E-Waste i.e. electronic waste is discarded electronic equipments. In other words it refers to the electronic products nearing the end of their useful life period. It includes a broad range of electronic devices from computer to hand – held cellular phones, stereos, consumer electronics, ovens, refrigerator, monitors, etc.
Waste of all sort put together is a major cause of Global Warming and electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the biggest contributor. E-Waste contains several different substances and chemicals, many of which are toxic & are not biodegradable and are likely to create adverse impact on environment and health, if not handled properly. In addition to that it contains metal values which can be recovered.
Manufacturers, government agencies and users are now looking for environmentally responsible management of this E-waste. Besides proper disposal, economical recovery of precious and exhaustible materials is also a matter of interest.
In this research paper, researcher has tried to focus on What is present scenario of E waste management in India & What are the procedures and methods used in its handling?
The following PPT is about E Waste and its threat that India is facing. Since today the use of electronic goods have been increasing at a very high rate but at the same time waste of such electronics goods is also increasing. These waste cannot be dumped and the following PPT deals with the problems that we are going to face.
In this research paper, researcher has tried to focus on What is present scenario of E waste management in India & What are the procedures and methods used in its handling?
The following PPT is about E Waste and its threat that India is facing. Since today the use of electronic goods have been increasing at a very high rate but at the same time waste of such electronics goods is also increasing. These waste cannot be dumped and the following PPT deals with the problems that we are going to face.
After China, India is the largest populous country in world it share 16% of world population and 2.5% of world’s land. Rapid industrialization last few decades have led to the depletion of pollution of precious natural resources in India depletes and pollutes resources continuously. Further the rapid industrial developments have, also, led to the generation of huge quantities of hazardous wastes, which have further aggravated the environmental problems in the country by depleting and polluting natural resources. Therefore, rational and sustainable utilization of natural resources and its protection from toxic releases is vital for sustainable socio-economic development.
e-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling and ManagementAjjay Kumar Gupta
e-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling and Management
(Electronic Waste, E-waste, E-scrap, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)) Disposal and Management: Recycling Business Ideas and Investment Opportunities
E-waste is electrical and electronic equipment of any kind that has been discarded. This includes practically anything powered by an electrical source (e.g., from a power socket or a battery). Common types of e-waste include the following:-
Infocomm technology (ICT) equipment, such as desktop, laptop and tablet computers, mobile phones, computer and mobile phone batteries, peripherals and accessories such as keyboards, modems, monitors, computer mice, docking stations, hard disk drives, printed circuit boards, battery chargers, etc.
See more
https://goo.gl/6QkXmw
https://goo.gl/vy9b7Z
https://goo.gl/nZ9c46
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling & Disposal, Electronics Recycling Process, E-Waste Recycling, Methods of Recycling E-Waste, E-Waste Recycling in India, E-Waste Recycling Process, E-Waste Recycling Business Plan, E-Waste Recycling and Process of Recycling Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Disposal, Managing India's Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Disposal, India's Electronic Waste, Hazardous & Electronic Waste Recycling, Electronic Waste Management, Recycling of Electronic Waste, E-Waste Management, E-Waste Project, Electronics, Recycling and E-Waste Reduction, E-Waste Hazards, Ways to Handle E-Waste, E Waste Recycling and Recovery, E-Waste Recycling Industry, Electronic Waste Disposal, Managing Electronic Waste, Electrical and Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Collection, Electronic Waste & Recycling, How to Dispose of or Recycle Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Recycling Methods, E-Waste for Profit, E-Waste Management in India, Waste Collection and Disposal, E-Waste Management Project, E-Waste Recycling Business Plan, Methods of Recycling E-Waste, E-Waste Disposal Collection, Electronic Waste Disposal, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Computer and Electronics Recycling, Guidelines For E-Waste Management, Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Collection, Handling and Disposal, Disposal of Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling & Processing, Electronics Recycling Process, E Waste Recycling Project Ideas, E Waste Management Project, E-Waste Management and Disposal, Setting Up E-Waste Recycling Plant in India, Project on E-Waste Recycling, E-Waste Recycling Process & Disposal Methods, Process of Recycling, Process of Recycling Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Recycling & Collection, E-Waste Disposal Methods
A Case Study Report on Air Pollution in Cement Industry Sakib Shahriar
Air pollution is a major problem in Bangladesh. Cement industries are one of the most top contributors to GDP. They produce a lot of pollution in the environment. Local manufacturers do not maintain the requirement of the Department of Environment (DOE). This paper aims to study the pollution sources, emission inventory, emission monitoring, air pollution modeling, and pollution control equipment in the cement industry. Sample air pollution modeling is shown in AERMOD software. Finally, some recommendation was done in the paper.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28260.60804
ppt includes what is waste ?, basel convention, definition, kinds of waste, classification of waste, sources of waste, impact of waste, waste herarchy, graphs, catagories of waste disposal, impacts of waste on health, impact of waste on environment
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN STEEL INDUSTRYSreya P S
The steel industry is one of the most important industries in India.
The main environmental issues faced by Steel Industry are:
Air emissions
Wastewater
Solid Waste
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
After China, India is the largest populous country in world it share 16% of world population and 2.5% of world’s land. Rapid industrialization last few decades have led to the depletion of pollution of precious natural resources in India depletes and pollutes resources continuously. Further the rapid industrial developments have, also, led to the generation of huge quantities of hazardous wastes, which have further aggravated the environmental problems in the country by depleting and polluting natural resources. Therefore, rational and sustainable utilization of natural resources and its protection from toxic releases is vital for sustainable socio-economic development.
e-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling and ManagementAjjay Kumar Gupta
e-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling and Management
(Electronic Waste, E-waste, E-scrap, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)) Disposal and Management: Recycling Business Ideas and Investment Opportunities
E-waste is electrical and electronic equipment of any kind that has been discarded. This includes practically anything powered by an electrical source (e.g., from a power socket or a battery). Common types of e-waste include the following:-
Infocomm technology (ICT) equipment, such as desktop, laptop and tablet computers, mobile phones, computer and mobile phone batteries, peripherals and accessories such as keyboards, modems, monitors, computer mice, docking stations, hard disk drives, printed circuit boards, battery chargers, etc.
See more
https://goo.gl/6QkXmw
https://goo.gl/vy9b7Z
https://goo.gl/nZ9c46
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling & Disposal, Electronics Recycling Process, E-Waste Recycling, Methods of Recycling E-Waste, E-Waste Recycling in India, E-Waste Recycling Process, E-Waste Recycling Business Plan, E-Waste Recycling and Process of Recycling Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Disposal, Managing India's Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Disposal, India's Electronic Waste, Hazardous & Electronic Waste Recycling, Electronic Waste Management, Recycling of Electronic Waste, E-Waste Management, E-Waste Project, Electronics, Recycling and E-Waste Reduction, E-Waste Hazards, Ways to Handle E-Waste, E Waste Recycling and Recovery, E-Waste Recycling Industry, Electronic Waste Disposal, Managing Electronic Waste, Electrical and Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Collection, Electronic Waste & Recycling, How to Dispose of or Recycle Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Recycling Methods, E-Waste for Profit, E-Waste Management in India, Waste Collection and Disposal, E-Waste Management Project, E-Waste Recycling Business Plan, Methods of Recycling E-Waste, E-Waste Disposal Collection, Electronic Waste Disposal, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Computer and Electronics Recycling, Guidelines For E-Waste Management, Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Collection, Handling and Disposal, Disposal of Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling & Processing, Electronics Recycling Process, E Waste Recycling Project Ideas, E Waste Management Project, E-Waste Management and Disposal, Setting Up E-Waste Recycling Plant in India, Project on E-Waste Recycling, E-Waste Recycling Process & Disposal Methods, Process of Recycling, Process of Recycling Electronic Waste, Electronic Waste Recycling & Collection, E-Waste Disposal Methods
A Case Study Report on Air Pollution in Cement Industry Sakib Shahriar
Air pollution is a major problem in Bangladesh. Cement industries are one of the most top contributors to GDP. They produce a lot of pollution in the environment. Local manufacturers do not maintain the requirement of the Department of Environment (DOE). This paper aims to study the pollution sources, emission inventory, emission monitoring, air pollution modeling, and pollution control equipment in the cement industry. Sample air pollution modeling is shown in AERMOD software. Finally, some recommendation was done in the paper.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28260.60804
ppt includes what is waste ?, basel convention, definition, kinds of waste, classification of waste, sources of waste, impact of waste, waste herarchy, graphs, catagories of waste disposal, impacts of waste on health, impact of waste on environment
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN STEEL INDUSTRYSreya P S
The steel industry is one of the most important industries in India.
The main environmental issues faced by Steel Industry are:
Air emissions
Wastewater
Solid Waste
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Investigation of the Anodic Dissolution of Zinc in Sodium Chloride Electrolyt...IOSR Journals
The anodic dissolution of zinc electrodes in sodium chloride aqueous solution has been investigated experimentally. The effects of application of polarity reversal (PR), ultrasonic (US) enhancement, stirring, current density (CD), concentration and pH of the supporting electrolyte, and temperature of the bath were studied. The results revealed that application of PR increased the dissolution of Zn but the current was low. However, the application of US enhancement led to higher zinc dissolution accompanied with higher current efficiency (CE). The combination of US enhancement and stirring led to more dissolution of zinc. Increasing the current density and concentration of NaCl increased the dissolution of zinc and the current efficiency was almost constant. On the other hand, pH of the bath did not play a significant effect on the amount of the dissolved zinc or current efficiency. It was also observed that increasing the temperature from 10 oC to 40 oC led to a significant increase in the mass of the dissolved zinc and CE; but the increase of temperature from 40 oC to 50 or 60 oC, however, did not have a significant effect
This work shows a method to prepare manganese
nanoparticles on carbon substrate and some inorganic and organic
salts such as carbonate, nitrate, chloride, citrate and acetate from
spent dry battery cells. The method involves dismantling the cell
followed by sulfuric acid leaching of the whole contents at
temperatures up to 75°C for 3 hours. The leaching products were
filtered and the metals went into solution were determined. Metals
other than manganese were chemically separated whereby
manganese hydroxide was precipitated at pH 8. Nanoparticles of
manganese were prepared by direct reduction of the hydroxide
using hydrazine hydrate. The hydroxide salt reacted with the
respective acid to prepare the required salt. Results revealed that
manganese content in the spent battery cell amounts to 22 % by
weight. Leaching extent in sulfuric acid increased with the
increasing the acid molarity up to 3, temperature of leaching up to
75 °C, leaching time up to 3 hours and stirring conditions. The
quality of the products have been characterized by XRD, SEM and
FT-IR investigations. The activation energy of the acid leaching of
manganese amounts to kJ.mol.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
INVESTIGATION ON ACID LEACHING OF E-WASTE SCRAPS OBTAINED FROM MODEM BOXESIAEME Publication
Electronic waste is one of the hazardous waste concerns which pose threat to the both developed and developing countries in terms of environmental pollution. Generation of electronic waste is increasing year by year globally and it is important to treat the e-waste properly. Electronic waste contains materials such as Al, Ag, Cu including hazardous materials such as lead in various electronic waste products. In this work integrated circuit chips, header pins and edge connectors from modem e-waste are selected for the investigation due to the availability of precious metals in them. Experiments were conducted on these selected components by acid leaching followed by elemental analysis by ICP-OES. The components for the acid leaching were removed from PCBs of computer modem boxes by de-soldering method. The acid leaching experiment on header pin was conducted using 200ml of HNO3 solution. The leaching experiment on IC chip was carried out using aqua regia solution containing 25ml of HNO3 and 120 ml of HCl. The precipitation was done using sodium metabisulfite (Na₂S₂O₅). The elements in output residue obtained from acid leaching were identified using ICP-OES. Concentration of silver was found to be highest with the value of 64.40 mg/l among all the other elements present. Similarly, in header pins residue the concentration of silver was found to be 14.18 mg/l and copper 7.68 mg/l. The silver present in the IC chip ash was found to be 13.99 mg/l and the concentration of copper was 7.77 mg/l.
The effect of gas flaring on the rate of corrosion of metals within Egi kingdom was investigated
in this work. Surface water which has been exposed to gas flares, was taken from Ogbogu flow station in the Egi
kingdom of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State Nigeria, and was used for this
experiment. The procedure involved soaking one set of the coupons of mild steel and copper in the water taken
from the gas flow station and another set in distilled water and kept for 14 days; after which the metals were
removed and weighed for weight loss as a result of the corrosive effect of both water. This process was repeated
for 56 days and various data obtained was analyzed using empirical correlation. Matlab was used for
computation and simulation. At day 42, corrosion rate for the flare zone water and distilled water were for mild
steel 3.332cm/days and 2.666cm/days and copper 2.562cm/days and 2.277cm/days respectively. The result
obtained showed a higher rate of corrosion for water taken from within the flare zone of Ogbogu Flow station
than distilled water.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
How to Answer The 64 Toughest Interview Questionssuzi smith
THIS BOOK IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE ACCURATE INFORMATION ON THE SUBJECTS COVERED. HOWEVER, IT IS DONE WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING OR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF LEGAL ADVICE OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL ASSSTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT, PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOUID BE SOUGHT. ANY NAMES USED IN THE TEXT ARE FICTITIOUS AND FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY. ANY RESEMBLANCE TO ACTUAL PERSONS OR COMPANIES IS PURELY COINCIDENTAL AND UNINTENTIONAL.
Dedication:
This report is dedicated to courage and knowledge,
the two qualities most needed
to succeed in any human challenge,
especially a job search.
Very few would dispute the fact that we live in a global world, where local economy, politics and culture do not longer belong to and influence their immediate surroundings alone, but a large extent of the rest of the globe. This context of merging borders has entailed drastic changes in the way goods and services are produced and distributed and in how information and ideas are transmitted. Fashion, both a business and a cultural good, has not been impervious to that: on the one hand, fashion is a multi-billion dollar industry that has to survive in a more and more competitive global market and produce for a trans-continental audience; and, on the other hand, it is also an immaterial good and the way it is transmitted, shared and created changes along with society. Both fashion and globalization are complex and multidimensional phenomena, and the analysis of their connection can be approached by a wide variety of disciplines. Throughout this essay I will analyse what and how has changed in fashion with globalization, focusing on the influence economical and cultural globalization have had in the transmission of trends and the structure and behaviour of the industry. Firstly, fashion is one of the few cultural goods that we carry with us every day and have a role in our daily life, so the way trends are created and transmitted is affected both by changes in the diffusion of culture –as it happened with cultural globalization- and by changes in society. Secondly, fashion industry has, as every other, been affected by economic globalization. However, unlike any other industry, fashion produces ephemeral cultural goods, and so the production of clothes has also been affected by the new model of transmission of trends with cultural globalization.
HEALTH MANAGEMENT EDUCATION IN RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH CARE POLICY ...suzi smith
Head, Centre for Social Studies, Institute of International Economic and Political Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Moscow 2003
Overview
The aim of this paper is to analyse the current state of health management education in Russia. It is discussed in the context of
-- recent public sector initiatives and
-- health policy and management
Traditionally in Russian health care public sector plays a leading role that makes particularly important the developments that take place in public administration as reflected in health care. Such an approach is not common to Russian experts for the variety of reasons that will be also examined further in this chapter.
• Please keep your three-day food record for three consecutive days.
• The days should include two weekdays and one weekend day.
• Select days that closely resemble your child’s usual eating habits.
• Each time he/she eats or drinks anything (meals, snacks, etc.) during the three days, write down what and how much was served and what and how much was eaten.
• To measure how much was eaten, use a set of measuring cups and spoons to help estimate amounts. Also see the examples below to estimate portion sizes.
• Note if food choices are homemade or purchased. Please include brand names whenever possible.
Healthy food is food considered to be beneficial to health in ways that go beyond a normal healthy diet required for human nutrition. Because there is no precise, authoritative definition from regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, different dietary practices can be considered healthy depending on context.
Foods considered "healthy" may be natural foods, organic foods, whole foods, and sometimes dietary supplements. Such products are sold in health food stores or in the health/organic sections of supermarkets.
I. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL LAW? WHY DO STATES COMPLY WITH IT?
1. Defining International Law
Definition from Restatement Section 101:
- “‘International law,’ as used in this Restatement, consists of rules and principles of general application dealing with the conduct of states and of international organizations and with their relations inter se, as well as with some of their relations with persons, whether natural or juridical.”
Public International Law
- governs the activities of governments in relation to other governments
Private International Law
- governs the activities of individuals, corporations, and other private entities when they cross national borders
Entities that create international law:
- States
- International organizations (which are composed of states)
Purpose
Article 1: The purpose of this Law, in view of rights and obligations stemming from international and national law in matters of assuring marine safety and preventing marine pollution, is to establish;
a) The principles concerning response and preparedness for eliminating the risk of pollution, or for reducing, containing, or eliminating pollution in emergency incidences stemming from ships or operations of coastal facilities,
b) The principles for determining and compensating for damages resulting from an incident,
c) The principles concerning fulfillment of international commitments, and
d) Powers, duties, and responsibilities of the officials of institutions, organizations, ships, and facilities as stipulated in the Law, along with those of any (other) persons subject to the Law.
Scope
Article 2: This Law includes the authorities , duties and responsibilities of the Ministries , Public Authorities and liable parties of the ships of 500 gross tons or larger, that are carrying petroleum or other harmful substances and are already in or are requesting to enter an area of enforcement for any reason; along with the liable parties of coastal facilities performing operations that might cause pollution with petroleum or other noxious substances.
War ships, auxiliary war ships, along with any ships owned or operated by a state and used for noncommercial activities, shall not be subject to this Law.
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT (ZVZD-1) GENERAL PROVISIONSsuzi smith
(introductory provision)
This Act shall lay down the rights and duties of employers and workers with respect to healthy and safe work and measures to ensure health and safety at work.
(2) This Act transposes into the legal order of the Republic of Slovenia the Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, which was amended by Regulation (EC) No 1137/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 adapting a number of instruments subject to the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty to Council Decision 1999/468/EC, with regard to the regulatory procedure with scrutiny — Adaptation to the regulatory procedure with scrutiny — Part One (OJ L 311, 21.11.2008, p. 1). Furthermore, this Act also partially transposes into the Slovene legal order the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2006/123/EC of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market (OJ L 376, 27.12.2006, p. 36).
(3) This Act shall also determine the competent bodies in the field of health and safety at work.
(4) Implementing regulations concerning health and safety at work shall be enacted by the minister competent for labour and the minister competent for the field to which a given implementing regulation shall pertain, after consultation with social partners within the Economic and Social Council.
(5) The employer shall ensure health and safety at work in accordance with this Act, other regulations and guidelines.
REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA LAW AMENDING THE LAW ON COURTSsuzi smith
The Law on Courts shall establish the court system of the Republic of Lithuania, the jurisdiction, organisation, activities, administration and self-governance of courts, their principles, the status of judges, the procedure of selection of candidates to judges, appointment of judges, their promotion and liability, the social guarantees of judges and other issues relating to courts.
Legal regulation of the organisation and activities of courts, legal regulation of the status of judges and related issues shall be based on the universally recognised principles of law laid down in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, other laws and international agreements to which the Republic of Lithuania is a party - respect for human rights and freedoms, the right of everyone to judicial remedy, to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, the principles of separation of powers under which justice in the Republic of Lithuania is administered only by courts, the rule of law, independence of courts and judges, the autonomy of courts, their financial independence from other government institutions and decisions of the officials, self-regulation and self-governance of courts, other principles of court structuring, the status of judges and judicial process.
Introduction
1. Rights shall be exercised and duties performed in good faith.
2. This Law is applicable to all legal issues, to which its text or interpretation relates.
Rights based on custom may neither set aside nor vary law. Rights based on custom are applicable in the cases specified by law.
3. Every civil legal relation shall be adjudged in accordance with the laws, which are in force at the time when such legal relations are created, varied or terminated. Previously acquired rights shall not be affected.
4. The provisions of this Law shall be interpreted firstly in accordance with their direct meaning; where necessary, they may also be interpreted in accordance with the structure, basis and purposes of this Law; and, finally, they may also be interpreted through analogy.
5. Where a matter is required to be decided in the discretion of a court or on the basis of good cause, the judge shall decide the matter in accordance with a sense of justice and the general principles of law.
6. The general provisions regarding obligations are applicable mutatis mutandis to family, inheritance and property legal relations.
IMPROVING YOUR COMPETITIVE EDGE
A Marketing Plan is a written strategy for selling the products/services of a new business. It is a reflection of how serious a company is in meeting the competition head on, with strategies and plans to increase market share and attract customers. An effective Marketing Plan is backed by carefully collected market, consumer and competitor information, sometimes citing professional advice.
Social Networking Tools for Academic Librariessuzi smith
Social Networking Tools for Academic Libraries
Abstract
This is an exploratory study investigating the use of social networking tools in academic libraries. The major areas examined include the extent of use of social networking tools, library staff’s perceptions of their usefulness, and perceived challenges in using them. Considerations that influenced decisions to use or not to use social networking tools were also examined. Invitations to participate in a web-based survey were sent to the libraries of 140 universities from Asia, North America and Europe. Responses were received from 38 libraries, yielding a response rate of 27.1%. Twenty-seven libraries (71.1%) used social networking tools, five (13.1%) were potential users who planned to use these tools and six (15.8%) did not plan to use these tools at all. Facebook and Twitter were the most commonly adopted tools in university libraries. Most library staff had generally positive perceptions on the usefulness of social networking tools, but hesitancy among some library staff and limited participation of library users (i.e., students) were perceived to be hindrances. The findings of this study offer insights for academic librarians to use as basis for informed decisions in applying social networking tools.
Dividing the Debts in a California Divorcesuzi smith
My spouse ran up huge credit card debts during the marriage. In dividing assets and debts in the settlement agreement, who should be responsible for these debts?
In California, Family Code section 910 provides that the community is liable for all debts incurred during the marriage and prior to separation. It doesn’t matter whether the debt was incurred by one spouse for his or her own benefit or for the family. It also doesn't matter whose name appears on the bill or the credit card statements. If it was incurred during the marriage and prior to separation, it’s a community property debt and both spouses are equally liable. This means that when the parties are negotiating a settlement and tallying the marital balance sheet such debts should be divided equally. A better option might be that one spouse agrees to pay off the joint debts in return for a greater share of the community property. The spouse paying off the debts can at least make sure that joint debts are paid, because as long as debts are jointly owed both spouses are financially responsible to the creditors.
Credit Cards 101:
Teaching Young People the
Truth about the Plastic Peril
1. Results of Personal Finance Quiz (5 – 10 min)
a. Discuss with the students how they did as a group compared to the national averages. Questions you could ask them:
- Why do you think our class did better/worse than other students?
- What do you think these results indicate about your understanding of personal finance?
2. Credit Card Introductory Activity (10 min)
a. The goal of this activity is to see what students know and don’t know about Credit Cards…
b. Put up poster paper with the following questions. Give them 10 minutes to walk around the room and write either a response to the question, or a response to someone else’s answer.
- What is a credit card?
- Who can get credit cards?
- What are the advantages to having a credit card?
- What are the disadvantages to using a credit card?
- What should you look for when trying to choose the right credit card?
- What do I want to know about credit cards?
Law No. : 5411
Adoption Date : October 19, 2005
Official Gazette : November 1, 2005, 25983 re.
PART ONE
General Provisions
Objective
Article 1-The objective of this law is to regulate the principles and procedures of ensuring confidence and stability in financial markets, the efficient functioning of the credit system and the protection of the rights and interests of depositors.
Scope
Article 2- The deposit banks, participation banks, development and investment banks, the branches in Turkey of such institutions established abroad, financial holding companies, Banks Association of Turkey, Participation Banks Association of Turkey, Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency, Savings Deposit Insurance Fund and their activities shall be subject to provisions of this law.
The provisions of this law shall also apply to banks that have been established as per their special laws, on the condition to preserve the provisions of their special laws
The general provisions shall apply to cases for which provisions are not set out in this law.
Definitions and abbreviations
Article 3- For the implementation of this Law, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated below:
Relevant Minister: The Prime Minister or State Minister to be authorized by the Prime Minister,
Board: Banking Regulation and Supervision Board,
Agency: Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency,
Chairman: The Chairman of the Banking Regulation and Supervision Board,
Central Bank: Central Bank of Turkish Republic Inc. Co.,
Fund: Savings Deposit Insurance Fund,
Fund Board: Savings Deposit Insurance Fund Board,
Fund Chairman: The Chairman of Savings Deposit Insurance Fund Board,
Credit institution: Deposit banks and participation banks,
LAW ON STATE AND LOCAL PROPERTY CHAPTER ONE. GENERAL PROVISIONSsuzi smith
The purpose of this Law is to regulate relations arising
from the matters of powers of the legislative and
executive organs concerning ownership rights on state and
local property, level of authority of a legal person with
state property and its administration, principle and
regulations of activity of an organ implementing policy on
state property.
Article 2. Law's scope of effect
1. This law effects to the regulation of matters concerned
to the enjoying ownership rights on state and local
properties, specified in the Constitution and the Civil
Law of Mongolia.
2. This law shall not effect to the regulation of matters
concerning the composition, distribution and expenditure
of the State central and local budgets and State treasury
fond.
CHAPTER TWO. STATE PROPERTY ITEMS
Article 3. Concept and classification of state property
items
State property consists of state property for public use
and state's own property. State property for public use
and state's own property divides to immovable and movable
properties in accordance with the article 77 of the Civil
Law.
Article 1. Purpose of the Law
1.1. The purpose of this law is to regulate possession and use of state-owned land and other related issues.
Article 2. Legislation on Land
2.1. The legislation on land shall consist of the Constitution of Mongolia, this law and other legislative acts issued in conformity with them.
2.2. Issues related to use and protection of underground resources, forests, water, air, flora, fauna and other natural resources shall be regulated by relevant legislative acts.
Article 3. Legal Definitions
3.1. The following terms used in this law shall be interpreted as follows:
3.1.1. "land" means a piece of space including the land surface, its soil, forests, water and plants;
3.1.2. "to own land" means to be in legitimate control of land with the right to dispose of this land;
3.1.3. "to possess land" means to be in legitimate control of land in accordance with purpose of its use and terms and conditions specified in respective contracts;
3.1.4. "to use land" means to undertake a legitimate and concrete activity to make use of some of the land's characteristics in accordance with contracts made with owners and possessors of land;
Outline (Fall 2006)
I. Judicial Review
A. The Nature and Sources of the Supreme Court’s Authority
- It is the Supreme Court, not Congress, which has the authority and duty to review the constitutionality of the statutes passed by Congress, and to invalidate the statute if it violates the Constitution
o Marbury v. Madison
- U.S. Supreme Court is the main interpreter of the Constitution
- Most of the justices’ ruling are consistent with their past opinions
- the USSC’s last word makes it the most important judicial voice and the final decider of what is Constitutional
Constitution
- Supremacy Clause (Article 6, Section 2)
o The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land.
- We know that the constitution is supreme, but what if one branch decides something the other branch does is unconstitutional?
o None of this is explicitly stated in the Constitution
- What gives the Supreme Court the power of judicial review?
o Justice Marshall did in Marbury v. Madison
- constitution is the primary law—extending to acts of the president and acts of congress
- the power of judicial review also extends to lower federal courts
o they have the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional
Marbury v. Madison
- this case decided which branch of the fed gov. should have the final say in interpreting the constitution
- if the USSC identifies a conflict b/w a constitutional provision and a congressional statute, the Court has the authority and the duty to declare the statute unconstitutional and to refuse to enforce it
HOW UKRAINIAN AMBER IS ILLEGALLY TRANSPORTED TO POLANDsuzi smith
Raw amber, which is illegally mined in Ukraine, is unlawfully transported abroad. And it is successfully sold in Poland. These precious stones of organic origin are also popular in Russia and China.
The Volyn customs unit of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine said that people, in the majority of cases, have been hiding amber from customs control in their personal belongings. They are also using specially created storage units that are hidden in the frames of cars. These hiding places were previously taken apart.
According to information from the customs unit, amber that becomes the property of the state on the basis of a court decision is transferred to the “State Storage of Precious Metals and Precious Stones of Ukraine.”
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithy
RECOVERY OF METALS FROM ELECTRONIC WASTE (e-scrap).
1. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
RECOVERY OF
METALS FROM
ELECTRONIC
WASTE (e-scrap).
INTRODUCTION:
E-Waste i.e. electronic waste is discarded electronic equipments. In other words it
refers to the electronic products nearing the end of their useful life period. It includes a broad
range of electronic devices from computer to hand – held cellular phones, stereos, consumer
electronics, ovens, refrigerator, monitors, etc.
Waste of all sort put together is a major cause of Global Warming and electronic
waste (e-waste) is one of the biggest contributor. E-Waste contains several different
substances and chemicals, many of which are toxic & are not biodegradable and are likely to
create adverse impact on environment and health, if not handled properly. In addition to that
it contains metal values which can be recovered.
Manufacturers, government agencies and users are now looking for environmentally
responsible management of this E-waste. Besides proper disposal, economical recovery of
precious and exhaustible materials is also a matter of interest.
Page | 1
2. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
(Table I -Ref 2)
AIM OF THE PROJECT:
In all electronic equipment thermosetting materials like epoxy, backelite are present.
In today’s practice it is heated in open environment to get the metal, when it is heated at high
temperature it gives lot of fumes and it becomes charry. It causes environmental and health
problems. Our aim is to make the process eco-friendly, convenient and recover the metal
values almost quantitatively.
OBJECTIVE OF WORK:
If treated properly, electronic-waste is a valuable source for secondary raw material.
However, if not treated properly it is a major source of toxins.
Page | 2
3. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
In the present practice, uncontrolled burning, disassembly, and disposal are causing
environmental and health problems, including occupational safety and health effects among
those directly involved, due to the methods of processing the waste.
As the prices of gold, silver, copper, tin and lead continue to rise; recovery of these
metals from e-waste has become more desirable.
At present there are few processes to recover the metal values in an environmentally
safe manner. Hence, through our e-waste metal recovery process, we intend to recover the
metallic values in an environmentally safe manner.
LIST OF SUBSTANCES CONTAINED IN ENECTRONIC WASTE:
Page | 3
4. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
(Table II : Ref 2)
1) Substances in bulk: Epoxy resin, fiber glass, polychlorinated biphenyls,
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and thermosetting plastics.
2) Elements in bulk: Lead, tin, copper, beryllium, iron and aluminium.
3) Elements in small amount: Cadmium, mercury.
4) Elements in trace amount: Gold, silver, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron,
cobalt, gallium, palladium, manganese, platinum.
Although the amount of above elements mentioned are not always present in pcb, in
case of some PCB’s, there is gold and silver present in particular applications, in some
PCB’s they may not be present, but common elements like lead, tin and copper are
always present in pcb
LIST OF APPLICATION OF THE ABOVE ELEMENTS:
Almost all electronics contain lead and tin (as solder) and copper (as wire and PCB tracks).
1) Lead: solder, CRT monitors (lead in glass), lead-acid batteries.
2) Tin: coating on component leads.
3) Copper: copper wire, printed circuit board tracks, component leads.
4) Aluminium: nearly all electronic goods using more than few Watts of power (heat sinks),
electrolytic capacitors
5) Silicon: glass, transistors, ICs, printed circuit boards.
6) Gold: connector plating, primarily in computer equipment.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR RECOVERY
OF METALS FROM E-SCRAP
Page | 4
5. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY:
The experimental methodology is distributed in three main sections:
I) Selection and preparation of e-scrap.
II) Dissolution of the metals present in e-scrap into prepared solution.
III) Recovery of these dissolved metals from solution by different metallurgical routes.
I) Selection and preparation of e-scrap for dissolution:
The various type of e-scrap was sorted according to categories as mentioned in
table 1. Only printed circuit boards (PCB’s) were taken from the e-scrap for experimental
work. The capacitor, IC’s, joints, mountings, etc. on PCB’s were removed and sorted
mechanically. The PCB’s were cut into pieces as small as possible. These PCB’s cut
pieces were weighed.
II) Dissolution of the metals present in e-scrap into prepared solution:
A] Method 1: Dissolution using nitric acid solution
i) In actual process, 8 liter of distilled water was taken in container, then 400ml
concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) was added and after that 300 gm sodium nitrate
(NaNO3) was added. Two magnetic stirrers were used for homogeneous stirring of the
bath. (Nitric acid was added because it dissolves the metallic value like lead, tin and
copper but it does not dissolve gold. Nitric acid was consumed during the dissolution;
Page | 5
6. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
hence nitric acid was added periodically. Sodium nitrate was added in bath because it
maintains the electrical conductivity of bath and furnishes the nitrate ions. Sulphuric
acid could not be used because it does not dissolve copper, and lead forms as a lead
sulphate, which is water insoluble.)
HNO3 H+
+ NO3
-
…….. (1).
NaNO3 Na+
+ NO3
-
…….. (2).
Na+
+ H2O NaOH + H2 …….. (3).
H2O H+
+ OH-
…….. (4).
H2O + 2OH-
½ O2 + H+
…….. (5).
ii) The weighed PCB’s were placed in a cloth bag. Then graphite rod of 25mm
diameter anode (Ti plate can also be used as anode as it is non consumable) was
inserted into the bag and also care was taken that the cut pieces are in maximum
contact with the graphite anode to enhance the dissolution of the metallic values in
the PCB’s by improving the conductivity. This all set-up is called as anode set.
iii)The anode set was connected to positive terminal of the rectifier and stainless steel
mesh was connected to negative terminal of the rectifier (current 0-12A and
voltage 0-15V). Maximum possible current was set to carry out the experiment;
the voltage was maintained such that to achieve maximum current and hence rate
of dissolution was maximum.
iv)The bag was shaken periodically as the metals dissolves and contact may become
loose, due to this it was noted that there was rise in current as conductivity
increases. After some time the current rise was not noticeable. It means that metal
values are in the solution. Dissolution of metallic values takes place according to
following reactions:
For Copper:
Cu + NO3
-
Cu(NO3)2 (goes in solution) + 2e-
…….. (6).
For Lead:
Pb + NO3
-
Pb(NO3)2 (goes in solution) + 2e-
…….. (7)
For Tin:
Page | 6
7. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
Sn + 2NO3
-
Sn(NO3)2 + 2e-
…….. (8.a)
Sn + 4NO3
-
Sn(NO3)4 + 4e-
…….. (8.b)
Sn(NO3)4 + H2O Sn(OH)4 + HNO3 …….. (9)
Sn(OH)4
(Ignite)
SnO2
(Fusion with alkali)
Na2SnO3 (water soluble)
v) The remains in the bag were taken out dried and weighed and the weight loss in
the scrap was calculated it means that much amount of metals have gone into
solution.
vi)The current, voltage and time were measured so as to calculate the energy
consumed for dissolution.
OBSERVATIONS:-
Expt. No.1
Weight of PCB before Dissolution=500gm
TIME VOLTAGE
(Volts)
CURRENT
(amp)
HNO3 ADDED IN
(ml)
12.05 PM 14.92 8.01 25
12.20 PM 9.02 10.03 -
12.40 PM 7.67 9.92 -
12.55 PM 9.68 10 -
1.10 PM 7.73 10 50
1.25 PM 7.41 9.98 50
1.40 PM 7.02 9.97 50
1.50 PM 6.78 9.99 100
2.10 PM 6.51 9.99 100
2.30 PM 6.33 9.96 100
3.00 PM 6.07 9.96 100
3.45 PM 5.80 9.93 200
4.35 PM 5.38 9.92 200
5.00 PM 5.34 9.85 -
Page | 7
8. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
Weight of PCB after Dissolution =382gm
Expt. No.2
Weight of PCB before Dissolution=500gm
TIME VOLTAGE
(Volts)
CURRENT
(amp)
HNO3 ADDED IN
(ml)
11.30 PM 10.63 9.98 -
11.45 PM 9.54 9.90 100
12.10 PM 8.93 9.86 100
12.25 PM 8.97 9.86 50
12.45 PM 8.55 9.85 50
1.30 PM 7.92 9.83 100
1.45 PM 8.04 9.82 50
2.00 PM 7.90 9.82 50
2.15 PM 7.9 9.80 50
2.30 PM 7.83 9.80 50
2.45 PM 7.68 9.79 50
3.00 PM 7.79 9.80 50
3.15 PM 7.57 9.80 -
Weight of PCB after Dissolution =288gm
Expt. No.3
Weight of PCB before Dissolution = (600+500+400) gm = 1500gm
We went on changing the scrap in this trial because it was not possible to dissolve
all the metallic values in one single trial, due to this we were able to increase the
concentration of metallic values in the same bath prepared before.
3.a ) Scrap of wt. 600gm :-
TIME VOLTAGE
(Volts)
CURRENT
(amp)
HNO3 ADDED IN
(ml)
1.30 PM 7.30 11.50 -
2.15 PM 7.25 11.35 200
3.00 PM 7.23 11.34 200
3.20 PM 7.22 11.31 100
3.30 PM 7.01 11.21 -
3.35 PM 7 11.20 100
3.50 PM 6.87 11.16 -
3.55 PM 6.82 11.15 100
4.05 PM 6.08 11.16 -
Page | 8
9. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
4.40 PM 6.92 11.13 300
4.50 PM 6.64 11.14 100
PCB’s were removed dried and weighed
Weight of PCB after Dissolution =527gm
pH = 1
3.b) Scrap of wt. 500gm was added:-
TIME VOLTAGE
(Volts)
CURRENT
(amp)
HNO3 ADDED IN
(ml)
11.20 PM 7.13 11.62 -
1.20 PM 6.71 11.68 -
PCB’s were removed dried and weighed
Weight of PCB after Dissolution =383gm
pH = 1
3.c ) Scrap of wt. 400gm was added:-
TIME VOLTAGE
(Volts)
CURRENT
(amp)
HNO3 ADDED IN
(ml)
2 PM 7.07 11.80 -
2.20 PM 6.95 11.53 -
2.40 PM 7.36 11.45 -
3.30 PM 7.13 11.03 -
4.00 PM 6.85 11.11 -
PCB’s were removed dried and weighed
Weight of PCB after Dissolution =298gm
pH = 1
Total weight of PCB scrap after drying= 527+383+298=1208gm
Weight loss = 1500-1208=292gm
Page | 9
10. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
Figure 1: LINE DIAGRAM OF THE SETUP
B] Method 2: Dissolution using Aqua regia solution
The residue from bag is subjected to treatment with 50% aqua regia (1 HNO3: 3 HCl),
and see if any green coloration is obtained. That indicates presence of gold. The metallic
values which were not dissolved in above mentioned treatment also gets dissolved in aqua
regia. The reaction in aqua regia are:
For Silver:
Ag + HNO3 AgNO3 + H2 ………(10)
For Gold:
Page | 10
11. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
HCl + HNO3 NOCl ………(11)
Au + NOCl AuCl3 (water soluble) + NO2 ………(12)
III) Recovery of the dissolved metals from solution by different metallurgical routes:
i) Recovery of copper by electro deposition method:
Cu plate was polished by emery paper; cleaned with acetone. After drying this
plate, initial weight was noted. This copper plate was connected to negative terminal
(cathode) and graphite rod was connected to positive terminal (Anode) of the
rectifier. Both electrodes were dipped in solution and supply was given.
Reaction at Anode:
H2O + 2OH-
½ O2 + H+
2 H+
H2
Reaction at Cathode:
Cu2+
+ 2e-
Cu (deposited on cathode)
Solution was taken 400 ml from the dissolved bath.
Bath
no.
Voltage
(V)
Current
(A)
Current
density
(A/m2
)
Initial wt.
of Cu plate
(gm)
Wt. of Cu plate
after
deposition(gm)
Time
(min)
Wt.
deposited(gm)
1 2.19 0.98-1 272.22 21.2680 21.8097 60 0.1417
Page | 11
12. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
2.a 3.4 1 277.77 17.6829 19.0059 120 1.323
2.b 3.4 1 317.46 30.3631 31.3290 55 0.9659
2.c 3.4 1 320.51 38.5673 39.1709 160 0.6036
ii) Recovery of copper by cementation method:
Mild steel plate was polished by emery paper; pickling was done (HCl
100ml+Antimony Trichloride 5%). It removes rust from the plate, this plate is dipped in
solution and copper gets deposited on mild steel plate.
The first two trials of dissolution experiment have been failed while cementation
process as excess time was given for the deposition by cementation due to which the bath
was fully oxidized by iron oxide.
In next three trials of dissolution experiment we gave less time for deposition by
cementation process and got the results as follows:
Weight of M.S Plate = 34.446 gm
Time of dipping in solution = 1 minute
The copper deposited on M.S. plate was scrapped out and weighed.
Weight of copper obtained = 0.152 gm.
POWER CONSUMTION
For dissolution experiment:
Exp.
no.
Initial wt. of scrap
sample (gm)
Net
Voltage
(V)
Net
Current
(amp)
Time
(min)
Power = V*I*t
(KWH)
1 500 7.55 9.82 295 0.3645
2 500 8.404 9.84 225 0.3110
3.a 600 6.3155 11.24 200 0.2366
3.b 500 6.92 11.65 120 0.1612
3.c 400 7.072 11.38 120 0.1610
For electro deposition of Cu:
Bath
no.
Wt. deposited
(gm)
Voltage
(V)
Current
(amp)
Time
(min)
Power = V*I*t
(KWH)
1 0.1417 2.19 0.98 60 0.0021
2.a 1.323 3.4 1 120 0.0068
2.b 0.9659 3.4 1 55 0.0031
Page | 12
13. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
2.c 0.6036 3.4 1 160 0.0091
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS:
Confirmatory test for Lead:
After electro deposition of Copper, electrolyzed solution was taken for confirmatory
test. In that solution potassium iodide (KI) powder was added, which showed yellow
precipitate. This shows that the lead is present in the solution.
Confirmation of Tin:
While dissolution of e-scrap, tin gets precipitated as metastannic acid, from which tin
can be recovered. (ref 1.). We have separated the precipitate from solution.
RESULT:
1) PCB’s are containing copper, lead and tin along with non metallic particle.
2) We have recovered Copper successfully.
3) Our process is eco-friendly, convenient and recovers the metal values almost
quantitatively.
CONCLUSION:
It is possible to recover the metal values from e-scrap by anodic dissolution using
nitric acid bath.
FUTURE WORK:
1) The recovery of lead is in progress.
2) The recovery of tin is in progress.
3) It has been reported that there is gold and palladium present in PCB. Our aim is to
recover gold and other precious metals as well, along with copper, lead and tin.
We are trying to get the average percentage of each metal.
4) Neutralization of bath for disposal and can be reused.
2HNO3+Na2CO3 2NaNO3 + CO2 + H2O
pH = 7.
Page | 13
14. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
REFERENCES:
1) Leaching and electrochemical recovery of copper, lead and tin from scrap printed circuit
boards. (Journal of chemical technology and Biotechnology); (Chem Technol Biotechnol
77:449-457/ 2002).
2) Metallurgical recycling of electronic scrap EPD Congress 2006 Edited by S.M. Howard,
R.L. Stephens, C.J. Newman, J.-Y.J. Hwang, A.M. Gokhale, T.T. Chen,
TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2006
T.P. Battle, M.L. Free, B.R. Davis, C.L. Harris, H. Henein, P.N. Anyalebechi, A.C.
Powell, G.K. Krumdick, and C.K. Belt.
3) Printed Circuit Board Recycling:A State-of-the-Art Survey
Jianzhi Li, Puneet Shrivastava, Zong Gao, and Hong-Chao Zhang, (IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS PACKAGING MANUFACTURING, VOL. 27,
NO. 1, JANUARY 2004).
4) Recycling Technology for Electronic Appliances
Jyh-Herng Chen
Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering
National Taipei University of Technology
No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd.
Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_waste (pg. no. 1-8)
6) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TGF-4RSRDNX-4
(Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 158, Issues 2-3, 2008, pg. no. 228-256).
Page | 14
15. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
Autism - The Complete Guide for Parents
https://www.amazon.com/dp/1547004673
#haythamalfiqi How to Make Money with Outsourced Articles and Article
Marketing ? http://amzn.to/1Uv1kJE
#haythamalfiqi How to Start a Day Care Center? http://amzn.to/1RtPc5n
#haythamalfiqi India Travel http://amzn.to/1RwKd6c
#haythamalfiqi Law of attraction: (A Simple Guide to attract Wealth,
Health,power,and Happiness) http://amzn.to/1UmirNh
#haythamalfiqi Nursing Careers: Do You Have What It Takes
http://amzn.to/1pDLChD
#haythamalfiqi Public Contract Law: The Law Student's Guide to Pursuing a
Career in Public Contract Law http://amzn.to/1So19Ms
#haythamalfiqi Public Speaking: Secrets for Success http://amzn.to/1ZFuF3g
#haythamalfiqi The Quality of Life: health related quality of life questionnaire
http://amzn.to/1MKj4IL
#haythamalfiqi Self Insight and Professional Growth http://amzn.to/1Pyee13
#haythamalfiqi Sex Life after 60: ( Common Issues to Consider if you want to
have a Great Sex Life after 60 ) http://amzn.to/1RwLcTO
#haythamalfiqi Swimming Pool Guide http://amzn.to/1UUA5GS
#haythamalfiqi The Weight Loss Solution :: 53 Lessons for loss Your Weight
Forever http://amzn.to/1RmkIWt
#haythamalfiqi WHAT DO YOU WANT? how to design a plan for your life: how
to design a plan for your life http://amzn.to/1ZFuG7i
#haythamalfiqi Wood Working Guilds http://amzn.to/1UQoXMj
#haythamalfiqi Yoga :: An Easy Yoga for Beginners Guide (Lose Weight, And
Heal Your Body) http://amzn.to/1pR1P3Q *
#haythamalfiqi Criminal Law: International Criminal Police Organization
http://amzn.to/25qILcO *
#haythamalfiqi American Idol Contestants http://amzn.to/1So25jJ
#haythamalfiqi Bitcoin : The Ultimate Guide for Beginners
http://amzn.to/1pDMaUU
#haythamalfiqi Building Self Esteem http://amzn.to/1SeuCFV *
#haythamalfiqi Catch A Cheating Lover http://amzn.to/1VOHNTI
#haythamalfiqi Contracts http://amzn.to/1XW5urA *
#haythamalfiqi Cosmetic Surgery: Signs You May Need a Cosmetic Surgery
Facelift http://amzn.to/1pDMovi
#haythamalfiqi Credit Card Debt: Everything You Need to Know to Avoid the
Mistakes http://amzn.to/25qJafs
#haythamalfiqi Dog Training: : Complete Guide to Training Your Dog or
Puppy http://amzn.to/1Rml9A2 *
#haythamalfiqi Dream Interpretation: This book explains in detail the
interpretation of dreams http://amzn.to/1RHyZPq *
#haythamalfiqi E-Bay http://amzn.to/21NdtIr
Page | 15
16. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
#haythamalfiqi Eat Healthier: Tips for healthy eating http://amzn.to/1Tce5Y6
#haythamalfiqi Facebook Marketing http://amzn.to/1MKktit
#haythamalfiqi Green Tea: Why You Must Drink It? http://amzn.to/1MtiioD
#haythamalfiqi Hawaii Vacation: A Travel Guide http://amzn.to/1oetslD
#haythamalfiqi Christian Organizations http://amzn.to/1YhysTt
#haythamalfiqi Anime and Sci-Fi Collecting http://amzn.to/1QWiNmv
#haythamalfiqi Anger Management: A Grandiosity Mind Trapped in Anger
http://amzn.to/1UMgOrK
#haythamalfiqi Cat Behavior Training http://amzn.to/1XgS0sE
#haythamalfiqi A Firefighters Character http://amzn.to/1ZwoWfm
#haythamalfiqi A Good Mailing List for a Bad One http://amzn.to/1SYpp9P
#haythamalfiqi Wellness And Fitness http://amzn.to/1XgRNWw
#haythamalfiqi A Look at the Steps of Making Wine
http://www.amazon.com/dp/1533165661
Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
#haythamalfiqi Haytham Al Fiqi blog : http://www.authorhaf.org/
Haytham Al Fiqi Fan Page https://www.facebook.com/authorhaythamalfiqi/
#haythamalfiqi Italy Vacations: A Travel Guide http://amzn.to/1UrvMmD
#haythamalfiqi #kindleunlimited Benefits of Affiliate Marketing
http://amzn.to/1fDkw4y
#haythamalfiqi #kindleunlimited The Encyclopedia of Dentistry(Part2)
http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00FHOZE6E
#haythamalfiqi #kindleunlimited The Encyclopedia of Dentistry
http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00FHN5S0C
#haythamalfiqi #kindleunlimited most effective way to make money on
Craigslist http://amzn.to/1fz14WF
#haythamalfiqi #kindleunlimited 78 Ways to Make Money Working from
Home http://amzn.to/1iFpyhq
#haythamalfiqi #kindleunlimited making money online as an affiliate with
Click bank http://amzn.to/1fz1uwt
Page | 16
17. Haytham Al Fiqi Books: http://amzn.to/27nSCB9
#haythamalfiqi #kindleunlimited How to Earn Money online using Twitter
$100-$500 per day http://amzn.to/1lFBNdu
#haythamalfiqi #kindleunlimited Make Money Online - Using Pinterest
http://amzn.to/1rV8ZPW
#haythamalfiqi #kindleunlimited Niche blogging is easier then you think - 6
figure blogging , http://amzn.to/1o8Efst
#haythamalfiqi #kindleunlimited Fiverr Secrets http://amzn.to/1fUFzdF
#haythamalfiqi #kindleunlimited Secret Ways To Make Money On YouTube
http://amzn.to/1pV2Aqt
Jamaica-Vacations https://www.amazon.co.uk/Jamaica-Vacations-Haytham-
Al-Fiqi/dp/1533516634/ref=as_sl_pc_qf_sp_asin_til?tag=authorhaf-
21&linkCode=w00&linkId=&creativeASIN=1533516634
Page | 17