preparation of solutions: preparation of normal , buffer , percent ,molar solutions and normal saline

1. Topic: preparation of
solutions
by:Aliza Bibi

2. Preparation of solutions
 Solutions of known molar concentration can
be prepared either by dissolving a known
mass of solute in a solvent and diluting to a
desired final volume or by diluting the
appropriate volume of a more concentrated
solution to desired final volume.
 For example: sugar solution,salt
solution,beer,wine,coca cola and
vinegar etc.

3. Types of solutions
1. Normal solution
2. Buffer solution
3. Percent solution
4. Molar solution
5. Normal saline

4. Normal solution
 Definition:a solution made by dissolving
1g equivalent weight of a substance in
sufficient distilled water to make 1l of
solution.
 preperation:normal solution are
prepared by dissolving gram equivalent
weight of solute making 1l of solution.It
means to prepare 1l solution,we have to
dissolve solute equal to the equivalent
weight of solute in grams.

5. For example:a mole of HCl or NAOH is one
equivalent,but a mole of H2SO4 or Ca(OH)2 is
two equivalents.Thus a six molar(6M) sulfuric
acid solution is twelve normal(12N).
Another example is:

6. Buffer solution
 Definition:A buffer solution is one which
maintains its pH fairly constant even upon
the addition of small amount of acid or
base.
 Types: There are two types of buffer
solution:
1. Acidic buffer
2. Basic buffer

7.  Preparation: In this method, prepare a
solution with an acid and its conjugate base by
dissolving the acid form of the buffer in about
60% of the volume of water required to obtain
the final solution volume.Then, measure the
pH of the solution using a pH probe.
 Example: solutions having pH below 7 are
acidic and contain a weak acid and one of its
salts.Mixture of acetic acid and sodium
acetate acts as buffer solution with pH of
about 4.75.

8. Buffer solution methods:

9. Percent solution
 Definition: percent solution is an amount
or volume of chemical or compound per
100ml of a solution.
 Types: There are three types of percentage
solution:
1. Percentage weight by volume (w/v)
2. Percentage volume by volume (v/v)
3. Percentage weight by weight(w/w)

10. 1.Percentage weight by volume: expressed
as number of grams of solute dissolve in
100ml of solution.
%w/v=weight of solute (g). ×100
. Volume of solution(ml)
2.percentage volume by volume: expressed
as amount of solute in ml present in 100ml
of solution.
%v/v=volume of solute(ml). ×100
volume of solution (ml)

11. 3.Percentage weight by weight (w/w):
expressed as amount of solute In grams Per 100g
of solution.
%w/w=weight of solute (g). ×100
Weight of solution (g)
Example: preparation of 1% solution
Mass of solute needed to make 1%
solution is 1% of mass of pure water of desired
final volume.Examples of 100% solution are 1000
grams in 1000ml or 1g in 1ml.

12. Molar solution
 Definition: Solution containing one mole of
solute in one litre of solution
 Preparationn:
1. Calculate weight of solute needed to make
100ml of solution.
2. Weigh out amount of solute.
3. Transfer amount of solute to dry 100ml
volumetric flask .

13. 4.Add distilled water to flask slowly.wash
solute as you do so.keep adding water until
you reach 100ml mark on the neck of the
flask.
5.Place stopper in flask and swirl the flash
until all solute is dissolved.

15. Normal saline
 Definition:Saline,also know as saline
solution,is a mixture of sodium chloride in
water and has a number of medicine.
 Preperation:
1. Heat water until it boils.
2. Dissolve salt into boiling water.
3. Keep solution sterile by placing lid.
4. Solution should contain 9g salt in 1l
solution.

16.  Uses of saline solution:use to clean out IV
catheter, which helps prevent blockage and
remove any medicine left in catheter.Used
to clean wounds,help remove contact
lenses and help with dry eyes.

17. 🌺Thank you🌺