This work shows a method to prepare manganese
nanoparticles on carbon substrate and some inorganic and organic
salts such as carbonate, nitrate, chloride, citrate and acetate from
spent dry battery cells. The method involves dismantling the cell
followed by sulfuric acid leaching of the whole contents at
temperatures up to 75°C for 3 hours. The leaching products were
filtered and the metals went into solution were determined. Metals
other than manganese were chemically separated whereby
manganese hydroxide was precipitated at pH 8. Nanoparticles of
manganese were prepared by direct reduction of the hydroxide
using hydrazine hydrate. The hydroxide salt reacted with the
respective acid to prepare the required salt. Results revealed that
manganese content in the spent battery cell amounts to 22 % by
weight. Leaching extent in sulfuric acid increased with the
increasing the acid molarity up to 3, temperature of leaching up to
75 °C, leaching time up to 3 hours and stirring conditions. The
quality of the products have been characterized by XRD, SEM and
FT-IR investigations. The activation energy of the acid leaching of
manganese amounts to kJ.mol.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses modern methods for recovering metals from effluents, specifically ion exchange chromatography and electrodialysis. Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules using an ion exchange resin that retains analytes based on their charge. Electrodialysis uses an applied electric potential to transport ions through ion exchange membranes from a dilute solution to a concentrated brine solution. Both methods are effective at separating and recovering metal ions from industrial wastewater effluents.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
This document describes a hydrometallurgical process for recovering rare earth elements from spent nickel-metal hydride batteries. The process involves three steps:
1) Leaching electrode materials from the batteries in sulfuric acid solutions using ozone as the oxidant, which achieved over 90% recovery of lanthanum, cerium, and neodymium.
2) Separating cobalt and part of the nickel from the leach solution using electrodeposition in an electrochemical reactor.
3) Precipitating the remaining rare earth elements along with the rest of the nickel by adjusting the pH of the solution.
This document summarizes the capabilities and achievements of TECNALIA in materials for energy and the environment, with a focus on ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. TECNALIA has capabilities for designing, synthesizing, and characterizing ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. They have developed processes using ionic liquids for electrodeposition of metals, recycling of batteries to recover metals like cobalt and lithium, and recycling of permanent magnets to recover rare earth elements. TECNALIA has also studied ionic liquids for applications like flow batteries and aluminum electrodeposition for aerospace.
Removal of boron from mining wastewaters by electrocoagulation method: Modell...Thiago Ribeiro
The model with a topology of 3-10-1 (corresponding
to input, hidden, and output neurons, respectively) provided satisfactory results in the identification of the optimal conditions.
The document describes the synthesis of magnetic cryptomelane-type manganese oxide nanotubes for removing lead compounds from water samples. It involves depositing iron(II) oxide nanoparticles onto manganese oxide nanotubes via a hydrothermal and precipitation method. Characterization shows the composite exhibits excellent magnetic properties and removes over 98% of lead from 0.1M and 0.05M lead acetate solutions, leaving clear water behind. The material could have applications in water purification due to its simple manipulation and high adsorption activity for heavy metal degradation.
Lithium recovery from spent Li-ion batteries using coconut shell activated ca...UniversitasGadjahMada
Lithium is one of scarce natural resources in the world that need to be preserve. One of the way in preserving the resource is by recovery the rich source of the lithium such as in the spent batteries. It is necessary to develop a recovery method which is efficient and low-cost to be able to recover the lithium in an economic scale. In this study, low-cost activated carbon (AC) from coconut shell charcoal was prepared by chemical and physical activation methods and tested for Li removal from Co, Mn, and Ni ions in semicontinuous columns adsorption experiments. The maximum surface area is 365 m2/g with the total pore volume is 0.148 cm3/g that can be produced by physical activation at 800 °C. In the same activation temperature, activation using KOH has larger ratio of micropore volume than physical activation. Then, the adsorption capacity and selectivity of metal ions were investigated. A very low adsorption capacity of AC for Li ions in batch adsorption mode provides an advantage in column applications for separating Li from other metal ions. The AC sample with chemical activation provided better separation than the samples with physical activation in the column adsorption method. During a certain period of early adsorption (lag time), solution collected from the column outlet was found to be rich in Li due to the fast travel time of this light element, while the other heavier metal ions were mostly retained in the AC bed. The maximum lag time is 97.3 min with AC by KOH activation at 750°C.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses modern methods for recovering metals from effluents, specifically ion exchange chromatography and electrodialysis. Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules using an ion exchange resin that retains analytes based on their charge. Electrodialysis uses an applied electric potential to transport ions through ion exchange membranes from a dilute solution to a concentrated brine solution. Both methods are effective at separating and recovering metal ions from industrial wastewater effluents.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
This document describes a hydrometallurgical process for recovering rare earth elements from spent nickel-metal hydride batteries. The process involves three steps:
1) Leaching electrode materials from the batteries in sulfuric acid solutions using ozone as the oxidant, which achieved over 90% recovery of lanthanum, cerium, and neodymium.
2) Separating cobalt and part of the nickel from the leach solution using electrodeposition in an electrochemical reactor.
3) Precipitating the remaining rare earth elements along with the rest of the nickel by adjusting the pH of the solution.
This document summarizes the capabilities and achievements of TECNALIA in materials for energy and the environment, with a focus on ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. TECNALIA has capabilities for designing, synthesizing, and characterizing ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. They have developed processes using ionic liquids for electrodeposition of metals, recycling of batteries to recover metals like cobalt and lithium, and recycling of permanent magnets to recover rare earth elements. TECNALIA has also studied ionic liquids for applications like flow batteries and aluminum electrodeposition for aerospace.
Removal of boron from mining wastewaters by electrocoagulation method: Modell...Thiago Ribeiro
The model with a topology of 3-10-1 (corresponding
to input, hidden, and output neurons, respectively) provided satisfactory results in the identification of the optimal conditions.
The document describes the synthesis of magnetic cryptomelane-type manganese oxide nanotubes for removing lead compounds from water samples. It involves depositing iron(II) oxide nanoparticles onto manganese oxide nanotubes via a hydrothermal and precipitation method. Characterization shows the composite exhibits excellent magnetic properties and removes over 98% of lead from 0.1M and 0.05M lead acetate solutions, leaving clear water behind. The material could have applications in water purification due to its simple manipulation and high adsorption activity for heavy metal degradation.
Lithium recovery from spent Li-ion batteries using coconut shell activated ca...UniversitasGadjahMada
Lithium is one of scarce natural resources in the world that need to be preserve. One of the way in preserving the resource is by recovery the rich source of the lithium such as in the spent batteries. It is necessary to develop a recovery method which is efficient and low-cost to be able to recover the lithium in an economic scale. In this study, low-cost activated carbon (AC) from coconut shell charcoal was prepared by chemical and physical activation methods and tested for Li removal from Co, Mn, and Ni ions in semicontinuous columns adsorption experiments. The maximum surface area is 365 m2/g with the total pore volume is 0.148 cm3/g that can be produced by physical activation at 800 °C. In the same activation temperature, activation using KOH has larger ratio of micropore volume than physical activation. Then, the adsorption capacity and selectivity of metal ions were investigated. A very low adsorption capacity of AC for Li ions in batch adsorption mode provides an advantage in column applications for separating Li from other metal ions. The AC sample with chemical activation provided better separation than the samples with physical activation in the column adsorption method. During a certain period of early adsorption (lag time), solution collected from the column outlet was found to be rich in Li due to the fast travel time of this light element, while the other heavier metal ions were mostly retained in the AC bed. The maximum lag time is 97.3 min with AC by KOH activation at 750°C.
Extraction of Heavy Metals From Industrial Waste WaterHashim Khan
This was my topic of research during Bachelors. I made this presentation to give a brief overview of what apparatus i used and the methodologies of my experimentation.
This document investigates the potential use of spent coffee grounds as a biosorbent for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It first outlines the problem of heavy metal pollution and the need for a low-cost removal method. The objective is to determine if spent coffee grounds can effectively remove heavy metals like lead, copper, and chromium. Experiments test the effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial metal concentration on removal efficiency. Results show that spent coffee grounds can remove over 97% of lead, 94% of copper, and 84% of chromium from solutions. This demonstrates that spent coffee grounds are a promising biosorbent that could provide an inexpensive way to treat wastewater while reusing coffee waste
This document summarizes various methods for remediating cyanide contamination. It discusses separation methods like physical separation using membranes or electrowinning. It also discusses destruction methods like oxidation which break the carbon-nitrogen triple bond in cyanide. Common oxidation methods mentioned are acidification/volatilization, which lowers the pH to release hydrogen cyanide gas, and metal addition processes like the Merrill-Crowe process which precipitate metals to remove cyanide from solution. The document provides examples of industrial cyanide remediation processes and compares their effectiveness at treating different cyanide species.
Wastewater management involves treating various sources of water pollution using advanced oxidation processes like photo-Fenton oxidation. Photo-Fenton oxidation uses UV light, hydrogen peroxide, and iron ions to produce hydroxyl radicals that effectively eliminate organic pollutants through oxidation. The process parameters that affect photo-Fenton oxidation include pH, hydrogen peroxide dose, irradiation time, and initial iron ion concentration. Photo-Fenton oxidation shows potential for treating industrial wastewater for reuse in fertilizer production after further treatment.
The researchers synthesized TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) on Ti foil through anodic oxidation at varying voltages. Pt nanoparticles were deposited on the NTs using two methods, but only one electrode showed reactivity to H2O2. Higher anodization voltages increased NT size but decreased stability, and only undamaged NTs successfully deposited Pt. The electrode with some carbon deposits on the NT surface detected H2O2 at -0.277V, indicating it may be suitable for a lactate biosensor.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
The document discusses the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test used to measure organic pollution in water. It explains the significance of the COD test in measuring the oxygen demand of organic matter. The chemistry of the COD test is described, involving the oxidation of organic compounds by dichromate under acidic conditions. Interferences and the relationship between COD, BOD and total organic carbon are also covered briefly.
Wastewater treatment technologies for removal of nitrogen and phosphorusRabia Aziz
The document discusses technologies for removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. It describes biological and physico-chemical processes for nitrogen removal, including nitrification, denitrification, air stripping, ion exchange and chemical precipitation. For phosphorus removal, it covers biological phosphate uptake and chemical precipitation by adding coagulants like aluminum, calcium or iron to wastewater. The document provides details on each treatment process with examples of common methods and diagrams of system designs.
1. The document describes the relationship between concentration and purification processes using solvent extraction in hydrometallurgy.
2. Solvent extraction is a well-established process that separates an impure aqueous stream into two streams, one containing most impurities and the other containing most valuable metal ions.
3. Examples of concentration and purification discussed include solvent extraction being used to produce pure copper electrolytes from impure leach solutions, and to recover uranium from acidic leach liquors while removing impurities like iron and thorium.
Advanced oxidation processes use strong oxidizing agents like hydroxyl radicals to break down organic compounds in water. Hydroxyl radicals are generated through reactions between oxidants like ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and UV light. These radicals then react with and mineralize organic pollutants into simpler substances like carbon dioxide and water. Combining different oxidants and UV light can improve the effectiveness of advanced oxidation by increasing hydroxyl radical production and allowing for complete oxidation of resistant compounds. Operating costs are primarily determined by the oxidants and energy requirements for processes involving ozone, hydrogen peroxide, or UV light generation.
Environmental Technology for Cleaner ProductionSSA KPI
AACIMP 2010 Summer School lecture by Mårten Ericson. "Sustainable Development" stream. "Environmental Technology" course. Part 1.
More info at http://summerschool.ssa.org.ua
Carbon-cuprous oxide composite nanoparticles
were chemically deposited on surface of thin glass tubes of spent
energy saving lamps for solar heat collection. Carbon was
obtained from fly ash of heavy oil incomplete combustion in
electric power stations. Impurities in the carbon were removed by
leaching with mineral acids. The mineral free-carbon was then
wet ground to have a submicron size. After filtration, it was
reacted with concentrated sulfuric/fuming nitric acid mixture on
cold for 3-4 days. Potassium chlorate was then added drop wise on
hot conditions to a carbon slurry followed by filtration.
Nanocarbon sample was mixed with 5% by weight PVA to help
adhesion to the glass surface. Carbon so deposited was doped with
copper nitrate solution. After dryness, the carbon/copper nitrate
film was dipped in hydrazine hydrate to form cuprous oxide -
carbon composite, It was then roasted at 380-400 °C A heat
collector testing assembly was constructed of 5 glass coils
connected in series with a total surface area of 1250 cm2
. Heat
collection was estimated by water flowing in the glass coils that
are coated with the carbon/copper film,. Parameters affecting the
solar collection efficiency such as time of exposure and mass flow
rate of the water were studied. Results revealed that the prepared
glass coil has proven successful energy collector for solar heat.
Omni Solutions provides water treatment systems that use advanced oxidation processes to purify water. Their CBW system uses counter flow mixing, an advanced oxidative gas generator, and UV irradiation lamps to reduce bacteria and other contaminants by 99.9% without chemicals. The system injects oxidative gas generated on-site and exposes the water to UV light to generate hydroxyl radicals that safely and effectively treat the water.
This document summarizes several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and their effectiveness in treating wastewater. It discusses processes like Fenton, H2O2/UV, photocatalytic oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, ozone/UV, and ozone/H2O2/UV. It explains the chemical reactions involved in each process and factors that affect them. The document also summarizes biological wastewater treatment methods, focusing on suspended growth systems like sequencing batch reactors. The AOPs can mineralize toxic organic compounds, and combining them with biological treatment allows complete biodegradation.
The document discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which use hydroxyl radicals to oxidize organic compounds that cannot be degraded through biological or conventional water treatment processes. It describes various AOP technologies that generate hydroxyl radicals including ozone/UV, hydrogen peroxide/UV, Fenton reactions, photocatalysis, and ultrasound-assisted processes. Factors that influence AOP performance such as pH, presence of carbonates or natural organic matter are also summarized.
The document describes an experiment to remove ammonium and phosphates from wastewater produced during the extraction of carmine dye from cochineal insects. Low-grade magnesium oxide (LG-MgO) was used to precipitate ammonium magnesium phosphate (MAP) compounds. The optimal pH, reaction time, and solid to liquid ratio were studied. It was found that over 1.8 times the stoichiometric amount of LG-MgO was needed to fully remove ammonium and phosphates, though LG-MgO reacted slower than pure MgO. A batch process using LG-MgO was proposed to remove ammonium and phosphates prior to biological treatment to reduce COD levels in the wastewater.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Waste WaterTejas Deshpande
The document presents a technical paper on recent trends in chemical engineering, specifically sonophotocatalytic degradation of wastewater. It discusses various sources and types of wastewater as well as current treatment methods and their drawbacks. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) like sonophotocatalysis are introduced as promising alternatives. Sonophotocatalysis combines sonication and photocatalysis to generate more hydroxyl radicals for degradation. A case study demonstrates over 95% degradation of pharmaceutical wastewater pollutants using this technique. While sonophotocatalysis has benefits, further research is still needed to optimize costs and fully understand degradation mechanisms for wide application.
Recently, biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles has
drawn considerable attention due to environment friendly and
sustainable methods. Herein, Bacillus subtilis TD 6 was selected
as candidate for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).
These nano-sized silver particles (AgNPs) at concentration of 500
ppm were synthesized using maize and potato starch as both
reducing and stabilizing agent. A solution containing AgNPs (500
ppm) was diluted with distilled water to 100 and 50 ppm and
applied to cotton fabrics in presence of binder. The finished
fabric characterization was carried out using UV-Vis
spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the treated fabrics
loaded with AgNPs was evaluated against Escherichia coli (gram
negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) bacteria.
Results explored that, binder retains excellent antibacterial
properties even after 20 washing cycles reflecting the significance
of binder in fixation of AgNPs deposits on the surface of the
fabrics.
Bio-char can be produced by thermal conversion of
biomass. Palm shells were obtained from palm fruits (palmira).
They were air-dried to remove moisture. The dried palm shells
were ground to become powder and heated at 600ºC, 800ºC and
1000ºC for 2 h respectively. After heating, bio-char was obtained.
Structural properties of palm shell powder and bio-char were
examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was used to observe microstructure of biochar.
Properties such as hydration capacity, pH were also
evaluated.
Extraction of Heavy Metals From Industrial Waste WaterHashim Khan
This was my topic of research during Bachelors. I made this presentation to give a brief overview of what apparatus i used and the methodologies of my experimentation.
This document investigates the potential use of spent coffee grounds as a biosorbent for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It first outlines the problem of heavy metal pollution and the need for a low-cost removal method. The objective is to determine if spent coffee grounds can effectively remove heavy metals like lead, copper, and chromium. Experiments test the effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial metal concentration on removal efficiency. Results show that spent coffee grounds can remove over 97% of lead, 94% of copper, and 84% of chromium from solutions. This demonstrates that spent coffee grounds are a promising biosorbent that could provide an inexpensive way to treat wastewater while reusing coffee waste
This document summarizes various methods for remediating cyanide contamination. It discusses separation methods like physical separation using membranes or electrowinning. It also discusses destruction methods like oxidation which break the carbon-nitrogen triple bond in cyanide. Common oxidation methods mentioned are acidification/volatilization, which lowers the pH to release hydrogen cyanide gas, and metal addition processes like the Merrill-Crowe process which precipitate metals to remove cyanide from solution. The document provides examples of industrial cyanide remediation processes and compares their effectiveness at treating different cyanide species.
Wastewater management involves treating various sources of water pollution using advanced oxidation processes like photo-Fenton oxidation. Photo-Fenton oxidation uses UV light, hydrogen peroxide, and iron ions to produce hydroxyl radicals that effectively eliminate organic pollutants through oxidation. The process parameters that affect photo-Fenton oxidation include pH, hydrogen peroxide dose, irradiation time, and initial iron ion concentration. Photo-Fenton oxidation shows potential for treating industrial wastewater for reuse in fertilizer production after further treatment.
The researchers synthesized TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) on Ti foil through anodic oxidation at varying voltages. Pt nanoparticles were deposited on the NTs using two methods, but only one electrode showed reactivity to H2O2. Higher anodization voltages increased NT size but decreased stability, and only undamaged NTs successfully deposited Pt. The electrode with some carbon deposits on the NT surface detected H2O2 at -0.277V, indicating it may be suitable for a lactate biosensor.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
The document discusses the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test used to measure organic pollution in water. It explains the significance of the COD test in measuring the oxygen demand of organic matter. The chemistry of the COD test is described, involving the oxidation of organic compounds by dichromate under acidic conditions. Interferences and the relationship between COD, BOD and total organic carbon are also covered briefly.
Wastewater treatment technologies for removal of nitrogen and phosphorusRabia Aziz
The document discusses technologies for removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. It describes biological and physico-chemical processes for nitrogen removal, including nitrification, denitrification, air stripping, ion exchange and chemical precipitation. For phosphorus removal, it covers biological phosphate uptake and chemical precipitation by adding coagulants like aluminum, calcium or iron to wastewater. The document provides details on each treatment process with examples of common methods and diagrams of system designs.
1. The document describes the relationship between concentration and purification processes using solvent extraction in hydrometallurgy.
2. Solvent extraction is a well-established process that separates an impure aqueous stream into two streams, one containing most impurities and the other containing most valuable metal ions.
3. Examples of concentration and purification discussed include solvent extraction being used to produce pure copper electrolytes from impure leach solutions, and to recover uranium from acidic leach liquors while removing impurities like iron and thorium.
Advanced oxidation processes use strong oxidizing agents like hydroxyl radicals to break down organic compounds in water. Hydroxyl radicals are generated through reactions between oxidants like ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and UV light. These radicals then react with and mineralize organic pollutants into simpler substances like carbon dioxide and water. Combining different oxidants and UV light can improve the effectiveness of advanced oxidation by increasing hydroxyl radical production and allowing for complete oxidation of resistant compounds. Operating costs are primarily determined by the oxidants and energy requirements for processes involving ozone, hydrogen peroxide, or UV light generation.
Environmental Technology for Cleaner ProductionSSA KPI
AACIMP 2010 Summer School lecture by Mårten Ericson. "Sustainable Development" stream. "Environmental Technology" course. Part 1.
More info at http://summerschool.ssa.org.ua
Carbon-cuprous oxide composite nanoparticles
were chemically deposited on surface of thin glass tubes of spent
energy saving lamps for solar heat collection. Carbon was
obtained from fly ash of heavy oil incomplete combustion in
electric power stations. Impurities in the carbon were removed by
leaching with mineral acids. The mineral free-carbon was then
wet ground to have a submicron size. After filtration, it was
reacted with concentrated sulfuric/fuming nitric acid mixture on
cold for 3-4 days. Potassium chlorate was then added drop wise on
hot conditions to a carbon slurry followed by filtration.
Nanocarbon sample was mixed with 5% by weight PVA to help
adhesion to the glass surface. Carbon so deposited was doped with
copper nitrate solution. After dryness, the carbon/copper nitrate
film was dipped in hydrazine hydrate to form cuprous oxide -
carbon composite, It was then roasted at 380-400 °C A heat
collector testing assembly was constructed of 5 glass coils
connected in series with a total surface area of 1250 cm2
. Heat
collection was estimated by water flowing in the glass coils that
are coated with the carbon/copper film,. Parameters affecting the
solar collection efficiency such as time of exposure and mass flow
rate of the water were studied. Results revealed that the prepared
glass coil has proven successful energy collector for solar heat.
Omni Solutions provides water treatment systems that use advanced oxidation processes to purify water. Their CBW system uses counter flow mixing, an advanced oxidative gas generator, and UV irradiation lamps to reduce bacteria and other contaminants by 99.9% without chemicals. The system injects oxidative gas generated on-site and exposes the water to UV light to generate hydroxyl radicals that safely and effectively treat the water.
This document summarizes several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and their effectiveness in treating wastewater. It discusses processes like Fenton, H2O2/UV, photocatalytic oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, ozone/UV, and ozone/H2O2/UV. It explains the chemical reactions involved in each process and factors that affect them. The document also summarizes biological wastewater treatment methods, focusing on suspended growth systems like sequencing batch reactors. The AOPs can mineralize toxic organic compounds, and combining them with biological treatment allows complete biodegradation.
The document discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which use hydroxyl radicals to oxidize organic compounds that cannot be degraded through biological or conventional water treatment processes. It describes various AOP technologies that generate hydroxyl radicals including ozone/UV, hydrogen peroxide/UV, Fenton reactions, photocatalysis, and ultrasound-assisted processes. Factors that influence AOP performance such as pH, presence of carbonates or natural organic matter are also summarized.
The document describes an experiment to remove ammonium and phosphates from wastewater produced during the extraction of carmine dye from cochineal insects. Low-grade magnesium oxide (LG-MgO) was used to precipitate ammonium magnesium phosphate (MAP) compounds. The optimal pH, reaction time, and solid to liquid ratio were studied. It was found that over 1.8 times the stoichiometric amount of LG-MgO was needed to fully remove ammonium and phosphates, though LG-MgO reacted slower than pure MgO. A batch process using LG-MgO was proposed to remove ammonium and phosphates prior to biological treatment to reduce COD levels in the wastewater.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Waste WaterTejas Deshpande
The document presents a technical paper on recent trends in chemical engineering, specifically sonophotocatalytic degradation of wastewater. It discusses various sources and types of wastewater as well as current treatment methods and their drawbacks. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) like sonophotocatalysis are introduced as promising alternatives. Sonophotocatalysis combines sonication and photocatalysis to generate more hydroxyl radicals for degradation. A case study demonstrates over 95% degradation of pharmaceutical wastewater pollutants using this technique. While sonophotocatalysis has benefits, further research is still needed to optimize costs and fully understand degradation mechanisms for wide application.
Recently, biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles has
drawn considerable attention due to environment friendly and
sustainable methods. Herein, Bacillus subtilis TD 6 was selected
as candidate for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).
These nano-sized silver particles (AgNPs) at concentration of 500
ppm were synthesized using maize and potato starch as both
reducing and stabilizing agent. A solution containing AgNPs (500
ppm) was diluted with distilled water to 100 and 50 ppm and
applied to cotton fabrics in presence of binder. The finished
fabric characterization was carried out using UV-Vis
spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of the treated fabrics
loaded with AgNPs was evaluated against Escherichia coli (gram
negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) bacteria.
Results explored that, binder retains excellent antibacterial
properties even after 20 washing cycles reflecting the significance
of binder in fixation of AgNPs deposits on the surface of the
fabrics.
Bio-char can be produced by thermal conversion of
biomass. Palm shells were obtained from palm fruits (palmira).
They were air-dried to remove moisture. The dried palm shells
were ground to become powder and heated at 600ºC, 800ºC and
1000ºC for 2 h respectively. After heating, bio-char was obtained.
Structural properties of palm shell powder and bio-char were
examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was used to observe microstructure of biochar.
Properties such as hydration capacity, pH were also
evaluated.
In current year, endurable and entire renewable
energy resources are extensively used in electrical energy
generation system. Mainly, solar energy conservation systems
are apply in stand -alone system. Solar panels covert solar
radiation into direct electrical energy. Solar panels are one of
the most potential renewable energy technologies for refreshing
building. In this study, responsibility analysis of a solar system
installed in my collage academic block and hostel is
investigated. The system includes solar panel, battery,
generator, converter and loads. In this study we calculate
overall load in academic block (Electrical engineering
department and round building) and only boy hostel. After
knowing overall loads result for these buildings we simulate
this data through HOMER tool and we obtain the best result
which is presented in this paper.
The result obtained from the optimization gives the initial
capital cost as 296.000$ while operating cost is 2,882$/yr. Total
net present cost (NPC) is 332,846$ and the cost of energy
(COE) is 0.212$/kWh.
The main purpose of this research paper is that the
maximum demand of energy consumption for both academic
block and hostel are simulated through solar panel, for this
purpose which amount of solar panel and battery is required.
On the surface a packet is a chunk of information
but at the deeper level a packet is one unit of binary data capable
of being transferred through a network. Delivering data packets
for highly dynamic mobile ad hoc networks in a reliable and
timely manner. Driven by this issue, an efficient Position-based
Opportunistic Routing (POR) protocol which takes advantage of
the stateless property of geographic routing. In proactive routing
protocols the route discovery and recovery procedures are time
and energy consuming process. Once the path breaks, data
packets will get lost or be delayed for a long time until the
reconstruction of the route, causing transmission interruption.
but Geographic routing (GR) uses location information to
forward data packets, in a hop-by-hop routing fashion. Greedy
forwarding is used to select next hop forwarder with the largest
positive progress toward the destination while void handling
mechanism is triggered to route around communication voids. No
end-to-end route need to be maintained, leading to GR’s high
efficiency and scalability. In the operation of greedy forwarding,
the neighbour which is relatively far away from the sender is
chosen as the next hop. If the node moves out of the sender’s
coverage area, the transmission will fail. In GPSR (a very famous
geographic routing protocol), the MAC-layer failure feedback is
used to offer the packet another chance to reroute.
This document discusses using transition diagrams to teach concepts in Markov chains. It defines key terms like transition matrix, transition diagram, n-step transition probabilities, first passage times, persistent/transient states, mean recurrence times, and periodic/aperiodic states. Examples are provided to show how these concepts can be understood and calculated from a transition diagram. The document argues transition diagrams provide a good technique for students to visualize and solve problems involving Markov chains.
This research deals with study of Degradation
behavior of starch blended with different percentage of
polypropylene (PP) .Twin screw extruder at 160- 190 °C and 50
rpm is used for manufacture of blend sheet. Degradation test
achieved according to ASTM standard (D 638 IV and D570-98).
Studies on their degradation properties were carried out by Soil
burial test, Water absorption test and Hydrolysis test. The
morphology test of the polypropylene / starch blend samples
was obviously seen in the (Dino- Light- Digital Microscope),
Results of soil burial test show that tensile strength and
percentage of elongation of polypropylene / starch blend
decrease with increasing the starch content and burial time. The
hydrolysis test show the weight losses increasing with the
increasing amount of starch. High percent of polypropylene
found to decrease the amount of water absorption of the blend.
The physical appearance and morphology studies of
polypropylene / starch blend after burial test in soil and
hydrolysis in water environment showed that all blend samples
was obviously changed after 90-day study period, whereas the
pure polypropylene samples remained unchanged
This document describes a proposed system for providing navigation assistance to public transport users based on their RFID ticket validation locations. The system would use RFID readers located at transport entrances to track a user's location and send SMS messages with the next steps to reach their destinations. It involves RFID tags for users, readers on transports, and a back-end system to calculate routes and send messages. The system is intended to provide value to users by guiding them between validation points using only publicly available information.
When a ductile material with a crack is loaded in
tension, the deformation energy builds up around the crack tip
and it is understood that at a certain critical condition voids are
formed ahead of the crack tip. The crack extension occurs by
coalescence of voids with the crack tip. The “characteristic
distance” (Lc) defined as the distance b/w the crack tip & the void
responsible for eventual coalescence with the crack tip. Nucleation
of these voids is generally associated with the presence of second
phase particles or grain boundaries in the vicinity of the crack tip.
Although approximate, Lc assumes a special significance since it
links the fracture toughness to the microscopic mechanism
considered responsible for ductile fracture. The knowledge of the
“characteristic distance” is also crucial for designing the size of
mesh in the finite element simulations of material crack growth
using damage mechanics principles. There is not much work
(experimental as well as numerical) available in the literature
related to the dependency of “characteristic distance” on the
fracture specimen geometry. The present research work is an
attempt to understand numerically, the geometry dependency of
“characteristic distance” using three-dimensional FEM analysis.
The variation of “characteristic distance” parameter due to the
change of temperature across the fracture specimen thickness was
also studied. The work also studied the variation of “characteristic
distance”, due to the change in fracture specimen thickness.
Finally, the ASTM requirement of fracture specimen thickness
criteria is evaluated for the “characteristic distance” fracture
parameter. “Characteristic distance” is found to vary across the
fracture specimen thickness. It is dependent on fracture specimen
thickness and it converges after a specified thickness of fracture
specimen. “Characteristic distance” value is also dependent on the
temperature of ductile material. In Armco iron material, it is
found to decrease with the increase in temperature.
A young astronomer’s by now ten years old
results are re-told and put in perspective. The implications are
far-reaching. Angular-momentum shows its clout not only in
quantum mechanics where this is well known, but is also a
major player in the space-time theory of the equivalence
principle and its ramifications. In general relativity, its
fundamental role was largely neglected for the better part of a
century. A children’s device – a friction-free rotating bicycle
wheel suspended from its hub that can be lowered and pulled
up reversibly – serves as an eye-opener. The consequences are
embarrassingly far-reaching in reviving Einstein’s original
dream
-In the field of Agriculture most important things
are fertility of soil, nutrition’s available in soil, water availability
in that area, atmospheric conditions .All these parameters are
playing the measure roll regarding the productivity of crop .In
this paper we are trying to go through the techniques which will
show us how to improve productivity with the minimum use of
natural resources like water, and avoid leaching of soil by using
fertilizers through drip. This can be used in greenhouse or open
environments to efficiently monitor soil moisture and
temperature, ambient temperature, and humidity. Wired
communications, sensor networks, and other complementary
technologies provide the necessary tools to compile and processes
physical variables, including temperature, humidity, and soil
moisture, pH of soil, fertilizer concentrations. Greenhouse and
precision agricultural, in general, demand real-time precise
measurement of these parameters in order to avoid unnecessary
exposure to unhealthy ambient conditions, assure maximum
productivity and provide value-added quality. This paper aims to
implement the basic application of automizing the irrigation field
by programming the components and building the necessary
hardware with ARM7 Processor. This is used to find the exact
field condition and maintaining their levels in the soil
A supply chain consists of all parties involved
directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. The supply
chain includes not only the manufacturers and suppliers, but also
transporters, workhouse, retailers and even customers
themselves. Within each organization, such as a manufactures,
the supply chain includes all functions involved in receiving and
filling a customer request. These functions include, but are not
limited to, new product development, marketing operations,
distributions, finance, and customer service. Supply chain
management (SCM) is the management of an interconnected or
interlinked between network, channel and node businesses
involved in the provision of product and service packages
required by the end customers in a supply chain. Supply chain
management spans the movement and storage of raw materials,
work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of
origin to point of consumption. It is also defined as the "design,
planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain
activities with the objective of creating net value, building a
competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics,
synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance
globally.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of
70% ethanolic crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L on mice
orgons . (In vivo),In vivo, the acute toxicity of 70 % ethanolic
extract of the plant on normal mice was studied. No toxic effect
was noted on normal mice even at 9500 mg /kg B.W S/C
injection.Histopathological changes due to ethanolic extract of
the plant in healthy mice were summarized in hyperplasia of
white pulp with amyloid deposition, proliferation of
megakaryocytes and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver and
kidney parenchyma. There were no significant lesions detected in
the brain, heart and ovary in all treated groups.
The technical study had been performed on
many foreign languages like Japanese; Chinese etc. but the
efforts on Indian ancient script is still immature. As the Modi
script language is ancient and cursive type, the OCR of it is still
not widely available. As per our knowledge, Prof. D.N.Besekar,
Dept. of Computer Science, Shri. Shivaji College of Science,
Akola had proposed a system for recognition of offline
handwritten MODI script Vowels. The challenges of
recognition of handwritten Modi characters are very high due
to the varying writing style of each individual. Many vital
documents with precious information have been written in
Modi and currently, these documents have been stored and
preserved in temples and museums. Over a period of time these
documents will wither away if not given due attention. In this
paper we propose a system for recognition of handwritten
Modi script characters; the proposed method uses Image
processing techniques and algorithms which are described
below.
General Terms
Preprocessing techniques: Gray scaling, Thresholding,
Boundary detection, Thinning, cropping, scaling, Template
generation. Other algorithms used- Average method, otsu
method, Stentiford method, Template-based matching method
Cloud computing solves the problem of real
time demand information and visibility at different location by
which information can be delivered with reliability, scalability
and flexibility between the supplier and customer. Logistics
network requires effective information flow for technical support
by which logistics infrastructures can be totally utilized and
tracked the information collection, transmission and operation.
Cloud is fast growing technology which can effectively reduce the
intermediate cost of flow of information and improve the link
between the logistics partners and customers. This paper
analyzes the advantages of cloud based logistics network and
defines in which way a logistics network manages Information
Flow Control (IFC) over the cloud, which allows the logistics
network to do work effectively.
The combination of steganography and
cryptography is considered as one of the best security methods
used for message protection, due to this reason, in this paper, a
data hiding system that is based on image steganography and
cryptography is proposed to secure data transfer between the
source and destination. Animated GIF image is chosen as a
carrier file format for the steganography due to a wide use in web
pages and a LSB (Least Significant Bits) algorithm is employed to
hide the message inside the colors of the pixels of an animated
GIF image frames. To increase the security of hiding, each frame
of GIF image is converted to 256 color BMP image and the
palette of them is sorted and reassign each pixels to its new index,
furthermore, the message is encrypted by LZW ( Lempel _
Ziv_Welch) compression algorithm before being hidden in the
image frames. The proposed system was evaluated for
effectiveness and the result shows that, the encryption and
decryption methods used for developing the system make the
security of the proposed system more efficient in securing data
from unauthorized users. The system is therefore, recommended
to be used by the Internet users for establishing a more secure
communication
This document summarizes research on developing a higher-cycled product design CAE (computer aided engineering) model. The researchers created a highly reliable CAE analysis technology component model to improve CAE analysis accuracy and allow for predictive evaluation rather than prototype testing. They applied this model to analyze loosening bolts, a technological problem for automakers. The goal is to shorten product development times while improving quality through more effective use of CAE simulation.
Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids,
called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study
worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the
anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The heat transfer from
smaller area is achieved through microchannels. The heat transfer
principle states that maximum heat transfer is achieved in
microchannels with maximum pressure drop across it. In this
research work the experimental and numerical investigation for
the improved heat transfer characteristics of serpentine shaped
microchannel heat sink using Al2O3/water nanofluid is done. The
fluid flow characteristics is also analyzed for the serpentine
shaped micrchannel. The experimental results of the heat
transfer using Al2O3 nanofluid is compared with the numerical
values. The calculations in this work suggest that the best heat
transfer enhancement can be obtained by using a system with an
Al2O3–water nanofluid-cooled micro channel with serpentine
shaped fluid flow
Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is a signal
processing technique most commonly used in radar systems where
interference is a problem. The radar signal processor is used to
remove the unintentional cluttering effects caused by ground
reflections and echoes due to sea, desert, forest, etc. and intentional
jamming and make the received signal useful. In this paper a new
approach to STAP based on subspace projection has been described
in detail. According to linear algebra and three dimensional
geometry, if we project a range space on to a subspace spanned by
linearly independent vectors, we can suppress data which is
perpendicular to that subspace. In subspace based technique, the
received data is projected on to a subspace which is orthogonal to
clutter subspace to remove the clutter. The probability of target
detection can be find out in order to analyse the performance of the
proposed algorithm. Two existing algorithms, SMI and DPCA are
chosen to do the comparison. while plotting the detection Probability
against SINR , the results obtained are better for subspace technique
than DPCA and SMI. We got the SINR improved for subspace based
technique for same detection probability. The effect of subspace rank
on SINR was also analysed for understanding the computational load
caused by the technique. We also analysed the convergence of the
algorithm by taking plots of SINR against range snapshots.
This document discusses various techniques for characterizing metamaterials. It categorizes the techniques into analytical methods, field averaging methods, and experimental methods. Analytical methods include modeling the unit cell and periodic structure to determine effective parameters. Field averaging methods involve obtaining local field averages to derive constitutive parameters from transmission and reflection data. Experimental techniques discussed are the Nicolson-Ross-Weir method for extracting parameters from scattering data and resonator/free space methods for laboratory measurements.
Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenetshankar20134
This document summarizes research on V-Mn-MCM-41 catalysts for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic and bimetallic catalysts with varying ratios of vanadium and manganese were synthesized and characterized. Their activity for oxidizing o-xylene to phthalic anhydride was measured and found to correlate with their physical and chemical properties. The V-MCM-41 catalyst with a Si/V ratio of 50 exhibited the highest activity and selectivity. Vanadium species in the +5 oxidation state within the MCM-41 silica matrix were determined to be the active sites for selectively forming phthalic anhydride.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenemadlovescience
This document summarizes research on V-Mn-MCM-41 catalysts for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic and bimetallic catalysts with varying ratios of vanadium and manganese were synthesized and characterized. Their activity for oxidizing o-xylene to phthalic anhydride was measured and found to correlate with their physical and chemical properties. The V-MCM-41 catalyst with a Si/V ratio of 50 exhibited the highest activity and selectivity. Vanadium in the +5 oxidation state present in the silica matrix was determined to be the active site for selectively forming phthalic anhydride.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
The document summarizes a study on the simultaneous extraction of copper and iron from chalcopyrite concentrates in hydrochloric acid media using chlorine gas. The study investigated the effect of various parameters including acid concentration, temperature, sodium chloride addition, and time on the dissolution of copper and iron. Key findings include that copper and iron dissolution increased with acid concentration and temperature but decreased with the addition of sodium chloride. Dissolution was also found to increase over time. The best conditions for copper extraction were determined to be 333K temperature, 10% concentrate, and 1 hour leaching time.
Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes a study on extracting copper and iron from chalcopyrite concentrates using hydrochloric acid and chlorine gas. The researchers investigated how factors like acid concentration, temperature, pulp density, sodium chloride addition, and chlorine gas flow rate affected the dissolution of copper. They found copper dissolution increased with higher acid concentration, temperatures from 318K to 333K, and lower pulp density. Sodium chloride addition also increased dissolution. With a 10% concentrate, 333K temperature, and 400mL/min chlorine gas, nearly 93% of copper was extracted within 1 hour. Characterization methods confirmed the leaching mechanism involved.
RECOVERY OF METALS FROM ELECTRONIC WASTE (e-scrap).suzi smith
E-Waste i.e. electronic waste is discarded electronic equipments. In other words it refers to the electronic products nearing the end of their useful life period. It includes a broad range of electronic devices from computer to hand – held cellular phones, stereos, consumer electronics, ovens, refrigerator, monitors, etc.
Waste of all sort put together is a major cause of Global Warming and electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the biggest contributor. E-Waste contains several different substances and chemicals, many of which are toxic & are not biodegradable and are likely to create adverse impact on environment and health, if not handled properly. In addition to that it contains metal values which can be recovered.
Manufacturers, government agencies and users are now looking for environmentally responsible management of this E-waste. Besides proper disposal, economical recovery of precious and exhaustible materials is also a matter of interest.
8 leaching of trace elements in enugu coal effect of acid concentrationINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The effect of acid concentration on the trace elements composition of Enugu sub-bituminous coal from Onyeama Mine was investigated by leaching the coal using nitric acid (HNO3) of 0.5M, 1.0M, 1.5M and 2.0M concentrations. The amount of trace elements (in ppm) present in the filtrate from the leaching process were determined using Varian AA240 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with cathode lamps of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). Optimum leaching condition of the trace metals were obtained using 2.0M HNO3 solution for 1 hour and 75µm particle size which resulted in the detection of As(1.363ppm), Cu (1.413ppm), Cr (0.764ppm), Cd (0.146), and Pb (1.942ppm). 2.0M concentration of nitric acid has proven to be very effective in the leaching of trace metals in Enugu coal. Result of the SEM analysis shows that the porosity of the coal residue was increased and this provides strong evidence that significant amounts of inorganic elements were removed. Onyeama coal, therefore, contains large proportions of silica, calcium carbonate, and dolomite, as well as some elements such as aluminum, iron, and potassium, and other trace metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
This document describes a study investigating V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic V-MCM-41, Mn-MCM-41, and bimetallic V-Mn-MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized and characterized. Their activity was measured for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Among the catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50 exhibited the highest activity and selectivity towards producing phthalic anhydride under the experimental conditions. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts, including metal content, surface area,
V-Mn-MCM-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenematerials87
This document describes a study investigating V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic V-MCM-41, Mn-MCM-41, and bimetallic V-Mn-MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized and characterized. Among the various catalysts tested, V-MCM-41 with a Si/V ratio of 50 exhibited the highest activity for producing phthalic anhydride from o-xylene oxidation under the experimental conditions. Characterization showed that V5+ species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for selectively forming phthalic anhydride
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xyleneScience Padayatchi
This document describes a study investigating V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic V-MCM-41, Mn-MCM-41, and bimetallic V-Mn-MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized and characterized. Their activity was measured for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Among the catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V=50 exhibited the highest activity and selectivity towards producing phthalic anhydride under the experimental conditions. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts, including metal content, pore structure, and
This document summarizes a study that extracted metals like iron and copper from copper tailings through leaching with hydrochloric acid. Tailings from northern Chile were characterized and leached with hydrochloric acid at concentrations from 3M to 12M, temperatures from 25°C to 70°C, and times from 6 to 62 hours. The leaching produced an insoluble solid rich in aluminosilicates and an acid solution containing dissolved metal ions. Analysis found iron concentration increased with acid concentration while copper was more affected by time and temperature. Aluminum decreased with acid concentration and yielded at 50°C. Calcium and magnesium varied without a clear trend. The extracted metals could be recovered for further applications.
Separation of calcium carbonate and barium sulphate from a mixed sludge prduc...Timothy Rukuni
South Africa is one of the first countries to implement full-scale mine water reclamation to drinking water quality. Reverse osmosis is already being used on full scale for desalination of mine water. However, with increased recycling of mine water, the result has been the increased generation of sludge. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has developed the Alkali-Barium-Carbonate (CSIR-ABC) process that can be used for neutralization and desalination of sulphate-rich effluents while recovering valuable by-products from the mixed sludges produced. A mixture of BaSO4 and CaCO3 sludge is produced as one of the by-products, which preferably needs to be separated into its components prior to thermal treatment. The aim of this study was to separate CaCO3 and BaSO4 from a CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge through dissolution of CaCO3 as Ca(HCO3)2 in contact with CO2. Measured quantities of a simulated CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge from the CSIR-ABC process were fed into a reactor vessel containing deionized water and pressurized CO2 was introduced. The effects of temperature and pressure with time were investigated while monitoring alkalinity, pH and calcium concentration. The findings of this study were: (1) The dissolution rate of CaCO3 was rapid i.e. from 0 to 2000mg/L in the first 20 minutes; (2) Ca(HCO3)2 had a high solubility of about 2 600 mg/L when in contact with CO2 at 1 atm., while BaSO4 was almost completely insoluble; (3) The solubility of Ca(HCO3)2 increased with decreasing temperature and increasing pressure; (4) CaCO3, after conversion to Ca(HCO3)2, was separated from BaSO4 in a CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge; (5) Visual MINTEQ model is a powerful tool that can be used to predict the solubilities of CaCO3 and BaSO4 when contacted with CO2.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
This document summarizes research on using antimony-impregnated activated carbon as an electrode for detecting heavy metal ions like cadmium and lead using anodic stripping voltammetry. The researchers impregnated activated carbon with different amounts of antimony and found that electrodes with 5% antimony by weight produced the highest peak currents - 29.2 microamps for cadmium and 49.4 microamps for lead in a 100 microgram per liter solution, outperforming previous methods. The results indicate antimony-impregnated activated carbon is an effective working electrode for detecting heavy metals at low concentrations.
INVESTIGATION ON ACID LEACHING OF E-WASTE SCRAPS OBTAINED FROM MODEM BOXESIAEME Publication
Electronic waste is one of the hazardous waste concerns which pose threat to the both developed and developing countries in terms of environmental pollution. Generation of electronic waste is increasing year by year globally and it is important to treat the e-waste properly. Electronic waste contains materials such as Al, Ag, Cu including hazardous materials such as lead in various electronic waste products. In this work integrated circuit chips, header pins and edge connectors from modem e-waste are selected for the investigation due to the availability of precious metals in them. Experiments were conducted on these selected components by acid leaching followed by elemental analysis by ICP-OES. The components for the acid leaching were removed from PCBs of computer modem boxes by de-soldering method. The acid leaching experiment on header pin was conducted using 200ml of HNO3 solution. The leaching experiment on IC chip was carried out using aqua regia solution containing 25ml of HNO3 and 120 ml of HCl. The precipitation was done using sodium metabisulfite (Na₂S₂O₅). The elements in output residue obtained from acid leaching were identified using ICP-OES. Concentration of silver was found to be highest with the value of 64.40 mg/l among all the other elements present. Similarly, in header pins residue the concentration of silver was found to be 14.18 mg/l and copper 7.68 mg/l. The silver present in the IC chip ash was found to be 13.99 mg/l and the concentration of copper was 7.77 mg/l.
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of cadmium and lead ions from aqueous solution using bamboo-based activated carbon. Key findings include:
1) Unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon achieved 87.81% removal of cadmium at pH 5 and 96.45% removal of lead at pH 11.
2) Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 1 hour for cadmium and 2.5 hours for lead.
3) Adsorption isotherm data fitted the Freundlich, Temkin, and Hills isotherm models well, suggesting chemisorption as the adsorption mechanism.
4) Kinetic data correlated best with the pseudo-
Pt, Co, Fe and Ni Nan particles on Micro/Nano-Structured Carbon for the Metha...David Macias Ferrer
This document summarizes research on the use of Pt, Co, Fe and Ni nanoparticles supported on micro/nano-structured carbon (MNC) for methanol electro-oxidation in acid medium. MNC was synthesized via nanocasting using SBA-15 as a template and pyrolyzed sugar. Pt, Co, Fe and Ni nanoparticles were then deposited on MNC using wet impregnation and chemical reduction. The materials were characterized using various techniques and their electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that metal nanoparticles deposited on high surface area MNC show promise for methanol electro-oxidation in acid fuel cells.
Hierarchical fe , cu- and co-beta zeolites obtained by mesotemplate free meth...seranim22
This document describes the synthesis and catalytic testing of hierarchical Fe-, Cu-, and Co-beta zeolites for N2O decomposition. Two series of beta zeolites were prepared - a conventional microporous beta zeolite (Beta) and a micro-mesoporous beta zeolite (Beta/meso) prepared using a mesotemplate-free method. Both series were ion exchanged with Fe, Cu, and Co and tested as catalysts for N2O decomposition under various conditions. The Cu-Beta catalyst showed the highest activity for N2O decomposition in inert gas, while the Cu-Beta/meso catalyst had the highest reaction rate under conditions similar to nitric acid plant waste gases.
ER Publication,
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Good quality Journals,
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This document investigates the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and MWCNTs with carboxyl content (MWCNT-COOH) to absorb lead and cadmium ions from wastewater. Experiments were conducted with different initial metal ion concentrations to determine absorption rates and capacities. MWCNT-COOH showed higher absorption rates and capacities than plain MWCNTs. Absorption increased with higher initial metal ion concentrations. Data was analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to determine the best model for describing absorption. The Langmuir model showed better fit for the absorption of metal ions by MWCNTs.
Similar to PREPARATION OF MANGANESE NANOPARTICLES AND VALUABLE SALTS FROM SPENT DRY BATTERY CELLS (20)
This document summarizes research on metal-on-metal hip implants. It discusses how metal-on-metal hip implants were developed over 30 years ago and have been refined through advances in manufacturing and materials science. It reviews various modeling techniques used to analyze the performance of metal-on-metal hip implants, including finite element analysis, numerical solutions of Reynolds' equation, and multi-grid methods. The document finds that while metal-on-metal implants offer strengths like strength and low wear rates, more research is still needed to fully understand factors like lubrication, materials used, geometry, and input parameters in order to minimize failures and revision surgeries.
Background Hospital contributes significantly tangible and intangible resources on a concurred plan by the scheduling of surgery on the OT list. Postponement decreases efficiency by declining throughput leads to wastage of resources hence burden to the nation. Patients and their family face economic and emotional implication due to the postponement. Postponement rate being a quality indicator controls check mechanism could be developed from the results. Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of the operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families are also caused by postponements. Moreover, the day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extent of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology A cross-sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from March 1st to September 30th, 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing Officer) and they were further evaluated time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for moving average technique. Results Total 958 surgeries were scheduled and 772 surgeries performed were and 186 surgeries were postponed with a postponement rate of 19.42% in the cardiac surgery department during the study period. Month-wise postponement Rate exponential smoothing of time series data shows the dynamic of operating suits. To test throughput Postponement rate was plotted the postponed surgeries and on regression analysis is in a perfect linear relationship.
Introduction: Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families also caused by postponements. Moreover, day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extend of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from march 1st to September 30th 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (Surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing officer) and they were further evaluated Time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for Moving average Technique. Results: total 2,466 surgeries were scheduled and 1,980 surgeries were performed and 486 surgeries were postponed in the general surgery department during the study period. Month wise postponement forecast was in accordance with the performed surgeries and on regression analysis postponed surgeries were in perfect linear relationship with the postponement Rate.
In the present paper the experimental study of
Nanotechnology involves high cost for Lab set-up and the
experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
been made to discuss the contributions towards the societal
change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
nanotechnology alone. As such, the Computer- simulations and
modeling are one of the foundations of computational
nanotechnology. The computer modeling and simulations
were also referred as computational experimentations. The
accuracy of such Computational nano-technology based
experiment generally depends on the accuracy of the following
things: Intermolecular interaction, Numerical models and
Simulation schemes used. The essence of nanotechnology is
therefore size and control because of the diversity of
applications the plural term nanotechnology is preferred by
some nevertheless they all share the common feature of control
at the nanometer scale the latter focusing on the observation
and study of phenomena at the nanometer scale. In this paper,
a brief study of Computer-Simulation techniques as well as
some Experimental result
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
Multilevel inverters play a crucial part in the
areas of high and medium voltage applications. Among the three
main multilevel inverters used, the capacitor clamped multilevel
inverter(CCMLI) has advantage with respect to voltage
redundancies. This work proposes a switching pattern to improve
the performance of chosen H-bridge type CCMLI over
conventional CCMLI. The PWM technique used in this work is
Phase Opposition Disposition PWM(PODPWM). The
performance of proposed H-bridge type CCMLI is verified
through MATLAB-Simulink based simulation. It has been
observed that the THD is low in chosen CCMLI compared to
conventional CCMLI.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a digital matched filter (DMF) to compress a binary phase code modulation (BPCM) signal encoded with a 13-chip Barker code. The DMF was implemented on an FPGA using a digital convolution algorithm in the time domain. The DMF design included a direct digital frequency synthesizer to generate the BPCM signal, a digital noise generator to add noise, and digital delay lines and shift registers to perform the convolution. Test results showed the input and output signals on an oscilloscope for different signal-to-noise ratio levels. The DMF achieved a processing gain of 11.14 dB.
Flooding is one of the most devastating natural
disasters in Nigeria. The impact of flooding on human activities
cannot be overemphasized. It can threaten human lives, their
property, environment and the economy. Different techniques
exist to manage and analyze the impact of flooding. Some of these
techniques have not been effective in management of flood
disaster. Remote sensing technique presents itself as an effective
and efficient means of managing flood disaster. In this study,
SPOT-10 image was used to perform land cover/ land use
classification of the study area. Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image of 2010 was
used to generate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The image
focal statistics were generated using the Spatial Analyst/
Neighborhood/Focal Statistics Tool in ArcMap. The contour map
was produced using the Spatial Analyst/ Surface/ Contour Tools.
The DEM generated from the focal statistics was reclassified into
different risk levels based on variation of elevation values. The
depression in the DEM was filled and used to create the flow
direction map. The flow accumulation map was produced using
the flow direction data as input image. The stream network and
watershed were equally generated and the stream vectorized. The
reclassified DEM, stream network and vectorized land cover
classes were integrated and used to analyze the impact of flood on
the classes. The result shows that 27.86% of the area studied will
be affected at very high risk flood level, 35.63% at high risk,
17.90% at moderate risk, 10.72% at low risk, and 7.89% at no
risk flood level. Built up area class will be mostly affected at very
high risk flood level while farmland will be affected at high risk
flood level. Oshoro, Imhekpeme, and Weppa communities will be
affected at very high risk flood inundation while Ivighe, Uneme,
Igoide and Iviari communities will be at risk at high risk flood
inundation level. It is recommended among others that buildings
that fall within the “Very High Risk” area should be identified
and occupants possibly relocated to other areas such as the “No
Risk” area.
Without water, humans cannot live. Since time began,
we have lived by the water and vast tracts of waterless land have
been abandoned as it is too difficult to inhabit. At any given
moment, the earth’s atmosphere contains 4,000 cubic miles of
water, which is just 0.000012% of the 344 million cubic miles of
water on earth. Nature maintains this ratio via evaporation and
condensation, irrespective of the activities of man.
There is a certain need for an alternative to solve the water
scarcity. Obtaining water from the atmosphere is nothing new -
since the beginning of time, nature’s continuous hydrologic cycle
of evaporation and condensation in the form of rain or snow has
been the sole source and means of regenerating wholesome water
for all forms of life on earth.
An effective method to generate water is by the separation of
moisture present in air by condensation. In this study, the water
present in air is condensed on the surface of a container and then
collected in an external jacket provided on the container.
Insulations are provided to optimize the inner temperature of the
container.
The method is although uncommon but has certain advantages
which make it a success. The process is economical and does not
require a lot of utilities. It also helps in further reducing the
carbon footprint.
In every moment of functioning the Li-Ion
battery must provide the power required by the user, to have a
long operating life and to and to provide high reliability in
operation. The methods for analysis and testing batteries are
ensuring that all these conditions imposed to the batteries are
met by being tested depending on their intended use.
The success rate of real estate project is
decreasing as there is large scale of project and participation of
entities. It is necessary to study the risk factors involved in the
project. This paper focused on types of risks involved in the
project, risk factors, risk management tools & techniques.
Identification of risk of the project in terms of the total cost of the
project has been divided under Technical, Financial, Sociopolitical
and Statutory cost centers. Large real estate projects
have to tackle the following issues: land acquisition, skilledlabour
shortage, non-availability of skilled project managers, and
mechanization of the construction process to cater to the growing
demands. Non- availability of supporting infrastructure, political
issues like instability of the government leading to regulatory
issues, social issues, marketing forms an important part in these
projects as this is a onetime investment and the purchase cycle is
long , long development period makes the same project be at
different points in the real estate value cycle.
This document reviews the use of copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. It summarizes 12 previous studies that investigated replacing sand with copper slag at various percentages. The key findings of the studies are:
- Compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of concrete generally increase when replacing up to 40% of fine aggregate with copper slag.
- Workability of concrete mixes also tends to increase with copper slag replacement due to its physical properties.
- Copper slag concrete shows improved resistance to sulfate attack compared to traditional concrete.
- Maximum strength gains are observed around 20-40% fine aggregate replacement with copper slag. Beyond 50% replacement, strengths start to decrease.
- Copper slag
- Security is a concept similar to being cautious
or alert against any danger. Network security is the condition of
being protected against any danger or loss. Thus safety plays a
important role in bank transactions where disclosure of any data
results in big loss. We can define networking as the combination
of two or more computers for the purpose of resource sharing.
Resources here include files, database, emails etc. It is the
protection of these resources from unauthorized users that
brought the development of network security. It is a measure
incorporated to protect data during their transmission and also
to ensure the transmitted is protected and authentic.
Security of online bank transactions here has been
improved by increasing the number of bits while establishing the
SSL connection as well as in RSA asymmetric key encryption
along with SHA1 used for digital signature to authenticate the
user
Background: Septoplasty is a common surgical
procedure performed by otolaryngologists for the correction of
deviated nasal septum. This surgery may be associated with
numerous complications. To minimize these complications,
otolaryngologists frequently pack both nasal cavities with
different types of nasal packing. Despite all its advantages,
nasal packing is also associated with some disadvantages. To
avoid these issues, many surgeons use suturing techniques to
obviate the need for packing after surgery.
Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of trans-septal
suture technique in preventing complications and decreasing
morbidity after septoplasty in comparison with nasal packing.
Patients and methods: Prospective comparative study. This
study was conducted in the department of Otolaryngology -
Head and Neck Surgery, Rizgary Teaching Hospital - Erbil,
from the 6th of May 2014 to the 30th of November 2014.
A total of 60 patients aged 18-45 years, undergoing septoplasty,
were included in the study. Before surgery, patients were
randomly divided into two equal groups. Group (A) with transseptal
suture technique was compared with group (B) in which
nasal packing with Merocel was done. Postoperative morbidity
in terms of pain, bleeding, postnasal drip, sleep disturbance,
dysphagia, headache and epiphora along with postoperative
complications including septal hematoma, septal perforation,
crustation and synechiae formation were assessed over a follow
up period of four weeks.
Results: Out of 60 patients, 37 patients were males (61.7%)
and 23 patients were females (38.3%). Patients with nasal
packing had significantly more postoperative pain (P<0.05)><0.05). There was no significant difference between
the two groups with respect to nasal bleeding, septal
hematoma, septal perforation, crustation and synechiae
formation.
Conclusion: Septoplasty can be safely performed using transseptal
suturing technique without nasal packing.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the quality of drainage water in Al-Shamiya al-sharqi drain in Diwaniya city, Iraq for use in irrigation. 10 water samples were collected from locations along the drain and analyzed for various chemical parameters. An Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) was used to assess the water quality, taking into account parameters like EC, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and SAR that most affect water quality for irrigation. The IWQI was then integrated with a GIS system to map the water quality. The results found that 52% of the drainage water fell in the "Low restriction" category, 47% was "Moderate restriction" and 1% was
The cable-hoisting method and rail cable-lifting
method are widely used in the construction of suspension bridge.
This paper takes a suspension bridge in Hunan as an example,
and expounds the two construction methods, and analyzes their
respective merits and disadvantages.
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
This paper presents the details on the
experimental investigation carried out to get the desired fresh
properties of the SCC. Tests were performed on various mixtures
to obtain the required SCC. In the present research work we
have replaced 15% of cement with class F fly ash. By varying the
quantity of water and sand the mortar mix was prepared. Later
varying percentage of coarse aggregate was added to the mortar
to obtain the desired SCC.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
This project aims at using (PD-MCPWM) Phase
disposition multi carrier pulse width modulation technique to
reduce leakage current in a transformerless cascaded multilevel
inverter for PV systems. Advantages of transformerless PV
inverter topology is as follows, simple structure, low weight and
provides higher efficiency , but however this topology provides a
path for the leakage current to flow through the parasitic
capacitance formed between the PV module and the ground.
Modulation technique reduces leakage current with an added
advantage without adding any extra components.
More from International Journal of Technical Research & Application (20)
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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PREPARATION OF MANGANESE NANOPARTICLES AND VALUABLE SALTS FROM SPENT DRY BATTERY CELLS
1. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2015), PP. 25-30
25 | P a g e
PREPARATION OF MANGANESE
NANOPARTICLES AND VALUABLE SALTS
FROM SPENT DRY BATTERY CELLS
Mahmoud A. Rabah1, Taha M.A. Razek2, Omar M. Abdel Aziz3
1
Chemical and electrochemical treatment Lab, Mineral Processing Dept. Central Metallurgical R&D Institute,
P.O>Box 87 Helwan Cairo Egypt
2
Assoc. Prof. Environmental chemistry,
Institute for environmental studies and research, Ein Shams University
3
Director, Great Cairo Potable water Co.
1
mahmoud.rabah@ymail.com, 1
mrabah010@gmail.com, 2
Tahaelsabbagh@yahoo.com, 3
Omermhelmy@gmail.com
Abstract- This work shows a method to prepare manganese
nanoparticles on carbon substrate and some inorganic and organic
salts such as carbonate, nitrate, chloride, citrate and acetate from
spent dry battery cells. The method involves dismantling the cell
followed by sulfuric acid leaching of the whole contents at
temperatures up to 75°C for 3 hours. The leaching products were
filtered and the metals went into solution were determined. Metals
other than manganese were chemically separated whereby
manganese hydroxide was precipitated at pH 8. Nanoparticles of
manganese were prepared by direct reduction of the hydroxide
using hydrazine hydrate. The hydroxide salt reacted with the
respective acid to prepare the required salt. Results revealed that
manganese content in the spent battery cell amounts to 22 % by
weight. Leaching extent in sulfuric acid increased with the
increasing the acid molarity up to 3, temperature of leaching up to
75 °C, leaching time up to 3 hours and stirring conditions. The
quality of the products have been characterized by XRD, SEM and
FT-IR investigations. The activation energy of the acid leaching of
manganese amounts to kJ.mol.
Key words: Manganese, hydrometallurgy, nanoparticles, spent
dry cell battery
I. INTRODUCTION
There are four main types of batteries
A. Disposable dry-cell batteries
It includes: 1- Zinc-carbon and zinc-chloride batteries are
used in low energy use appliances such as clocks and radios.
They are often found in products sold with disposable batteries,
as they are cheap. 2- Alkaline batteries are used in equipment
such as MP3 players, torches or toys. They are longer lasting and
less prone to leaking than zinc carbon and zinc-chloride
batteries. 3- Button cell batteries contain mercury, silver, lithium
or other valuable heavy metals. Mercuric oxide button cells are
used for hearing aids, pacemakers and photographic equipment.
4- Zinc-air batteries are an alternative to mercuric oxide button
cells. They may be used in hearing aids and radio pagers. 5-
Silver oxide button cells are a type of alkaline battery used in
electronic watches and calculators. 6- Lithium button cells are
also used in watches and in photographic equipment.
B. Recycling disposable batteries
1- Zinc-carbon, 2- alkaline manganese batteries and 3-
button cell
C. Rechargeable dry-cell batteries
1- Nickel cadmium (NiCd) batteries, Nickel-metal hydride
(NiMH) batteries Lithium-ion and lithium ion polymer (Li-
Ion) Batteries
D. Recycling rechargeable batteries 1- NiMH batteries and 2-
NiCd batteries
Spent dry battery cells (DBCs) are processed by a variety of
methods, including size reduction, screening, magnetic
separation, and mechanical and chemical processes for
recovering zinc and ammonium salt. [1]. Nicolae [2] developed
mechanical separation for Leclanché (ammonium chloride-
manganese dioxide-zinc) batteries in which the powdered
manganese oxide and other compounds were dissolved in
concentrate HCl, then oxidized to obtain MnO2 and Zn(OH)2 The
mixture was washed with dilute HCl to dissolve Zn(OH)2 and
zinc was recovered as ZnCl2 Shaoguo [3] also recovered zinc
and NH4Cl from spent DBCs. Studies on the effect of
temperature on the recovery process for DBCs was also
performed. The powder feed of the spent batteries was leached
after shredding and grinding with 1–50 percent H2SO4 and/or
HCl under inert atmosphere or in the presence of hydrazine
sulfate, a reducing agent, to recover zinc and manganese. Zinc
was precipitated with oxalic acid and recovered by filtration;
manganese was then precipitated in the form of mixed hydroxide
and carbonate using Na. Lindermann et al. [4] applied a novel
procedure including mechanical separation for steel and plastic
casings followed by leaching in H2SO4 Zinc has been recovered
by solvent extraction or by electrolysis [5,6,7]. The pyro-
metallurgical recovery of zinc from DBCs in an oxidation or
rotary furnace has been reported [8,9]. Zinc and its compounds
were vaporized and entered a bubbling type condenser. The
recovery processes were carried out under non oxidizing
atmosphere at 1,000–1,150°C, by carbon reduction, by carbon-
containing materials, or by vacuum distillation [10]. Rabah and
El- Sayed [11] studied the recovery of zinc from zinc-waste
materials in which the coarse fraction was heated with
10%NHCl at 600°C to produce a zinc recovery efficiency of
about 89%. Several pyro-metallurgical and hydro-metallurgical
processes for the recycling of batteries were proposed[12].
Hydrometallurgical processes are usually characterized by
different pretreatment stages, followed by leaching and
separation of different metals by electrolysis, liquid-liquid
extraction, or selective precipitation. The Batenus process treats
2. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2015), PP. 25-30
26 | P a g e
all types of batteries (except for button cells); copper, nickel, and
cadmium are selectively recovered by ion exchange, whereas
zinc and manganese were separated by liquid-liquid extraction
and electrodeposited in two cells to obtain metallic zinc and
manganese dioxide [13]. In the Recupyl process zinc and
manganese are recovered as carbonates or other compounds [14].
Revabat process treats only zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries;
after sorting, batteries are dismantled and treated by sulfuric acid
solution, from which Mn and Zn are recovered as oxides or salts
[15]. Toro et al. [16] developed a patented process for the
recycling of alkaline and zinc-carbon spent batteries, where the
metals are leached in acid solution in the presence of
carbohydrates as reducing agents; after purification of solution,
metallic zinc and manganese dioxide are recovered by electro
winning. Veloso et al. [17] proposed a process in which metals
are leached by H2SO4 and H2O2; after that manganese and zinc
are selectively precipitated by KOH. De Souza and Tenório [18]
described a similar process performed by an acid leaching, but
zinc and manganese are simultaneously recovered as metallic
zinc and manganese dioxide by electro winning. Salgado et al.
[19] and Devi et al. [20] investigated liquid-liquid extraction
separation of zinc and manganese after a leaching step with
H2SO4. De Michelis et al. [21] developed a statistical design in
leaching of alkaline and zinc-carbon battery paste by using
sulfuric acid and oxalic acid as reducing agent. Ferella et al. [22]
studied acid leaching of battery paste whereby zinc was
recovered by electrolysis and a blend of manganese oxides was
obtained by roasting of the leaching solid residue. Sayilgan et al.
[23] have studied leaching of battery samples (zinc-carbon,
alkaline, and mixture of them) by sulfuric and hydrochloric acid
in the presence of oxalic acid as reducing agent. Xi et al. [24]
proposed a process for production of Mn-Zn ferrites using spent
alkaline batteries: the powder is leached by H2SO4 and H2O2 as
reducing agent, then NaOH is used to adjust the pH value in the
range 3–5. Mn and Fe salts are added to have the right molar
ratio, and after precipitation with NH4HCO3 in pH range 6.0–9.5
the precipitate was calcined at C to obtain ferrite. The process of
Nan et al. [25] replaced (NH4)2C2O4 as a precipitating agent.
Application of manganese nanoparticles are in magnetic data
storage, magnetic resonance imaging and Biosensors, textile and
coating, nanowires, plastics and nanofibers. Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) is a routine diagnostic tool in modern clinical
medicine.
The objective of this study is to prepare valuable manganese
inorganic and organic salts from spent dry battery cells by
applying friendly and cost-effective method. Parameters
affecting the efficiency and quality of the end products, such as
time, temperature, pH value, and stoichiometric ratio of the
leaching solutions, were studied.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
A. Materials
a. About ten Kg of the spent dry battery sample were
supplied by the waste collection stores, Cairo. The
sample was washed with water and left to rinse in
normal ambient conditions.
b. The carbon substrate for preparation of manganese
nanoparticles was prepared from two carbon types. The
first type was a thin sheet of artificial graphite cut from
a mother plate of Carbon Lorene France. The second
type was glassy carbon obtained from the carbon rod of
the dry battery after dismantling. Both two types were
freed from wax by heating at 300°C in normal
conditions. The de-waxed samples were washed and
cleaned by washing in acetone.
c. Chemicals used for leaching, precipitation, separation
and salts preparation were chemically pure grade.
Sulfuric, nitric citric, formic, acetic acids and
ammonium hydroxide 30% were of ADWIC production
(Egypt)
d. Mono distilled water was used for leaching and
precipitation steps.
B. Method of preparation of manganese nanoparticles
Manganese nanoparticles were prepared from the spent
black paste of the dry battery cell by acid leaching of the element
in sulfuric acid. The sulfate solution was treated with ammonia
solution to precipitate manganese hydroxide at pH 8.The
precipitate was washed with water and suspended in glucose
solution.
C. Measurement of the physic-chemical properties
Determination of metals available in the spent battery
sample was conducted applying the standard analytical methods
given in the literature. Spectrophotometer U.V visible
spectrophotometer type UV 260 (Shimadzu) was used for the
determination of manganese content in the samples [26]. Zinc
was determined titrametrically against EDTA using Eriochrome
Black T as an indicator [27]
Determination of alkali metals Sodium, Potassium and
calcium were determined with the help of photometric analysis
applying a flame photometer type Chloride ion was determined
gravimetrically by silver nitrate precipitation 2.3 Method of
preparation of the manganese salts
Figure 1 shows the conceptual flow sheet of the applied
method for preparation of manganese nanoparticles and
manganese salts. The dry battery cell type was A, AAA size of
energizer production
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27 | P a g e
Fig. 1 the conceptual flow sheet of preparation of manganese nanoparticles and valuable salts
From spent dry battery cell
.
III. RESULTS
Table 1 The contents of the spent dry battery cell
material Weight, g Basis of
determinat
ion
Weight
% in
battery
Stainless cover 1.055 1.56
Cartoon 3.092 4.75
Carbon rod 5.139 7.60
Polymer Insulator 1.403 2.07
Plastic ring 1.796 2.65
metal cup 14.534 21.5
Black paste
Water soluble salts
30.35
10.20
C/MnO2 59.99
Total 67.6 100
Table 1 shows the contents of the spent dry cell batteries of
type A and AAA. It can be seen that the black powder (carbon +
manganese dioxide) content amounts to 40.55 g out of 67.6 g for
the whole battery weight. The net manganese dioxide weight
amounts to 25 g
The weight of carbon in black paste amounts to 15.55. It
was removed by heating at temperatures up to 1000°C till
constant weight. Fig. 2a,b shows the XRD of the black paste.
Fig. 2a XRD pattern of black paste before heating
Fig. 2b XRD pattern of black paste after heating
Figure 3a,b shows the weight loss of the black paste as a
function of temperature. Figure 4 shows the TGA of this paste
after heating at temperatures up to 1000°C.
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28 | P a g e
Fig. 3a the weight loss of black paste as a function of
temperature
Fig. 3b The effect of temperature on the percent weight loss
of black paste
% , weight, g
Figure 4 shows TGA of the black paste. It can be seen that a
significant loss in weight takes place at ≥ 650 °C.
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Temperature /°C
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DSC /(µV/mg)
75
80
85
90
95
100
TG /%
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
DTG /(%/min)
[1.1] black.sss
TG
DSC
DTG
[1.1][1.1]
[1.1]
exo
Fig. 4 The TGA curve of this paste after heating at
temperatures up to 1000°C.
Figure 5 shows the extent of water soluble salts present in the
black paste of spent ever ready battery type. It can be seen that
the maximum extent of 0.17 % was attained with boiling water
whereas the least extent of 0.08 % took place in cold water.
Fig. 5 the extent of water soluble matters in the spent battery
as affected by temperature of water washing
Weight, g Commulative weight, %
Fig. 6 the particle size distribution of the black paste of spent
dry cell
Figure 7 The extent of leaching of Mn metal from the spent
dry cell using different mineral acids for 3 hours.
Figure 7 shows the extent of leaching of manganese metal from
the spent dry cell using different mineral acids for 3 hours at
room temperature. It is seen that the extent of leaching decreases
in the order sulfuric > HCl and nitric acid. It is also seen that
leaching increases with time whereby the maximum value takes
place at 180 minutes.
Figure 8 shows the extent of leaching zinc in nitric acid as
affected by the acid normality at room temperature. It is seen that
zinc leaching increases with increase in acid normality passing
through a maximum with 3 N acid.
Fig.9 shows the leaching results obtained with sulfuric acid. It is
seen that leaching decreases with increase in acid normality and
temperature. It is seen that the extent of leaching at room
temperature overweighs leaching in boiling conditions. It is
noted that leaching using dilute acid (N,≤3) is more efficient
than using more concentrated acid.
Figure 10 shows the leaching extent of manganese in sulfuric as
a function of particle size of the black paste. It is seen that the
extent of leaching is inversely proportional to the grain size of
the black paste.
Fig. 8 The extent of leaching zinc in nitric acid as affected by
acid normality at room temperature.
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Fig. 9 Leaching of manganese in sulfuric acid having
different normality and temperature values
Fig. 10 the effect of particle size of the black paste on the
extent of leaching manganese in sulfuric acid
Figure 11 shows the SEM of the nanoparticles of manganese as
prepared on carbon substrate
Fig. 11 SEM image of manganese nanoparticles on carbon
substrate.
Table 2 shows the data for preparation of some inorganic and
organic salts of manganese from its hydroxide salt and the
respective acid.
Table 2 Data for the preparation of some manganese salts
Product
of Mn
Weight/volume of reagents
Mn(OH)2 CO2 Respective
acid
Acid
conc.
CO3
2-
(rose)
10 g 4.947 g
(NO3)2-
(pink-
rose)
10 g 75 ml 3N
(HNO3)
Cl-
(brown)
10 g 44.8 ml 5N (HCl)
acetate 13.49 ml Glacial
acetic
acid
citrate 43.247 In 100 ml
water
IV. DISCUSSION
Recovery of spent dry battery cells has dual benefits. It
helps to get rid of the waste of hazardous materials and obtain
valuable products of market value. The average quantity of the
used dry battery cells in Egypt increases dramatically on basis of
the increasing rate of the population development. In this
context, studies carried out to recycle the dry battery cells have
different issues and objectives. Some studies paid attention to the
zinc content alone whereas others paid attention to iron discs. In
some cases, agencies had their aim to recover black paste
altogether with zinc metal. The present study has its aim to make
use of all the contaminants of the dry cell battery in the country.
The experimental program started by dismantling the spent cell
with the help of a double toothed saw blade. Plate 1 shows a split
dry cell.
Table 1 shows the contents of the battery cell. XRD patterns
given in Figs 2a,b confirms the presence of these components.
Determination of carbon in the black paste was examined by
heating the black paste at temperatures up to 1000°C. the initial
weight loss taking place up to 400°C can be attributed to the loss
of moisture content and volatile salts such as ammonium
chloride and ammonia. The slight increase in weight loss taking
place within the temperature range 400-500°C is assigned to the
escape of zinc chloride. The drastic increase in weight loss at
600°C is due to the oxidation of the available carbon in the black
paste to carbon oxides(mono and dioxide)
2C + O2 2 CO ……………..(1)
2CO + O2 2CO2 ………….…(2)
.
The humidity detected in the cell upon cutting finds support from
the fact that the chemical reactions taking place during
discharging the battery generate water as follows:
.
Zn + NH4Cl ZnCl + NH4
+
……….(3)
NH4
+
NH3 + H+
……….....…(4)
2H+
H2 + 2 e …………..…(5)
2H + MnO2 H2O + MnO .……….(6)
and the overall reaction is:
Zn + NH4Cl +MnO2 ZnCl + MnO + H2O +2e ...(7)
The moisture content amounts to about 7.2% in the unused
cells. Zinc chloride and ammonia primary used in the
manufacture of the dry cells. During discharging of the battery,
excessive quantity of water generated and dissolves more zinc
chloride. This explains why the total weight of the water soluble
salts in the spent battery(22.5 %) is much higher as compared to
the new cell (7.2%). Results given in Fig. 5, is in a good
agreement with the solubility of zinc chloride in cold water
(432g/100g water) and hot water (635g/100 g water) [28]
The particle size distribution analysis of the black paste
given in Fig.6 shows that the finer particle size of <60 um helps
to enhance the oxidation-reduction reactions (Ox-Re) to take
place during the battery discharge at a high performance. This
imparts a convenient duty of the battery. On the contrary, if the
black paste has a larger grain size, it would decrease the
efficiency of the Ox-Re) and the battery duty as well.
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Leaching of zinc in different mineral acids (sulfuric, nitric
and HCl ) showed that the process is time dependent particularly
within the first 180 minutes. This phenomenon is ascribed to the
passivity action of the generated hydrogen gas evolving during
acid attack. Also the more concentrated acid has the same effect.
Dilute acids helps less quantity of hydrogen gas to build a gas
barrier on the zinc surface. The same explanation would be
applied to the acid leaching of manganese. Results of fig. 9
confirm this model. The effect of particle size of the paste on the
extent of acid leaching of manganese imparts that the surface
area of the fine particles are much higher than coarse particles. In
other words the surface subjected to acid attack is much more
available with fine particles as compared to the coarser one.
SEM image shows that the average grain size of the
nanoparticles, obtained in this work, amounts to nearly 10-30um.
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