Teks tersebut membahas pengertian dan pendekatan dalam analisis wacana, termasuk pendekatan positivis, fenomenologi, dan post-strukturalisme. Analisis wacana digunakan untuk memahami makna yang tersirat dalam teks, tidak hanya arti harfiahnya."
ESP merupakan pendekatan baru dalam pengajaran bahasa Inggris yang berfokus pada kebutuhan khusus bidang ilmu dan profesi tertentu. Tujuannya agar mahasiswa dapat menguasai bahasa Inggris sesuai dengan bidang studinya, seperti kimia, teknik, perhotelan, atau maritim. Karakteristik ESP antara lain menganalisis kebutuhan pembelajar, menggunakan metode yang sesuai dengan bidang ilmu,
1. Penerjemahan merupakan proses penting dalam era globalisasi untuk memfasilitasi komunikasi antarbangsa. Namun, terdapat berbagai kesulitan yang dihadapi penerjemah.
2. Kesulitan utama meliputi perbedaan makna kata antarbahasa dan konteks sosial-budaya yang berbeda. Penerjemah harus mampu menangkap makna sebenarnya dari teks sumber dan menerjemahkannya secara tepat ke bahasa sasaran.
This document provides a final project proposal for a study on the formation of new words in English through shortening and compounding. The proposal includes background on changes in the English language over time. It states that the purpose is to document new word formation through morphological processes like compounding. The proposal outlines the research questions, data sources, methodology, and anticipated structure of the final paper. The research will analyze new word formation in English and contribute to the field of morphological analysis.
Peristiwa tutur adalah terjadinya atau berlangsungnya interaksi linguistik dalam satu bentuk ujaran atau lebih yang melibatkan dua pihak yaitu penutur dan lawan tutur, dengan satu pokok tuturan,di dalam, tempat, dan situasi tertentu. Jadi interaksi yang berlangsung antara seorang pedagang dan pembeli di pasar pada waktu tertentu mengunakan bahasa sebagai alat komunikasinya adalah sebuah peristiwa tutur. Peristiwa serupa kita dapati juga dalam acara diskusi di ruang kuliah, rapat dinas di kantor, sidang di pengadilan, dan sebagainya.
Bagaimana percakapan di bus kota atau sedang di kereta api yang terjadi di antara penumpang yang tidak saling kenal (pada mulanya) dengan topik pembicaraan tidak menentu, tanpa tujuan, dengan ragam bahasa yang berganti-ganti, apakah dapat juga di sebut sebagai peristiwa tutur? Secara sosiolinguistik percakapan tersebut tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai peristiwa tutur, sebab pokok percakapan tidak menentu (berganti-ganti menurut situasi), tanpa tujuan dilakukan oleh orang-orang yang tidak segaja untuk bercakap-cakap, dan mengunakan ragam bahasa yang berganti-ganti. Sebuah percakapan baru dapat di sebut sebagai sebuah peristiwa tutur kalau memenuhi syarat.
Menurut Dell Hymes (1972) seorang pakar sosiolinguistik terkenal, bahwa suatu peristiwa tutur mempunyai delapan komponen, dan dibentuk menjadi akronim SPEAKING (diangkat dari Wadhaugh 1990):
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS ABILITY IN ANALYZING SENTENCES USING SEMANTIC ROLE
(ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING LAMBUNG MANGKURAT UNIVERSITY BANJARMASIN)
Teks tersebut membahas pengertian dan pendekatan dalam analisis wacana, termasuk pendekatan positivis, fenomenologi, dan post-strukturalisme. Analisis wacana digunakan untuk memahami makna yang tersirat dalam teks, tidak hanya arti harfiahnya."
ESP merupakan pendekatan baru dalam pengajaran bahasa Inggris yang berfokus pada kebutuhan khusus bidang ilmu dan profesi tertentu. Tujuannya agar mahasiswa dapat menguasai bahasa Inggris sesuai dengan bidang studinya, seperti kimia, teknik, perhotelan, atau maritim. Karakteristik ESP antara lain menganalisis kebutuhan pembelajar, menggunakan metode yang sesuai dengan bidang ilmu,
1. Penerjemahan merupakan proses penting dalam era globalisasi untuk memfasilitasi komunikasi antarbangsa. Namun, terdapat berbagai kesulitan yang dihadapi penerjemah.
2. Kesulitan utama meliputi perbedaan makna kata antarbahasa dan konteks sosial-budaya yang berbeda. Penerjemah harus mampu menangkap makna sebenarnya dari teks sumber dan menerjemahkannya secara tepat ke bahasa sasaran.
This document provides a final project proposal for a study on the formation of new words in English through shortening and compounding. The proposal includes background on changes in the English language over time. It states that the purpose is to document new word formation through morphological processes like compounding. The proposal outlines the research questions, data sources, methodology, and anticipated structure of the final paper. The research will analyze new word formation in English and contribute to the field of morphological analysis.
Peristiwa tutur adalah terjadinya atau berlangsungnya interaksi linguistik dalam satu bentuk ujaran atau lebih yang melibatkan dua pihak yaitu penutur dan lawan tutur, dengan satu pokok tuturan,di dalam, tempat, dan situasi tertentu. Jadi interaksi yang berlangsung antara seorang pedagang dan pembeli di pasar pada waktu tertentu mengunakan bahasa sebagai alat komunikasinya adalah sebuah peristiwa tutur. Peristiwa serupa kita dapati juga dalam acara diskusi di ruang kuliah, rapat dinas di kantor, sidang di pengadilan, dan sebagainya.
Bagaimana percakapan di bus kota atau sedang di kereta api yang terjadi di antara penumpang yang tidak saling kenal (pada mulanya) dengan topik pembicaraan tidak menentu, tanpa tujuan, dengan ragam bahasa yang berganti-ganti, apakah dapat juga di sebut sebagai peristiwa tutur? Secara sosiolinguistik percakapan tersebut tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai peristiwa tutur, sebab pokok percakapan tidak menentu (berganti-ganti menurut situasi), tanpa tujuan dilakukan oleh orang-orang yang tidak segaja untuk bercakap-cakap, dan mengunakan ragam bahasa yang berganti-ganti. Sebuah percakapan baru dapat di sebut sebagai sebuah peristiwa tutur kalau memenuhi syarat.
Menurut Dell Hymes (1972) seorang pakar sosiolinguistik terkenal, bahwa suatu peristiwa tutur mempunyai delapan komponen, dan dibentuk menjadi akronim SPEAKING (diangkat dari Wadhaugh 1990):
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS ABILITY IN ANALYZING SENTENCES USING SEMANTIC ROLE
(ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING LAMBUNG MANGKURAT UNIVERSITY BANJARMASIN)
Sociolinguistics and Language TeachingSheng Nuesca
Language teaching is connected with sociolinguistics in many ways. Different social factors affect language teaching and language learning.
Social factors such as situation, context, and social setting that has roles in language teaching. It describes the main factors which influence linguistic choices and explains how well contemporary teaching can take account of them.
Makalah membahas prinsip-prinsip pengembangan materi ajar bahasa Indonesia untuk penutur asing (BIPA) dengan mempertimbangkan karakteristik siswa, tujuan belajar, dan integrasi unsur bahasa, kebahasaan, dan budaya. Dibahas pula contoh pengembangan materi berdasarkan analisis kebutuhan siswa untuk tingkat dasar dengan tema perkenalan dan profesi.
The document discusses the simple present tense in English. It provides examples of its common uses which include facts, general truths, habitual actions and descriptions. It then explains the formula and structures for positive, negative and interrogative sentences in both verbal (with verbs like eat, study) and nominal (with verbs like be, seem) constructions. Examples are given for each. In the end, readers are instructed to complete exercises on simple present tense in their English Time textbook.
This document discusses words, sentences, and dictionaries. It makes several key points:
- Words can be the basic building blocks of language and sentences, but a sentence does not always need multiple words and can consist of a single word command.
- There is a distinction between a word as a type and its occurrences as tokens. The same word can appear as different tokens in a sentence.
- Not all words have unpredictable meanings that need to be defined in a dictionary. Some words have predictable meanings based on their sounds.
- Idioms and phrases can have meanings that are unpredictable from the individual words. Larger linguistic units like proverbs can also have non-literal meanings.
- Not
This document provides a lesson plan for a Listening class in 10th grade Bahasa Inggris at MAN Salatiga. The lesson focuses on responding to and interacting with simple narrative monologue texts. Students will practice listening to, answering questions about, and presenting short narrative monologues. The teacher will use methods like CLT and roleplaying games to motivate students and help them develop communicative skills.
Reference, Sense, and Referring Expression in SemanticsErsa Dewana
This document discusses reference, sense, and referring expressions in semantics. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language. Reference deals with the relationship between language and the world, while sense deals with relationships inside language. There are two types of reference: variable reference, where a word can refer to different things, and constant reference, where a word always refers to the same thing. Sense is the place of an expression in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions. A referring expression is any expression used to refer to something, and can be indefinite or definite depending on the context. Opaque contexts and equative sentences are also discussed in relation to referring expressions.
Deixis refers to linguistic elements whose meaning depends on context. There are several types of deixis:
1. Person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he/she that indicate speaker and addressee.
2. Place deixis uses words like here and there to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time deixis references moments like now and then in relation to utterance time.
4. Discourse deixis refers back to parts of the ongoing conversation using words like before, after.
5. Social deixis encodes social relationships through honorifics and polite forms. Deictic elements are crucial for communication as their meaning relies on shared context
The document discusses the concept of heads and modifiers in linguistics. It defines a head as the key word that determines the syntactic type of a phrase. The head identifies the category of the phrase, such as a noun phrase having a noun as the head. Modifiers are optional elements that modify or change the meaning of the head. Modifiers can be premodifiers or postmodifiers, and the main types are adjectives and adverbs. Phrases can be endocentric, having an obligatory head, or exocentric, lacking a head.
This document defines and provides examples of different semantic roles including agent, patient or theme, instrument, experiencer, and location. It explains that semantic roles describe the underlying relationship that participants have with the main verb in a clause. For example, in the sentence "The boy kicked the ball", the boy is the agent performing the action of kicking, while the ball is the theme or patient that is affected by the action. The document also introduces feature notation as a method to express the existence or non-existence of semantic properties using plus and minus signs, such as [+HUMAN] to denote entities that are human.
Kelompok 6 semprag (cooperation and implicature)donawidiya
The document discusses semantics and pragmatics, specifically cooperation and implicature. It defines cooperation as how components of a system work together, and implicature as something inferred from an utterance that is not necessary for its truth. Implicatures can be canceled or strengthened based on context. The cooperative principle and Grice's maxims are explained, along with conversational implicature, scalar implicature, particularized implicature, and properties of implicature like defeasibility. Hedges are also defined as devices that lessen impact.
1. Makalah ini membahas teori-teori kesantunan berbahasa dari berbagai perspektif, mulai dari konsep wajah menurut K'ung Fu-tzu hingga prinsip-prinsip kesantunan berbahasa.
2. Beberapa teori yang dijelaskan meliputi konsep wajah Brown & Levinson, prinsip kerjasama Grice, prinsip kesantunan Leech, dan prinsip saling tenggang rasa Aziz.
3. Makalah ini juga me
This document defines and discusses the linguistic concepts of theme and rheme. It defines theme as the element that comes first in a clause, providing the starting point or topic, while the rheme is the remainder of the message that develops the theme. There are three main types of theme: ideational, which involves nominal groups and adverbials; textual, using connectives and continuatives; and interpersonal, using vocatives and processes. Understanding theme and rheme structure has pedagogical implications, as it provides ways to establish meaning at the clause level and allows information to flow smoothly between clauses, creating a cohesive text.
The document discusses language change from both diachronic and synchronic approaches. It describes incremental, decremental, and replacement changes in language over time. Examples are given of external and internal changes from Old English to Modern English in terms of phonological changes. The document also discusses the reconstruction of proto-languages and the comparative method used by historical linguists to establish genetic relationships between languages.
George Yule argues that words themselves do not refer to anything directly, but that reference is an act performed by people using linguistic forms. Successful reference requires collaboration between the speaker's intention to identify something and the listener's ability to recognize that intention through inference. Referring expressions provide a range of possible referents, but the context and co-text help disambiguate the intended referent. Anaphora involves subsequent references to an already introduced referent using devices like pronouns and definite noun phrases to track entities over multiple sentences.
This document discusses key concepts in semantics including:
- Semantics is the study of meaning in language.
- Speaker meaning refers to what a speaker intends to convey, while sentence meaning refers to what a sentence or word means in a language.
- A theory is a precisely specified framework of statements and definitions that can describe basic facts.
- Referring expressions indicate things being talked about, while sense refers to a word's meaning and relationship to other words.
- Predicates describe states or processes that referring expressions are involved in. Predicates have degrees based on number of arguments.
Sociolinguistics and Language TeachingSheng Nuesca
Language teaching is connected with sociolinguistics in many ways. Different social factors affect language teaching and language learning.
Social factors such as situation, context, and social setting that has roles in language teaching. It describes the main factors which influence linguistic choices and explains how well contemporary teaching can take account of them.
Makalah membahas prinsip-prinsip pengembangan materi ajar bahasa Indonesia untuk penutur asing (BIPA) dengan mempertimbangkan karakteristik siswa, tujuan belajar, dan integrasi unsur bahasa, kebahasaan, dan budaya. Dibahas pula contoh pengembangan materi berdasarkan analisis kebutuhan siswa untuk tingkat dasar dengan tema perkenalan dan profesi.
The document discusses the simple present tense in English. It provides examples of its common uses which include facts, general truths, habitual actions and descriptions. It then explains the formula and structures for positive, negative and interrogative sentences in both verbal (with verbs like eat, study) and nominal (with verbs like be, seem) constructions. Examples are given for each. In the end, readers are instructed to complete exercises on simple present tense in their English Time textbook.
This document discusses words, sentences, and dictionaries. It makes several key points:
- Words can be the basic building blocks of language and sentences, but a sentence does not always need multiple words and can consist of a single word command.
- There is a distinction between a word as a type and its occurrences as tokens. The same word can appear as different tokens in a sentence.
- Not all words have unpredictable meanings that need to be defined in a dictionary. Some words have predictable meanings based on their sounds.
- Idioms and phrases can have meanings that are unpredictable from the individual words. Larger linguistic units like proverbs can also have non-literal meanings.
- Not
This document provides a lesson plan for a Listening class in 10th grade Bahasa Inggris at MAN Salatiga. The lesson focuses on responding to and interacting with simple narrative monologue texts. Students will practice listening to, answering questions about, and presenting short narrative monologues. The teacher will use methods like CLT and roleplaying games to motivate students and help them develop communicative skills.
Reference, Sense, and Referring Expression in SemanticsErsa Dewana
This document discusses reference, sense, and referring expressions in semantics. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language. Reference deals with the relationship between language and the world, while sense deals with relationships inside language. There are two types of reference: variable reference, where a word can refer to different things, and constant reference, where a word always refers to the same thing. Sense is the place of an expression in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions. A referring expression is any expression used to refer to something, and can be indefinite or definite depending on the context. Opaque contexts and equative sentences are also discussed in relation to referring expressions.
Deixis refers to linguistic elements whose meaning depends on context. There are several types of deixis:
1. Person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he/she that indicate speaker and addressee.
2. Place deixis uses words like here and there to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time deixis references moments like now and then in relation to utterance time.
4. Discourse deixis refers back to parts of the ongoing conversation using words like before, after.
5. Social deixis encodes social relationships through honorifics and polite forms. Deictic elements are crucial for communication as their meaning relies on shared context
The document discusses the concept of heads and modifiers in linguistics. It defines a head as the key word that determines the syntactic type of a phrase. The head identifies the category of the phrase, such as a noun phrase having a noun as the head. Modifiers are optional elements that modify or change the meaning of the head. Modifiers can be premodifiers or postmodifiers, and the main types are adjectives and adverbs. Phrases can be endocentric, having an obligatory head, or exocentric, lacking a head.
This document defines and provides examples of different semantic roles including agent, patient or theme, instrument, experiencer, and location. It explains that semantic roles describe the underlying relationship that participants have with the main verb in a clause. For example, in the sentence "The boy kicked the ball", the boy is the agent performing the action of kicking, while the ball is the theme or patient that is affected by the action. The document also introduces feature notation as a method to express the existence or non-existence of semantic properties using plus and minus signs, such as [+HUMAN] to denote entities that are human.
Kelompok 6 semprag (cooperation and implicature)donawidiya
The document discusses semantics and pragmatics, specifically cooperation and implicature. It defines cooperation as how components of a system work together, and implicature as something inferred from an utterance that is not necessary for its truth. Implicatures can be canceled or strengthened based on context. The cooperative principle and Grice's maxims are explained, along with conversational implicature, scalar implicature, particularized implicature, and properties of implicature like defeasibility. Hedges are also defined as devices that lessen impact.
1. Makalah ini membahas teori-teori kesantunan berbahasa dari berbagai perspektif, mulai dari konsep wajah menurut K'ung Fu-tzu hingga prinsip-prinsip kesantunan berbahasa.
2. Beberapa teori yang dijelaskan meliputi konsep wajah Brown & Levinson, prinsip kerjasama Grice, prinsip kesantunan Leech, dan prinsip saling tenggang rasa Aziz.
3. Makalah ini juga me
This document defines and discusses the linguistic concepts of theme and rheme. It defines theme as the element that comes first in a clause, providing the starting point or topic, while the rheme is the remainder of the message that develops the theme. There are three main types of theme: ideational, which involves nominal groups and adverbials; textual, using connectives and continuatives; and interpersonal, using vocatives and processes. Understanding theme and rheme structure has pedagogical implications, as it provides ways to establish meaning at the clause level and allows information to flow smoothly between clauses, creating a cohesive text.
The document discusses language change from both diachronic and synchronic approaches. It describes incremental, decremental, and replacement changes in language over time. Examples are given of external and internal changes from Old English to Modern English in terms of phonological changes. The document also discusses the reconstruction of proto-languages and the comparative method used by historical linguists to establish genetic relationships between languages.
George Yule argues that words themselves do not refer to anything directly, but that reference is an act performed by people using linguistic forms. Successful reference requires collaboration between the speaker's intention to identify something and the listener's ability to recognize that intention through inference. Referring expressions provide a range of possible referents, but the context and co-text help disambiguate the intended referent. Anaphora involves subsequent references to an already introduced referent using devices like pronouns and definite noun phrases to track entities over multiple sentences.
This document discusses key concepts in semantics including:
- Semantics is the study of meaning in language.
- Speaker meaning refers to what a speaker intends to convey, while sentence meaning refers to what a sentence or word means in a language.
- A theory is a precisely specified framework of statements and definitions that can describe basic facts.
- Referring expressions indicate things being talked about, while sense refers to a word's meaning and relationship to other words.
- Predicates describe states or processes that referring expressions are involved in. Predicates have degrees based on number of arguments.
2. • Teknik Penerjemahan
Teknik penerjemahan ialah cara yang
digunakan untuk mengalihkan pesan dari BSu
ke BSa, diterapkan pada tataran kata, frasa,
klausa maupun kalimat.
Berikut adalah 18 teknik penerjemahan yang
dikemukakan oleh Molina dan Albir (2002).
3. • 1) Adaptasi (adaptation),
Teknik ini dikenal dengan teknik adaptasi budaya. Teknik ini
dilakukan dengan mengganti unsur-unsur budaya yang ada BSu
dengan unsur budaya yang mirip dan ada pada BSa. Hal tersebut
bisa dilakukan karena unsur budaya dalam BSu tidak ditemukan
dalam BSa, ataupun unsur budaya pada BSa tersebut lebih akrab
bagi pembaca sasaran. Teknik ini sama dengan teknik padanan
budaya.
Contoh:
Bsu as white as snow
Bsa seputih kapas
4. • 2) Amplifikasi (amplification),
Teknik penerjemahan dengan mengeksplisitkan atau
memparafrase suatu informasi yang implisit
dalamBSu. Teknik ini sama dengan eksplisitasi,
penambahan, parafrasa eksklifatif. Catatan kaki
merupakan bagian dari amplifikasi. Teknik reduksi
adalah kebalikan dari teknik ini.
Contoh:
Bsu ”.... and it was put into the Thames.”
Bsa “…. dan dibenamkan di sungai Thames.”
5. 3) Peminjaman (borrowing),
Teknik penerjemahan yang dilakukan dengan meminjam kata atau
ungkapan dari BSu. Peminjaman itu bisa bersifat murni (pure
borrowing) tanpa penyesuaian atau peminjaman yang sudah
dinaturalisasi (naturalized borrowing) dengan penyesuaian pada
ejaan ataupun pelafalan. Kamus resmi pada BSa menjadi tolok ukur
apakah kata atau ungkapan tersebut merupakan suatu pinjaman
atau bukan.
Contoh Peminjaman murni:
Bsu Hard disk, mixer
Bsa Hard disk, mixer
Contoh Peminjaman naturalisasi:
Bsu Computer, Information
Bsa Komputer, Informasi
6. 4) Kalke (calque),
Teknik penerjemahan yang dilakukan
dengan menerjemahkan frasa atau kata BSu secara
literal. Teknik ini serupa dengan teknik penerimaan
(acceptation).
Contoh:
Bsu Directorate General
Bsa Direktorat Jendral
7. 5) Kompensasi (compensation),
Teknik penerjemahan yang dilakukan dengan
menyampaikan pesan pada bagian lain dari teks
terjemahan. Hal ini dilakukan karena pengaruh stilistik
(gaya) pada BSu tidak bisa di terapkan pada BSa.
Teknik ini sama dengan teknik konsepsi.
Contoh:
Bsu You can let your imagination go wild
Bsa Anda dapat membiarkan khayalan mengembara
sejauh mungkin
8. 6) Deskripsi (description),
Teknik penerjemahan dengan menggantikan
sebuah istilah atau ungkapan dengan deskripsi
bentuk dan fungsinya.
Contoh:
Bsu Green room
Bsa Ruang tunggu para artis sebelum mereka
tampil
9. 7) Kreasi diskursif (discursive creation),
Teknik penerjemahan dengan penggunaan
padanan yang keluar konteks. Hal ini
dilakukan untuk menarik perhatian calon
pembaca. Teknik ini serupa dengan teknik
proposal.
Contoh:
Bsu Husband for A Year (Rebecca Winters)
Bsa Suami Sementara
10. 8) Padanan lazim (established equivalence),
Teknik dengan penggunaan istilah atau
ungkapan yang sudah lazim (berdasarkan
kamus atau penggunaan sehari-hari). Teknik
ini mirip dengan penerjemahan harfiah.
Contoh:
Bsu efficient and effective
Bsa efisien dan efektif (sangkil dan mangkus)
11. 9) Generalisasi (generalization),
Teknik ini menggunakan istilah yang lebih umum
pada BSa untuk BSu yang lebih spesifik. Hal
tersebut dilakukan karena BSa tidak memiliki
padanan yang spesifik. Teknik ini serupa dengan
teknik penerimaan (acceptation).
Contoh:
Bsu Penthouse, mansion
Bsa Tempat tinggal
12. 10) Amplifikasi linguistik (linguistic amplification),
Teknik penerjemahan yang dilakukan dengan
menambahkan unsur-unsur linguistik dalam BSa.
Teknik ini lazim diterapkan pada
pengalihbahasaan konsekutif dan sulih suara.
Contoh:
Bsu The David you are sculpting is you
Bsa Patung David yang Anda ukir adalah diri Anda
sendiri
13. 11) Kompresi linguistik (linguistic compression),
Teknik yang dilakukan dengan mensintesa unsur-
unsur linguistik pada BSa. Teknik ini merupakan
kebalikan dari teknik amplifikasi linguistik. Teknik
ini lazim digunakan pada pengalihbahasaan
simultan dan penerjemahan teks film.
Contoh:
BsuThe mind is actually shaping the very thing
that is being perceived.
Bsa Akal membentuk segala sesuatu yang ada
14. 12) Penerjemahan harfiah (literal translation),
Teknik yang dilakukan dengan cara
menerjemahkan kata demi kata dan
penerjemah tidak mengaitkan dengan
konteks.
Contoh:
Bsu Killing two birds with one stone
Bsa Membunuh dua burung dengan satu batu
15. 13) Modulasi (modulation),
Teknik penerjemahan yang diterapkan
dengan mengubah sudut pandang, fokus atau
kategori kognitif dalam kaitannya dengan BSu.
Perubahan sudut pandang tersebut dapat
bersifat leksikal atau struktural.
Contoh:
Bsu Nobody doesn’t like it
Bsa Semua orang menyukainya
16. 14) Partikularisasi (particularizaton),
Teknik penerjemahan dimana
penerjemah menggunakan istilah yang lebih
konkrit, presisi atau spesifik, dari superordinat ke
subordinat. Teknik ini merupakan kebalikan dari
teknik generalisasi.
Contoh:
Bsu air transportation
Bsa Pesawat
17. 15) Reduksi (reduction),
Teknik yang diterapkan dengan penghilangan secara
parsial, karena penghilangan tersebut dianggap tidak
menimbulkan distorsi makna. Dengan kata lain,
mengimplisitkan informasi yang eksplisit. Teknik ini
kebalikan dari teknik amplifikasi.
Contoh:
Bsu SBY the president of republic of Indonesia took a
leave in order to campaign for his party
Bsa SBY mengambil cuti agar dapat berkampanye
untuk partainya
18. 16) subsitusi (subsitution),
Teknik ini dilakukan dengan mengubah unsur-
unsur linguistik dan paralinguistik (intonasi
atau isyarat).
Contoh:
gesture such as nodding is translated into
setuju, shrugging shoulders is translated into
saya tidak tahu.
19. 17) Transposisi (transposition).
Transposisi merupakan teknik penerjemahkan
dengan mengubah kategori gramatikal. Teknik ini
sama dengan teknik pergeseran kategori,
struktur dan unit. Kata kerja dalam teks bahasa
sumber, misal, diubah menjadi kata benda dalam
teks bahasa sasaran. Teknik pergeseran struktur
lazim diterapkan jika struktur bahasa sumber dan
bahasa sasaran berbeda satu sama lain. Oleh
sebab itu, pergeseran struktur bersifat wajib.
Sifat wajib dari pergeseran struktur tersebut
berlaku pada penerjemahan dari bahasa Inggris
ke dalam bahasa Indonesia untuk menghindari
interferensi gramatikal yang dapat menimbulkan
terjemahan tidak berterima dan sulit dipahami.
20. 18) Variasi (variation).
Realisasi dari teknik ini adalah dengan
mengubah unsur
unsur linguistik atau paralinguistik yang
mempengaruhi variasi linguistik: perubahan
tona tekstual, gaya bahasa, dialek sosial,
dialek geografis. Teknik ini lazim diterapkan
dalam menerjemahkan naskah drama.
21. REFERENSI
Molina, Lucía and Amparo Hurtado Albir (2002)
‘Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic
and Functionalist Approach’. Meta, XLVII, 4.
498-512.
Republished by penerjemah-id.com