together to start and stop counting pulses based on the input voltage. The counting section then counts these pulses. The analog input converts the measured voltage to a signal. This signal is then latched and displayed on the digital readout.
Report of Battery Level Indicator CircuitUzair Ahmad
This document describes a battery level indicator circuit that uses an LM3914 IC and 10 LEDs to display the charge level of a 12V battery. The LM3914 IC regulates current to the LEDs and can indicate battery levels from 10-100% by illuminating different combinations of LEDs as the battery voltage changes from 1.2V to 12V. A potentiometer is included for calibration, and the circuit can be configured to display battery level either as individual illuminated dots or as a bar graph by changing the connection of one pin.
Abstract: The coin-based mobile battery charger developed in this paper is providing a unique service to the rural public where grid power is not available for partial/full daytime and a source of revenue for site providers. The coin-based mobile battery charger can be quickly and easily installed outside any business premises. The mobile phone market is a vast industry, and has spread into rural areas as a essential means of communication. While the urban population use more sophisticated mobiles with good power batteries lasting for several days, the rural population buy the pre-owned mobile phones that require charging frequently. Many times battery becomes flat in the middle of conversation particularly at inconvenient times when access to a standard charger isn't possible. The coin-based mobile battery chargers are designed to solve this problem. The user has to plug the mobile phone into one of the adapters and insert a coin; the phone will then be given a micro-pulse for charging. It does not bring a mobile from 'dead' to fully charged state. The charging capacity of the mobile is designed with the help of pre-defined values. It is, of course, possible to continue charging the mobile by inserting more coins. This compact and lightweight product is designed to cater for the growing number of rural mobile users worldwide. A suitable microcontroller is programmed for all the controlling applications. The source for charging is obtained from solar energy and back up storage battery in case of non-availability of solar energy.
Resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and breadboards are basic electronic components. Resistors limit current and divide voltage, and have color-coded bands to indicate resistance values. Capacitors store electric charge and are used in timing circuits. Diodes only allow current to flow in one direction, and are used in logic gates and rectifiers. Transistors amplify and switch signals, and have emitter, base, and collector terminals. Breadboards allow building temporary circuits without soldering for testing components.
Free Electronics Projects Circuits and their ApplicationsElectronics Hub
This presentation includes about 10 free electronics projects circuits which are having high demand in present generation. These are mainly helpful for engineering students to get some idea about the projects. We have more than 45 electronics projects circuits in our blog. If anybody interested, then visit http://www.electronicshub.org/mini-projects/
The document discusses voltage levels before and after powering on a motherboard. It begins by covering standby voltages like 3VSB and 5VSB that power certain components before full power on. It then discusses signals like PWRBTN# and RSTCON# and how they control power on. Next, it covers battery voltage and leakage checks. After power on, it details the various voltage rails for different motherboard models, including VCORE. It introduces linear and switching regulators. For VCORE specifically, it maps out the control architecture and circuit, discusses debugging procedures, and provides a repair flowchart.
The document provides an introduction and overview of a series of books about learning electronics as a hobby. It explains that the first book will teach basic rules and terms, like current, voltage, resistance, and components. It then lists several other books in the series that will cover topics like different electronic components, digital electronics, and how to build a home electronics lab. The goal is to teach electronics to anyone interested in learning as a hobby.
This document provides an overview of various analog and digital electronic components used in embedded systems, including resistors, capacitors, diodes, inductors, operational amplifiers, transistors, logic gates, buffer ICs, latches, encoders/decoders, multiplexers, and demultiplexers. It describes the basic functionality of each component, such as that a resistor limits electron flow, a capacitor stores electrical energy in an electric field, an inductor stores energy in a magnetic field, and logic gates implement Boolean functions on binary inputs to produce an output. The document is serving as course material on embedded hardware design.
This document describes an automatic railway gate control system that replaces manually operated gates. It aims to reduce the time gates are closed and improve safety for road users. The system uses infrared sensors to detect approaching trains and automatically open and close the gate. When a "foreside" sensor detects an approaching train, the gate closes. It remains closed until the train triggers the "aft side" sensor, causing the gate to reopen. This automatic system reduces delays caused by late trains and removes the need for human gatekeepers. It provides reliable operation at unmanned crossings to improve safety. The document outlines the components, circuit design, and PCB layout for the automatic gate control system.
This document outlines a project to build a sound-activated message display using a PIC microcontroller and LCD screen. Chapter 1 introduces the project, which will show a message on the LCD when sound is detected. Chapter 2 provides more details on the circuit design, including a microphone sound sensor, amplifier, control circuit, and LCD display module. It also includes a block diagram of the overall system. Subsequent chapters will discuss the methodology, testing process, future applications, and conclusions from the project.
Temperature Based Fan Controller can be used for reducing the power consumption & also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.It may also be used for monitoring changes in environment.
Our project is a persistence of vision display (POV) that spins 360 degrees horizontally. The purpose of our POV display project is to create a small apparatus that will create a visual using only a small number of LEDs as it spins in a circle. When the LEDs rotate several times around a point in less than a second, the human eye reaches its limit of motion perception and creates an illusion of a continuous image. Therefore, our POV display demonstrates this phenomenon by creating a visual as the LEDs spin rapidly in a circle and the person watching will see one continuous image.
An LCD is a display unit that uses liquid crystal technology. The 16x2 LCD module is commonly used and can display 32 ASCII characters across 2 lines with 16 characters per line. It has 16 pins that are used for power supply, contrast adjustment, data/command register selection, read/write mode selection, enabling the display, and feeding data via its 8-bit data lines.
If you are new to electronics field, then here are some simple tips of the components and parts you will need in the beginning, though its not everything but at least you can combine info from here with other resources you get from the web, hope its useful.
A book for students and hobbyists to learn basic electronics through practical presentable circuits.
A handy guide for school science fair projects or for making personal hobby gadgets.
Design new panels and make new circuit designs.
For more info : please visit www.hobbyelectronics.in
This document summarizes various circuit components used in robotics including active components like voltage and current sources, passive components like resistors, capacitors and inductors, and semiconductor devices like diodes and transistors. It also discusses components like thermistors, light dependent resistors, batteries, switches, rectifiers, LEDs, photodiodes and transistors.
This comprises of compact yet detailed description about basic robotics. It gives description about different components that make up a robot and gives an idea on how to become advanced in robotics with an easy, user-friendly start.
This document provides an overview of the Arduino microcontroller board. It begins with an abstract discussing the advantages of Arduino boards over other controller boards. It then introduces Arduino, describing it as an open-source physical computing platform using a simple I/O board and development environment. The remainder of the document details the hardware components of the Arduino board, the Arduino programming software, and concepts for programming Arduino including variables, data types, and control structures.
This document provides instructions and circuit diagrams for several electronic circuits, including a 10 LED sequencer, 12v lamp dimmer, 16 LED night rider, 555 Schmitt trigger, constant current source, AC detector, auto cutout, door watcher, emergency light, input impedance booster, battery monitor, and capacitance beeper. It also notes faults in some originally published circuits and provides simplified revised versions to address those faults. The purpose is to teach circuit design and troubleshooting skills.
Construction of digital voltmeter by Bapi Kumar DasB.k. Das
The document describes the construction of a digital voltmeter. It discusses 6 main sections: 1) a pulse train generator, 2) control and gating circuitry, 3) a counting section, 4) an analog input/transducer, 5) a latching and display section, and 6) completing the connections between all sections. The pulse train generator and control/gating circuitry work together to start and stop counting pulses based on the input voltage. The counting section then counts these pulses. The analog input converts the measured voltage to a signal. This signal is then latched and displayed on the digital readout.
Report of Battery Level Indicator CircuitUzair Ahmad
This document describes a battery level indicator circuit that uses an LM3914 IC and 10 LEDs to display the charge level of a 12V battery. The LM3914 IC regulates current to the LEDs and can indicate battery levels from 10-100% by illuminating different combinations of LEDs as the battery voltage changes from 1.2V to 12V. A potentiometer is included for calibration, and the circuit can be configured to display battery level either as individual illuminated dots or as a bar graph by changing the connection of one pin.
Abstract: The coin-based mobile battery charger developed in this paper is providing a unique service to the rural public where grid power is not available for partial/full daytime and a source of revenue for site providers. The coin-based mobile battery charger can be quickly and easily installed outside any business premises. The mobile phone market is a vast industry, and has spread into rural areas as a essential means of communication. While the urban population use more sophisticated mobiles with good power batteries lasting for several days, the rural population buy the pre-owned mobile phones that require charging frequently. Many times battery becomes flat in the middle of conversation particularly at inconvenient times when access to a standard charger isn't possible. The coin-based mobile battery chargers are designed to solve this problem. The user has to plug the mobile phone into one of the adapters and insert a coin; the phone will then be given a micro-pulse for charging. It does not bring a mobile from 'dead' to fully charged state. The charging capacity of the mobile is designed with the help of pre-defined values. It is, of course, possible to continue charging the mobile by inserting more coins. This compact and lightweight product is designed to cater for the growing number of rural mobile users worldwide. A suitable microcontroller is programmed for all the controlling applications. The source for charging is obtained from solar energy and back up storage battery in case of non-availability of solar energy.
Resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and breadboards are basic electronic components. Resistors limit current and divide voltage, and have color-coded bands to indicate resistance values. Capacitors store electric charge and are used in timing circuits. Diodes only allow current to flow in one direction, and are used in logic gates and rectifiers. Transistors amplify and switch signals, and have emitter, base, and collector terminals. Breadboards allow building temporary circuits without soldering for testing components.
Free Electronics Projects Circuits and their ApplicationsElectronics Hub
This presentation includes about 10 free electronics projects circuits which are having high demand in present generation. These are mainly helpful for engineering students to get some idea about the projects. We have more than 45 electronics projects circuits in our blog. If anybody interested, then visit http://www.electronicshub.org/mini-projects/
The document discusses voltage levels before and after powering on a motherboard. It begins by covering standby voltages like 3VSB and 5VSB that power certain components before full power on. It then discusses signals like PWRBTN# and RSTCON# and how they control power on. Next, it covers battery voltage and leakage checks. After power on, it details the various voltage rails for different motherboard models, including VCORE. It introduces linear and switching regulators. For VCORE specifically, it maps out the control architecture and circuit, discusses debugging procedures, and provides a repair flowchart.
The document provides an introduction and overview of a series of books about learning electronics as a hobby. It explains that the first book will teach basic rules and terms, like current, voltage, resistance, and components. It then lists several other books in the series that will cover topics like different electronic components, digital electronics, and how to build a home electronics lab. The goal is to teach electronics to anyone interested in learning as a hobby.
This document provides an overview of various analog and digital electronic components used in embedded systems, including resistors, capacitors, diodes, inductors, operational amplifiers, transistors, logic gates, buffer ICs, latches, encoders/decoders, multiplexers, and demultiplexers. It describes the basic functionality of each component, such as that a resistor limits electron flow, a capacitor stores electrical energy in an electric field, an inductor stores energy in a magnetic field, and logic gates implement Boolean functions on binary inputs to produce an output. The document is serving as course material on embedded hardware design.
This document describes an automatic railway gate control system that replaces manually operated gates. It aims to reduce the time gates are closed and improve safety for road users. The system uses infrared sensors to detect approaching trains and automatically open and close the gate. When a "foreside" sensor detects an approaching train, the gate closes. It remains closed until the train triggers the "aft side" sensor, causing the gate to reopen. This automatic system reduces delays caused by late trains and removes the need for human gatekeepers. It provides reliable operation at unmanned crossings to improve safety. The document outlines the components, circuit design, and PCB layout for the automatic gate control system.
This document outlines a project to build a sound-activated message display using a PIC microcontroller and LCD screen. Chapter 1 introduces the project, which will show a message on the LCD when sound is detected. Chapter 2 provides more details on the circuit design, including a microphone sound sensor, amplifier, control circuit, and LCD display module. It also includes a block diagram of the overall system. Subsequent chapters will discuss the methodology, testing process, future applications, and conclusions from the project.
Temperature Based Fan Controller can be used for reducing the power consumption & also to assist people who are disabled and are unable to control the speed of fan.It may also be used for monitoring changes in environment.
Design of charging unit for electrical vehicles using solar powerRohit gorantla
The document describes a project to charge electric vehicles using solar power. A charging unit was developed that extracts power from solar energy using photovoltaic cells. An embedded system with a microcontroller monitors the charging scheme. Vehicles parked during the day can be charged using the solar-powered charging facility. The charging unit includes components like a solar panel, microcontroller, LCD display, motor driver IC, DC motor and battery. The system allows vehicles to be charged from solar energy, reducing emissions from the electric grid.
Here is the code for an open loop speed controller:
#include <PWM.h>
#define ENABLE 5
#define DIR1 3
#define DIR2 4
void setup() {
pinMode(ENABLE, OUTPUT);
pinMode(DIR1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(DIR2, OUTPUT);
PWM.begin();
PWM.setPeriod(500); // Period in microseconds
}
void loop() {
// Run motor forward at half speed
digitalWrite(DIR1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(DIR2, LOW);
PWM.setDuty(ENABLE, 50); // Duty cycle in percent
delay(2000); // Run for 2 seconds
This document discusses several applications of microcontrollers including a microcontroller-based solar charger, wireless equipment control using an AT89C51 microcontroller, a secured room access system using an AVR microcontroller, and a microcontroller-based ring tone player using an AT89C51 microcontroller. The solar charger uses parallel regulation and pulsed charging to efficiently charge batteries from solar panels. The wireless equipment controller allows remote control of up to four devices within 30 meters. The secured room access system uses passwords and a microcontroller to control access to a restricted area. The ring tone player generates ring tones using a microcontroller and speaker based on RTTTL ring tone formats.
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This document describes two devices for measuring water levels in dug wells: a mechanical device and an ultrasonic (SONAR) device.
The mechanical device uses a float attached to the device by a wire to measure depth. As the float sinks and the wire plays out, a sensor counts rotations of a pulley to calculate depth. When the float touches water, a circuit is completed to signal the reading.
The SONAR device uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure distance to the water surface by emitting a pulse and measuring the echo return time. The sensor's range is increased using a parabolic reflector to concentrate the acoustic beam. Both devices aim to be low-cost, portable, and battery-powered for
This document summarizes a student project report on developing a microcontroller-based traffic light controller. It describes using an AT89C51 microcontroller programmed to control LED traffic lights through four phases to regulate traffic flow at an intersection. The circuit diagram and hardware components are explained, including a power supply, microcontroller, LEDs, 7-segment display, and common cathode configuration. Software and timing of the four light phases are also outlined to coordinate traffic flow from four directions through the intersection.
This document provides details on designing an RFID reader based attendance system using a microcontroller. It includes the objectives, components, pin layout, block diagram and description of the project. The key components are an RFID reader, microcontroller, LCD, switches and 24C02 flash memory. The microcontroller interfaces with the RFID reader and LCD to read RFID tags and display attendance records on the LCD. It also includes explanations of microcontrollers, the 8051 microcontroller architecture, and provides an example of using a microcontroller to automatically turn a light on and off every 30 seconds.
This circuit automatically controls room lights and counts visitors. It uses an infrared sensor to detect visitors entering and exiting. When a visitor enters, the light turns on and the counter increments by one. When the last visitor exits, the light turns off and the counter decrements by one. The total visitor count is displayed on a seven segment display. It is powered by a microcontroller and uses infrared LEDs, photodiodes, and an operational amplifier to detect visitors through infrared sensing. A relay is used to control the room lights.
This document provides an overview of a coin-based mobile phone charging system. The system uses a coin recognition module to detect valid coins, and a microcontroller then activates the charging mechanism for a predefined period of time. It is intended for use in public places to allow mobile phone users to charge their phones for a small fee. The document describes the components, including the microcontroller, LCD display, and crystal oscillator used to generate the system clock signal. It provides block diagrams and explanations of how the various modules interact and function within the overall system.
There is a requirement to design a system to sense the presence of gl.pdfarihantstoneart
There is a requirement to design a system to sense the presence of glass bottles leaving an
automatic washer on a production line conveyor belt. The production line is for food products
and the environment is clean and maintained at a temperature of 15 degree C. The system must
meet the following criteria: The switching distance will lie between 5 and 20 mm. The output
from the sensor is to be of binary form, i.e. logical 1 when the part is present and logical 0 when
no part is present. It is necessary to ensure that a change of sensor state occurs closer to the
sensor when a bottle approaches than when it moves away. Bottles will pass the sensor at the
rate of 10 every second. There is no requirement for protection from contact with objects but it
must be proof against water drips. Recommend a suitable sensor and justify your
recommendation. Sketch a diagram that shows the functional blocks within the sensor and
explain each function.
Solution
lock Diagram of the system
Basic Elements Used
MICRO CONTROLLER
RESISTORS
CAPACITOR
INDUCTOR
POWER DIODE
WATER PUMP
IR SENSORS
DC MOTOR
CONVEYOR BELT
Resistore
A part from resister and inductor, a capacitor is the other basic component used in electronic
circuits. It is a device which
1. Has the ability to store charge which neither a resistor nor an inductor can do;
2. opposes any change of voltage in the circuit in which it is connected;
3. Blocks the passage of direct current through it.
CAPACITOR
The electronic component (mostly a coil) which opposes the change of current in circuit is
called an inductor. The ability of coil or inductor due to which it opposes the change of current
flowing through it is known as its inductance. The inductance of an inductor may also be defined
as the ability of an inductor to produce induced voltage when the current varies through it. The
unit of inductance is Henry which is named after Joseph Henry.
INDUCTOR
Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction. The arrow of the circuit symbol shows the
direction in which the current can flow. Diodes are the electrical version of a valve and early
diodes were actually called valves. The construction and the fundamental working of the power
diode and signal diode are same but the power handling capacity of the power diode is higher
than the signal diodes
POWER DIODE
Sensors
IR Sensors work by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the Infra-
Red (IR) spectrum. By using an LED which produces light at the same wavelength as what the
sensor is looking for, you can look at the intensity of the received light. When an object is close
to the sensor, the light from the LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results
in a large jump in the intensity, which can be detected using a threshold
DRIVER CIRCUIT FOR DC MOTOR
We have used the dc motors to drive conveyer belt and to. The driver circuit for dc motors is
shown below.
COMPARATOR CIRCUIT
Comparator circuit is used in thi.
There is a requirement to design a system to sense the presence of gl.pdffathimalinks
There is a requirement to design a system to sense the presence of glass bottles leaving an
automatic washer on a production line conveyor belt. The production line is for food products
and the environment is clean and maintained at a temperature of 15 degree C. The system must
meet the following criteria: The switching distance will lie between 5 and 20 mm. The output
from the sensor is to be of binary form, i.e. logical 1 when the part is present and logical 0 when
no part is present. It is necessary to ensure that a change of sensor state occurs closer to the
sensor when a bottle approaches than when it moves away. Bottles will pass the sensor at the
rate of 10 every second. There is no requirement for protection from contact with objects but it
must be proof against water drips. Recommend a suitable sensor and justify your
recommendation. Sketch a diagram that shows the functional blocks within the sensor and
explain each function.
Solution
lock Diagram of the system
Basic Elements Used
MICRO CONTROLLER
RESISTORS
CAPACITOR
INDUCTOR
POWER DIODE
WATER PUMP
IR SENSORS
DC MOTOR
CONVEYOR BELT
Resistore
A part from resister and inductor, a capacitor is the other basic component used in electronic
circuits. It is a device which
1. Has the ability to store charge which neither a resistor nor an inductor can do;
2. opposes any change of voltage in the circuit in which it is connected;
3. Blocks the passage of direct current through it.
CAPACITOR
The electronic component (mostly a coil) which opposes the change of current in circuit is
called an inductor. The ability of coil or inductor due to which it opposes the change of current
flowing through it is known as its inductance. The inductance of an inductor may also be defined
as the ability of an inductor to produce induced voltage when the current varies through it. The
unit of inductance is Henry which is named after Joseph Henry.
INDUCTOR
Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction. The arrow of the circuit symbol shows the
direction in which the current can flow. Diodes are the electrical version of a valve and early
diodes were actually called valves. The construction and the fundamental working of the power
diode and signal diode are same but the power handling capacity of the power diode is higher
than the signal diodes
POWER DIODE
Sensors
IR Sensors work by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the Infra-
Red (IR) spectrum. By using an LED which produces light at the same wavelength as what the
sensor is looking for, you can look at the intensity of the received light. When an object is close
to the sensor, the light from the LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results
in a large jump in the intensity, which can be detected using a threshold
DRIVER CIRCUIT FOR DC MOTOR
We have used the dc motors to drive conveyer belt and to. The driver circuit for dc motors is
shown below.
COMPARATOR CIRCUIT
Comparator circuit is used in thi.
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Password Based Access Control System using Microcontroller
1. 1
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................0
ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................0.5
CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1
1.1 Objectives.......................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY............................................................................................2
2.1 Circuit Diagram..............................................................................................................2
2.2 Working Principle ..........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS...........................................................................4
3.1 Description of Hardware .................................................................................................4
3.2 Codes...............................................................................................................................7
3.3 Result and Testing………………………………………………………………………10
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION.................................................................................................11
1.2 Applications and scope of project ..................................................................................11
1.3Conclusion.......................................................................................................................12
1.4 limitations........................................................................................................................13
5.2 Appendices ......................................................................................................................14
BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES........................................................................................15
2. 2
INTRODUCTION
Password Based Access Control System using Microcontroller is used in the places where we need
more security. It can also used to secure doors, cell phones, computers and other equipments.
The system comprises of a push button keypad connected to the 8 bit microcontroller ATmega328P.
This is one of the popular Microcontrollers. It has only 20 pins and there are 15 input/output lines. The
microcontroller has a flash memory of 32Kbytes, 1 Kbyte EEPROM and 2 Kbytes RAM. The
microcontroller continuously monitors the keypad and if somebody enters a password it will check the
entered password with the password stored in the memory and if they match then the microcontroller
will switch on the corresponding device.
The system will allow access to the person who knows the password and it will not allow access to
unauthorized people. The system has an advanced option that it will be lock automatically after 30
seconds of the door is opened.
OBJECTIVE:
The Main objective of this project is to modernize the advanced security system using microcontroller
as well as the automaticity of the locking system is the main focusing factor of this project.
3. 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The authentication method used here is a four digit numeric code which is entered through the keypad.
The code entered this way is then compared to the password stored in memory. The microcontroller
continuously monitors the keypad for a match with the stored password. As and when there is a match
the output line is enabled which can then be used to trigger an LED. A message is displayed if the
entered code doesn’t match the stored password. An LCD display is also used to display whether the
entered password is correct or not and to know that access has been granted or not.
Fig. BLOCK DIAGRAM
When the circuit is switched on a message on the LCD prompts us to ‘enter password’. The entered
code is read from the keypad and checked against the original password stored in the microcontroller
memory. If it is a match an LED is switched ON and if it is not a match, a message on the LCD
prompts us to re-enter the password. The whole procedure is then repeated.
The Microcontroller asks the user to define a four-digit password through the Keypad. Once a
password is set and later somebody tries to unlock the device, the Microcontroller reads the keypad
entry and compares the four digit password with the predefined password and if it is equal then the
LED connected to the lock output key glows and if we enter a wrong password an alarm will be
switched ON.
The Password is stored in the RAM and the password can be changed using the same keypad. The
power supply section is very important. It should deliver constant output regulated power supply for
successful working of the project. Regulated 5 volt supply is taken through the USB port of a
laptop/desktop.
4. 4
Description of Hardware
Resistor
The resistor is an electronic component that has electrical friction. This friction opposes the flow of
electrons and thus reduces the voltage (pressure) placed on other electronic components by restricting
the amount of current that can pass through it.
Capacitor
A capacitor stores electrical energy when charged by a DC source. It can pass alternating current (AC),
but blocks direct current (DC) except for a very short charging current, called transient current.
Inductor
The Inductor prevents current from making any sudden changes by producing large opposing voltages.
Magnetic coupling can be used to transform voltages and currents, but power must Remains the same.
Coils and transformers can be used to select frequencies. Is an electronic component which Blocks
Alternating Current and Passes Direct Current. Current in an Inductor cannot change instantly and
Quick Current change produces large Voltage.
Diode
Diode allows current to pass in only one direction. A pn-junction diode is formed by joining together
n-type and p-type silicon. When the anode and cathode of a pn-junction diode are connected to
external voltage Such that the potential at anode is higher than the potential at cathode, the diode is
said to be forward biased.
In a forward-biased diode current is allowed to flow through the device.
5. 5
Transistor
A Three lead semiconductor device that acts as an electrically controlled switch, or a current amplifier.
NPN:
A small input current and a positive voltage applied to its base (with VB>VE)
Allows a large current to flow from collector to emitter.
PNP:
A small output current and a negative voltage to its base (with VB<VE) allows a
Much larger current to flow from emitter to collector.
8 Bit MCU (ATmega8L)
8 Bit Microcontroller unit ATmega328P is one of the popular Microcontrollers. It has only 20 pins and
there are 15 input/output lines. The microcontroller has a flash memory of 32Kbytes, 1 Kbyte
EEPROM and 2 Kbytes RAM.
Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a
simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical
mechanism, or electronic components.
Relay
A relay is usually an electromechanical device that is actuated by an electrical current. The current
flowing in one circuit causes the opening or closing of another. Relays are used in a wide variety of
applications throughout industry, such as in telephone exchanges, digital computers and automation
systems. There are three basic functions of a relay they are On/Off Control, Limit Control and Logic
Operation.
6. 6
PRESET
Preset resistors are used in circuits when it is necessary to alter the resistance. Dark/light and
temperature sensors usually have these components as the preset resistor allows the circuit to be made
more or less sensitive (they can be turned up or down - reducing or increasing resistance).
16×2 LCD Modules
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices
and circuits.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each
character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the
cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.
The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
CONNECTOR AND PCB BOARD
Connectors are those devices that allow electrically operated equipment to be connected to the primary
alternating current power supply.
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components
using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or
multi-layer. Conductors on different layers are connected with plated-through holes. Advanced PCBs
may contain components - capacitors, resistors or active devices embedded in the substrate.
10. 10
Result and Testing
After the completion of assembling the hardware and interfacing we tested it for the desirable output
but due to some technical programming codes we are not able to close the door after the time interval
of 30 seconds. It took a long time for its working and finally we got succeeded on our work.
According to our final test to all the hardware (LCD, Microcontroller, IC, and Preset) we are able to
adjust all the things and made ready to run the program according to the desire what we want. The
preset is also checked that the led connected to it produces the sufficient contrast to the LCD screen or
not.
For the final touchup to the hardware we used PCB board to interface the hardware and we printed our
names on it.
11. 11
Applications and Scope
Being used one of the advanced Technologies of automaticity the project has many merits and can be
used in many sectors. The following are the areas under which the password based door lock system
can be used:
Car parking areas:
In car parking we can use this system so that there would be less chance of Robbery and more
Security.
Modern homes:
Modern homes can be In-built with this technology so that there would be restriction of
unwanted access and house would be safe.
Motels:
Hotels with a good facility of safe and advanced parking can be regarded as modern hotels so
in such hotel security is key factor and advanced door lock system can be implemented in such
places.
Banks
Banks are the places to keep people’s money which must be safe and protected in order to
maintain such security we can use automatic door lock system in every department and lockers
used in banks.
`
Locker used in Banks and Homes
Lockers used in banks and homes to keep our ornaments, money and other special things
should be safe and sound so in order to maintain such we can use this system to protect all
these things being one of the advanced and automatic technologies.
12. 12
Conclusion
The digital code lock performed as expected. We were able to implement all the functions specified in
our proposal. The biggest hurdle we had to overcome with this project was interfacing the micro
controller with the hardware components. We feel that this digital code lock is very marketable
because it is easy to use, comparatively inexpensive due to low power consumption, and highly
reliable. This digital code lock is therefore particularly useful in applications such as door locks and
equipment locks. This simple digital code lock using microcontroller can be enhanced by incorporating
new means of authentication. Most prevalent form of digital lock is that using a numerical code for
authentication; the correct code must be entered in order for the lock to deactivate.
Such locks typically provide a keypad, and some feature an audible response to each press.
Combination lengths are usually between 4 and 6 digits long. Another means of authenticating users is
to require them to scan or "swipe" a security token such as a smart card or similar, or to interact a
token with the lock. As biometrics become more and more prominent as a recognized means of
positive identification, their use in security systems increases. Some new digital locks take advantage
of technologies such as fingerprint scanning, retinal scanning and iris scanning, and voiceprint
identification to authenticate users.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an object (typically referred to as an RFID tag)
applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and
tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of
sight of the reader. This technology is also used in modern digital locks.