This document summarizes research on the use of Pt, Co, Fe and Ni nanoparticles supported on micro/nano-structured carbon (MNC) for methanol electro-oxidation in acid medium. MNC was synthesized via nanocasting using SBA-15 as a template and pyrolyzed sugar. Pt, Co, Fe and Ni nanoparticles were then deposited on MNC using wet impregnation and chemical reduction. The materials were characterized using various techniques and their electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that metal nanoparticles deposited on high surface area MNC show promise for methanol electro-oxidation in acid fuel cells.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
content-
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
History of Catalysis
Catalysis
Recent trends in Catalysis
Future trends in Catalysis
Summary
role-
24% of GDP from Products made using catalysts (Food, Fuels, Clothes, Polymers, Drug, Agro-chemicals)
> 90 % of petro refining & petrochemicals processes use catalysts
90 % of processes & 60 % of products in the chemical industry
> 95% of pollution control technologies
Catalysis in the production/use of alternate fuels (NG,DME, H2, Fuel Cells, biofuels…)
Degradation of Ethanolamine by Fluidized-bed Fenton ProcessOswar Mungkasa
prepared by J. Anotai*,**, C.M. Chen***, L. Bellotindos**** and M.C. Lu*** Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand (E-mail: jin.ano@kmutt.ac.th) ** National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand *** Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan Univer for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles (PEG@Fe3O4) as cost effectivealternative for...Pawan Kumar
An efficient, cost effective and environmental friendly PEGylated magnetic nanoparticle catalyzed oxida-tive cyanation via CH activation of tertiary amines to corresponding -aminonitriles using hydrogenperoxide as oxidant and sodium cyanide as cyanide source is described. The synthesized nanocatalyst waseasily recovered with the help of external magnet and was successfully reused for several runs withoutany significant loss in catalytic activity.
PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles (PEG@Fe3O4) as cost effectivealternative for...Pawan Kumar
tAn efficient, cost effective and environmental friendly PEGylated magnetic nanoparticle catalyzed oxida-tive cyanation via CH activation of tertiary amines to corresponding -aminonitriles using hydrogenperoxide as oxidant and sodium cyanide as cyanide source is described. The synthesized nanocatalyst waseasily recovered with the help of external magnet and was successfully reused for several runs withoutany significant loss in catalytic activity.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
content-
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
History of Catalysis
Catalysis
Recent trends in Catalysis
Future trends in Catalysis
Summary
role-
24% of GDP from Products made using catalysts (Food, Fuels, Clothes, Polymers, Drug, Agro-chemicals)
> 90 % of petro refining & petrochemicals processes use catalysts
90 % of processes & 60 % of products in the chemical industry
> 95% of pollution control technologies
Catalysis in the production/use of alternate fuels (NG,DME, H2, Fuel Cells, biofuels…)
Degradation of Ethanolamine by Fluidized-bed Fenton ProcessOswar Mungkasa
prepared by J. Anotai*,**, C.M. Chen***, L. Bellotindos**** and M.C. Lu*** Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand (E-mail: jin.ano@kmutt.ac.th) ** National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (NCE-EHWM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand *** Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia-Nan Univer for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles (PEG@Fe3O4) as cost effectivealternative for...Pawan Kumar
An efficient, cost effective and environmental friendly PEGylated magnetic nanoparticle catalyzed oxida-tive cyanation via CH activation of tertiary amines to corresponding -aminonitriles using hydrogenperoxide as oxidant and sodium cyanide as cyanide source is described. The synthesized nanocatalyst waseasily recovered with the help of external magnet and was successfully reused for several runs withoutany significant loss in catalytic activity.
PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles (PEG@Fe3O4) as cost effectivealternative for...Pawan Kumar
tAn efficient, cost effective and environmental friendly PEGylated magnetic nanoparticle catalyzed oxida-tive cyanation via CH activation of tertiary amines to corresponding -aminonitriles using hydrogenperoxide as oxidant and sodium cyanide as cyanide source is described. The synthesized nanocatalyst waseasily recovered with the help of external magnet and was successfully reused for several runs withoutany significant loss in catalytic activity.
Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a very significant technique to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels. In this particular work, nickel is used as the active metal and ceria-zirconia (CZ) bi-metallic oxide is used as the support. The foremost challenge to this process is sooting or coking over the catalyst surface and blocking the active sites. For the economic viability of the catalyst, it is very significant to make it coke deposition resistant. This is the reason that the kinetic modeling of the deactivation is very important. Therefore, this paper is aimed to model the deactivation and activity of the catalyst. A rate model of the deactivation process is also developed using separable kinetics. A comparison with commercial catalyst is also reported to show that the Ni/CZ catalyst is much more stable towards the coking. Keywords –Coking, Deactivation, Methane, Separable kinetics, Steam reforming.
Extraction experiments for Zn(II) ions from aqueous phase by new laboratory prepared Azo
derivation as complex agent 2- [4-bromo-2,6-diethyl phenylazo] -4,5-diphenylimidazole(BDPI)shows the
optimum conditions for this extraction method was (pH= 8) (10 minutes) shaking time and 50μg
concentration of Zn(II)ions in aqueous phase. Organic solvents effect study shows there is not any linear
relation between distribution ratio (D) for extraction of Zn+2 ions and dielectric constant (ε)for organic
solvents used but there is in effect for organic solvent structure on the extraction of Zn+2 ions and
distribution ratio (D) values. Stoichiometric studies demonstrated the more probable structure ion pair
complex extracted for Zn+2 was 1:1.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Complexes of 2-(6-Methoxybenzo[d]thiazo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ), zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) bidentate 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile ligand which was prepared from Benz aldehyde and 6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine in the presence of KCN and acidic medium. The complexes were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with appropriate amount of metal salts [1:2] [M: L] ratio. The complexes were characterized by using metal and elemental chemical analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, FTIR , electronic spectral and mole ratio method. According to the obtained data the probable coordination geometries of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ) zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) in these complexes are octahedral. All complexes were found to be non-electrolyte in absolute ethanol, and the complexes were formulated as [ML2Cl2] XH2O. Keywords: 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile, N2-donor, transition metals.
Effect of Solvent Swelling on the reactivity of demineralized Turkish LigniteIJERA Editor
In this research, effect of demineralization and solvent swelling on pyrolysis kinetics was investigated. The experiments were carried out to investigate theeffects of solvent swelling with different solvents, such as THF, Pyridine and DMSO after demineralization with HCl, HNO3 and HF successively. To calculate the activation energies of lignite sample during pyrolysis, TGA analyses were performed with raw and swollen samples at 5, 10 and 20° C/min heating rates. Coast-Redfernmodel was used for the determination of kinetic parameters. According to the results, the macromolecular structure of lignite was affected from these hydrogen bonding solvents. So, the activation energies of swollen samples found to be less than the raw lignite sample for all heating rates. The reactivity of lignite samples can be ordered as follows; DMSO swollen sample > Pyridine swollen sample> THF swollen sample. Activation energy of DMSO swollen lignite sample is 10.62 kJ/mole whereas activation energies of pyridine swollen and THF swollen sample are 17.83, 25.76 kJ/mol, respectively at a heating rate of 10° C/min. The results indicated that, solvent swelling has catalytic effect on pyrolysis kinetics.
Hollow-Polyaniline-Sphere-Coated Sensor For Measuring Gas-Phase OH Radicals A...IJERA Editor
In advanced oxidation processes, OH radicals play a crucial role in enhancing the removal efficiency of volatile
organic compounds. In this paper, hollow polyaniline (PANI) spheres were coated onto a conducting ceramic
honeycomb substrate to form a PANI sensor for detecting the concentration of OH radicals in the amorphous
phase. The hollow PANI spheres were effectively synthesized through a double-surfactant-layer-assisted
polymerization process by using Fe3O4 nanoparticle as the core template. The PANI shell thickness, morphology
characterizations and specific surface area were controlled by altering the weight of aniline monomers. The
electrical conductivity served as a function of the operating temperature and specific surface area, which is a
characteristic behavior of conductive polymer materials in the atmosphere. At an optimized temperature of
125°C and specific surface area of 1435 m2
/g, the PANI sensor reacted with a high amount of OH radicals
generated from the decomposition of ozone over α–FeOOH nanoparticles. The conductometric response after the
OH radical attack increased exponentially with the concentration of the OH radicals.
Effect of vanadium on the behaviour of unsulfated and sulfated WTi-pillared c...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Using Tunisian Phosphate Rock and Her Converted Hydroxyapatite for Lead Remov...IJERA Editor
Natural and synthesis apatites represent a cost effective soil amendment, which can be used for in situ reduction of lead bioavailability and mobility. In our previous work, we selected Tunisian Phosphate Rock (TPR) and Hydroxyapatite (CaHAp) as promising minerals for the removal of lead from aqueous solutions. X-ray powder diffraction patterns (DRX), Infra Red (IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize TPR and CaHAp. CaHAp was prepared from TPR and employed for the removal of Pb2+ ions at different concentrations from aqueous solution to determine the adsorption properties of CaHAp and compare them with those of a TPR. The kinetic data obtained indicated that the adsorption performances of the adsorbents depended both on their specific surface area and crystallinity. Complexation of lead ion on the adsorbent surface favoured the dissolution of hydroxyapatites characterized by a Ca/Pb molar ratio of 1.69. The maximum adsorption capacity of CaHAp for Pb2+ ions at 25 °C was 1.806 mmol /g relative to 1.035 mmol /g for TPR at the same temperature. The higher capacity of CaHAp was explained in terms of its porosity and crystallinity. The Pb2+ ions sorption results could be modelled by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The simulations of adsorption isotherms of Pb2+ on CaHAp allow us to conclude that there is a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir model. On TPR, we show a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir and Freundlich model.
This paper describes the study of the coating powder leaching from computer monitors scraps with the
view to obtain a liquor which can be treated by hydrometallurgical techniques to purify the metals studied.
The technological development observed in recent years has stimulated the application of rare earth
(RE) elements. TV tubes and computer monitors present as coating a powder containing some rare earth
elements, mainly europium and yttrium. The recovery of the RE elements from electronics scraps is extremely
important as the economic and environmental issues are concerned. The results of this study indicated
the technical viability of the recovery of the metals. After the leaching process optimization, the
europium and yttrium recovery was over 97% and a liquor containing 16.5 g/L Y, 0.55 g/L Eu, 59.0 g/L
Zn, 0.20 g/L Fe, 131 g/L SO2
4 , 0.20 g/L Ca and 2.50 g/L Al was obtained.
New Analytical Technique For The Determination Of Mercury (II) By Synergistic...inventionjournals
A new technique was developed for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of mercury (II) by using newly synthesized chromogenic reagent N'',N'''-bis[(E)-(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene] thiocarbonohydrazide bis-(4-fluoroPM)TCH. It forms yellow colored ternary complex with mercury(II) in presence pyridine having composition 1:1:1 (M:Reagent:Py) in acidic pH range 1.7-3.7. The reagent is highly sensitive and selective towards mercury(II). So spectrophotometric method of mercury(II) is found to be very rapid, reliable and show synergistic effect. Absorption of colored organic layer in iso amyl acetate is measured with reagent blank at λmax 375 nm. Pyridine showed synergistic effect with reagent by the adduct formation in organic phase. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range 0.25 to 3.5 µg mL-1 for mercury (II). Molar absorptivity and sandell’s sensitivity values of mercury(II)-bis-(4-fluoroPM)TCH-Py complex are 0.50127x105 lit mol-1 cm -1 and 0.004 µg cm -2 , respectively. The selectivity of the method was checked by using various foreign ions. The composition of the complex was determined by slope ratio method, mole ratio method and Job’s method of continuous variation. The colour of ternary complex was stable for more than 12 h. Various factors influencing on degree of comlexation are the effect of pH, reagent concentration, synergent concentration, equilibrium time, solvent were determined. The method was applicable for determination of mercury(II) in binary mixture, ternary mixture, ayurvedic sample, homoeopathic sample, industrial waste water, spiked water and dental unit waste water.
Recovery of Platinum and Rejuvenation of Alumina From Spent Reforming Catalys...Waqas Tariq
Abstract Recovery of platinum from spent naphtha reforming catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3) which contain 0.30 wt % of Pt was conducted using two methods, the first one was treatment of the spent catalyst with aqua regia whereas the second one involved chlorination of the spent catalyst. The results show that the chlorination method is more efficient than the acid treatment one as 93 % platinum can be recovered, in addition to reserving the γ-Al2O3 skeletal structure from serous changes. The recovered platinum was converted to hexachlorplatinic acid, a material that can be used to prepare the catalyst again by impregnation method using either new alumina or certain proportion of it and recovered one.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a very significant technique to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels. In this particular work, nickel is used as the active metal and ceria-zirconia (CZ) bi-metallic oxide is used as the support. The foremost challenge to this process is sooting or coking over the catalyst surface and blocking the active sites. For the economic viability of the catalyst, it is very significant to make it coke deposition resistant. This is the reason that the kinetic modeling of the deactivation is very important. Therefore, this paper is aimed to model the deactivation and activity of the catalyst. A rate model of the deactivation process is also developed using separable kinetics. A comparison with commercial catalyst is also reported to show that the Ni/CZ catalyst is much more stable towards the coking. Keywords –Coking, Deactivation, Methane, Separable kinetics, Steam reforming.
Extraction experiments for Zn(II) ions from aqueous phase by new laboratory prepared Azo
derivation as complex agent 2- [4-bromo-2,6-diethyl phenylazo] -4,5-diphenylimidazole(BDPI)shows the
optimum conditions for this extraction method was (pH= 8) (10 minutes) shaking time and 50μg
concentration of Zn(II)ions in aqueous phase. Organic solvents effect study shows there is not any linear
relation between distribution ratio (D) for extraction of Zn+2 ions and dielectric constant (ε)for organic
solvents used but there is in effect for organic solvent structure on the extraction of Zn+2 ions and
distribution ratio (D) values. Stoichiometric studies demonstrated the more probable structure ion pair
complex extracted for Zn+2 was 1:1.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Complexes of 2-(6-Methoxybenzo[d]thiazo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ), zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) bidentate 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile ligand which was prepared from Benz aldehyde and 6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine in the presence of KCN and acidic medium. The complexes were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with appropriate amount of metal salts [1:2] [M: L] ratio. The complexes were characterized by using metal and elemental chemical analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, FTIR , electronic spectral and mole ratio method. According to the obtained data the probable coordination geometries of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ) zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) in these complexes are octahedral. All complexes were found to be non-electrolyte in absolute ethanol, and the complexes were formulated as [ML2Cl2] XH2O. Keywords: 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile, N2-donor, transition metals.
Effect of Solvent Swelling on the reactivity of demineralized Turkish LigniteIJERA Editor
In this research, effect of demineralization and solvent swelling on pyrolysis kinetics was investigated. The experiments were carried out to investigate theeffects of solvent swelling with different solvents, such as THF, Pyridine and DMSO after demineralization with HCl, HNO3 and HF successively. To calculate the activation energies of lignite sample during pyrolysis, TGA analyses were performed with raw and swollen samples at 5, 10 and 20° C/min heating rates. Coast-Redfernmodel was used for the determination of kinetic parameters. According to the results, the macromolecular structure of lignite was affected from these hydrogen bonding solvents. So, the activation energies of swollen samples found to be less than the raw lignite sample for all heating rates. The reactivity of lignite samples can be ordered as follows; DMSO swollen sample > Pyridine swollen sample> THF swollen sample. Activation energy of DMSO swollen lignite sample is 10.62 kJ/mole whereas activation energies of pyridine swollen and THF swollen sample are 17.83, 25.76 kJ/mol, respectively at a heating rate of 10° C/min. The results indicated that, solvent swelling has catalytic effect on pyrolysis kinetics.
Hollow-Polyaniline-Sphere-Coated Sensor For Measuring Gas-Phase OH Radicals A...IJERA Editor
In advanced oxidation processes, OH radicals play a crucial role in enhancing the removal efficiency of volatile
organic compounds. In this paper, hollow polyaniline (PANI) spheres were coated onto a conducting ceramic
honeycomb substrate to form a PANI sensor for detecting the concentration of OH radicals in the amorphous
phase. The hollow PANI spheres were effectively synthesized through a double-surfactant-layer-assisted
polymerization process by using Fe3O4 nanoparticle as the core template. The PANI shell thickness, morphology
characterizations and specific surface area were controlled by altering the weight of aniline monomers. The
electrical conductivity served as a function of the operating temperature and specific surface area, which is a
characteristic behavior of conductive polymer materials in the atmosphere. At an optimized temperature of
125°C and specific surface area of 1435 m2
/g, the PANI sensor reacted with a high amount of OH radicals
generated from the decomposition of ozone over α–FeOOH nanoparticles. The conductometric response after the
OH radical attack increased exponentially with the concentration of the OH radicals.
Effect of vanadium on the behaviour of unsulfated and sulfated WTi-pillared c...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Using Tunisian Phosphate Rock and Her Converted Hydroxyapatite for Lead Remov...IJERA Editor
Natural and synthesis apatites represent a cost effective soil amendment, which can be used for in situ reduction of lead bioavailability and mobility. In our previous work, we selected Tunisian Phosphate Rock (TPR) and Hydroxyapatite (CaHAp) as promising minerals for the removal of lead from aqueous solutions. X-ray powder diffraction patterns (DRX), Infra Red (IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize TPR and CaHAp. CaHAp was prepared from TPR and employed for the removal of Pb2+ ions at different concentrations from aqueous solution to determine the adsorption properties of CaHAp and compare them with those of a TPR. The kinetic data obtained indicated that the adsorption performances of the adsorbents depended both on their specific surface area and crystallinity. Complexation of lead ion on the adsorbent surface favoured the dissolution of hydroxyapatites characterized by a Ca/Pb molar ratio of 1.69. The maximum adsorption capacity of CaHAp for Pb2+ ions at 25 °C was 1.806 mmol /g relative to 1.035 mmol /g for TPR at the same temperature. The higher capacity of CaHAp was explained in terms of its porosity and crystallinity. The Pb2+ ions sorption results could be modelled by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The simulations of adsorption isotherms of Pb2+ on CaHAp allow us to conclude that there is a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir model. On TPR, we show a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir and Freundlich model.
This paper describes the study of the coating powder leaching from computer monitors scraps with the
view to obtain a liquor which can be treated by hydrometallurgical techniques to purify the metals studied.
The technological development observed in recent years has stimulated the application of rare earth
(RE) elements. TV tubes and computer monitors present as coating a powder containing some rare earth
elements, mainly europium and yttrium. The recovery of the RE elements from electronics scraps is extremely
important as the economic and environmental issues are concerned. The results of this study indicated
the technical viability of the recovery of the metals. After the leaching process optimization, the
europium and yttrium recovery was over 97% and a liquor containing 16.5 g/L Y, 0.55 g/L Eu, 59.0 g/L
Zn, 0.20 g/L Fe, 131 g/L SO2
4 , 0.20 g/L Ca and 2.50 g/L Al was obtained.
New Analytical Technique For The Determination Of Mercury (II) By Synergistic...inventionjournals
A new technique was developed for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of mercury (II) by using newly synthesized chromogenic reagent N'',N'''-bis[(E)-(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene] thiocarbonohydrazide bis-(4-fluoroPM)TCH. It forms yellow colored ternary complex with mercury(II) in presence pyridine having composition 1:1:1 (M:Reagent:Py) in acidic pH range 1.7-3.7. The reagent is highly sensitive and selective towards mercury(II). So spectrophotometric method of mercury(II) is found to be very rapid, reliable and show synergistic effect. Absorption of colored organic layer in iso amyl acetate is measured with reagent blank at λmax 375 nm. Pyridine showed synergistic effect with reagent by the adduct formation in organic phase. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range 0.25 to 3.5 µg mL-1 for mercury (II). Molar absorptivity and sandell’s sensitivity values of mercury(II)-bis-(4-fluoroPM)TCH-Py complex are 0.50127x105 lit mol-1 cm -1 and 0.004 µg cm -2 , respectively. The selectivity of the method was checked by using various foreign ions. The composition of the complex was determined by slope ratio method, mole ratio method and Job’s method of continuous variation. The colour of ternary complex was stable for more than 12 h. Various factors influencing on degree of comlexation are the effect of pH, reagent concentration, synergent concentration, equilibrium time, solvent were determined. The method was applicable for determination of mercury(II) in binary mixture, ternary mixture, ayurvedic sample, homoeopathic sample, industrial waste water, spiked water and dental unit waste water.
Recovery of Platinum and Rejuvenation of Alumina From Spent Reforming Catalys...Waqas Tariq
Abstract Recovery of platinum from spent naphtha reforming catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3) which contain 0.30 wt % of Pt was conducted using two methods, the first one was treatment of the spent catalyst with aqua regia whereas the second one involved chlorination of the spent catalyst. The results show that the chlorination method is more efficient than the acid treatment one as 93 % platinum can be recovered, in addition to reserving the γ-Al2O3 skeletal structure from serous changes. The recovered platinum was converted to hexachlorplatinic acid, a material that can be used to prepare the catalyst again by impregnation method using either new alumina or certain proportion of it and recovered one.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This work shows a method to prepare manganese
nanoparticles on carbon substrate and some inorganic and organic
salts such as carbonate, nitrate, chloride, citrate and acetate from
spent dry battery cells. The method involves dismantling the cell
followed by sulfuric acid leaching of the whole contents at
temperatures up to 75°C for 3 hours. The leaching products were
filtered and the metals went into solution were determined. Metals
other than manganese were chemically separated whereby
manganese hydroxide was precipitated at pH 8. Nanoparticles of
manganese were prepared by direct reduction of the hydroxide
using hydrazine hydrate. The hydroxide salt reacted with the
respective acid to prepare the required salt. Results revealed that
manganese content in the spent battery cell amounts to 22 % by
weight. Leaching extent in sulfuric acid increased with the
increasing the acid molarity up to 3, temperature of leaching up to
75 °C, leaching time up to 3 hours and stirring conditions. The
quality of the products have been characterized by XRD, SEM and
FT-IR investigations. The activation energy of the acid leaching of
manganese amounts to kJ.mol.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
The role of V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves was
investigated for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic
V-MCM-41 (Si/V = 25, 50, 75 and 100), Mn-MCM-41 (Si/Mn = 50) and bimetallic
V-Mn-MCM-41 (Si/(V ? Mn) = 100) molecular sieves were synthesized by
a direct hydrothermal (DHT) process and characterized by various techniques such
as X-ray diffraction, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, EPR, and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). From the DRUV-Vis and EPR spectral study, it was found that
most of the V species are present as vanadyl ions (VO2?) in the as-synthesized
catalysts and as highly dispersed V5? ions in tetrahedral coordination in the calcined
catalysts. The activity of the catalysts was measured and compared with each other
for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene in the presence of atmospheric air as an
oxidant at 573 K. Among the various catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50
exhibited high activity towards production of phthalic anhydride under the experimental
condition. The correlation between the phthalic anhydride selectivity and
the physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst was found. It is concluded that
V5? species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for
the selective formation of phthalic anhydride during the vapor phase oxidation of
o-xylene.
Unusual Electronic Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals Conjugated to Cobalt ...Pawan Kumar
Octacarboxylated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) was covalently conjugated to cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by employing an esterification protocol. Solid-state NMR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, and infrared spectra were used to verify and study the nature of covalent attachment responsible for the immobilization of CoPc on the CNC surface. The covalent attachment was investigated from a theoretical simulation perspective using dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which verified the stable bond formation between CNC and CoPc. CoPc is an organic semiconductor with a high exciton binding energy, and CNCs are known to be insulating. Yet, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) indicated charge carrier generation and long-lived charge separation in the CNC–CoPc conjugate compared to pristine CoPc under visible light illumination. Such behavior is more typical of a semiconductor nanocomposite. The CNC–CoPc conjugate exhibited superior performance in the visible-light-driven surface photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrobenzenethiol (4-NBT) to p,p′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) and photodegradation of rhodamine B.
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The present study deals with a comparison between HF and NaOH with different concentration, as removers agents of silicon into the synthesis of micro/nano-structured pyrolytic carbon (MNC) via nanocasting method,
using SBA-15 as hard template. SBA-15 was prepared through sol-gel using pluronic P-123 as surfactant and tetraethoxysilane as a silicon precursor. MNC was synthesized by the nanocasting method and anhydrous pyrolysis at 800 °C using SBA-15 as structure directing agent and refined sugar as a carbon precursor. Testing six samples of MNC, the silicon removal was carried out employ solutions 1M NaOH, 2M NaOH, 4M NaOH, 8M NaOH, 8.6M HF and 28.9M HF by 24 h. The prepared materials were characterized by means of N2
physisorption analysis, SEM, EDS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. EDS analysis revealed that 8.6M HF and 8M NaOH had the highest removal efficiency of silicon, detecting 0.21% wt Si and 0.32% wt Si respectively versus 23.8% wt Si before this process, however, using solutions of a low concentration of NaOH, a silicon weight percentage lower than 0.6% is detected. Therefore, the HF could be replaced by NaOH avoiding possible damage to the structure of MNC due to the effect of HF and contributing to the safety of researchers and the environment.
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Es evidente el acelerado desarrollo de la tecnología, se ha demostrado que en los últimos cincuenta años se han presentado las más revolucionarias innovaciones, y que inevitablemente toca y afecta a la sociedad en su conjunto. El lenguaje y la comunicación no han escapado de los cambios ya desde la antigüedad, la imprenta es causal de un cambio radical en el lenguaje escrito y ahora éste, ha revolucionado con la era de la electrónica y la computación; surgen las llamadas nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación y la información (NTCI) y por extensión los medios informáticos, y su principal instrumento: la computadora.
Electrochemical Evaluation of Pt/GMC and Pt/rGO for the Electro-oxidation of ...David Macias Ferrer
In this work, Pt/GMC and Pt/rGO electrocatalysts have been prepared by impregnation reduction method in which Pt precursor is chemically reduced by citric acid, ethanol and Ar-H2 dynamic atmosphere. Graphitic mesoporous carbon (GMC) sample was synthesized via nanocasting process with anhydrous pyrolysis at 1273 K using SBA-15 as hard template and purified sugar as carbon source. SBA-15 was prepared via sol gel using pluronic P-123 as surfactant and TEOS as silica precursor. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized by modified Hummers method using graphite as carbon precursor. The prepared materials were characterized by means of N2 physisorption analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The performance of electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrochemical characterization techniques revealed that the mass activity of Pt/GMC, Pt/GO and the commercial electrocatalyst Pt/C were 627, 332 and 308 mA/mgPt respectively as well as the carbon monoxide tolerance index ICO for these catalysts were 1.07, 1.04 and 0.63 respectively. Therefore, Pt/GMC and Pt/GO exhibit better electrocatalytic performance and best resistance to carbonaceous intermediates species for the electrooxidation of methanol.
Electrocatalytic Evaluation in Methanol Oxidation Process of PtCo Nanoparticl...David Macias Ferrer
The high reactivity of methanol with platinum and the excellent catalytic activity for electro-oxidation of methanol on pure Pt especially at low temperature (below 80°C), makes this metal a suitable anodic electrocatalyst in DMFC [1]. However, it is well known that there is a series of technical problems in DMFC that limit their marketing [2]. While Pt, which is generally supported on activated carbon with large surface area such as Vulcan XC-72, is the best catalyst for the electro-oxidation of methanol, it rapidly becomes poisoned because of the intermediate species formed during the oxidation of methanol, mainly CO, since CO molecules can be chemically adsorbed on the surface of Pt and block the active sites, producing a poor kinetic of anodic methanol oxidation due to CO poisoning and a low electrocatalytic activity of electrocatalysts [3-5]. Although electrocatalysts based on Pt and Pt-Ru alloy have shown a good catalytic activity for electro-oxidation of methanol, another of the limitations in the development of DMFC for commercial applications is the high cost of both noble metals [6-7]. In this study, we report a nanocasting method of low cost to prepare NC using SBA-15 as hard template and purified sugar as carbon precursor; the inclusion of Co as a second metal, in order to reduce the amount of platinum and measure its catalytic activity in methanol oxidation process
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block diagram and signal flow graph representation
Pt, Co, Fe and Ni Nan particles on Micro/Nano-Structured Carbon for the Methanol Electro-Oxidation in Acid Medium
1. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2018
American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER)
e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936
Volume-7, Issue-6, pp-344-356
www.ajer.org
Research Paper Open Access
w w w . a j e r . o r g Page 344
Pt, Co, Fe and Ni Nan particles on Micro/Nano-Structured
Carbon for the Methanol Electro-Oxidation in Acid Medium
D. Macias Ferrer1*
, J.A. Melo Banda1
, R. Silva Rodrigo1
, M. Lam Maldonado1
,
M.A. Meraz-Melo2
, J.Y. Verde Gómez3
, U. Páramo García1
, N.P. Díaz Zavala1
1
Centro de Investigación en Petroquímica, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Madero, Cd. Madero
Tamaulipas, México
2
Departamento de Ingeniería. TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Iztapalapa III, Ciudad de México, México
3
División de Estudios de Posgrado, Tecnológico Nacional de México/ Instituto Tecnológico de Cancún, Cancún
Quintana Roo, 77515, México
Corresponding Author: D. Macias Ferrer
ABSTRACT : In this work, Pt, Co, Fe and Ni nanoparticles supported on micro/nano-structured carbon
(MNC) were tested in methanol electro-oxidation process in acid medium. The samples Pt/MNC, Co/MNC,
Fe/MNC and Ni/MNC (10 wt % metal loading), were synthesized by impregnation method and chemical
reduction route using citric acid as dispersing agent, ammonium hydroxide and a static atmosphere of Ar-H2 as
reductant agents. MNC sample was synthesized via nanocasting process with anhydrous pyrolysis at 900 °C
using SBA-15 as hard template and refined sugar as carbon source. SBA-15 was prepared via sol gel using
pluronic P-123 as surfactant and tetraethoxysilane as silica precursor. The samples were characterized by
means of BET, FTIR, Raman, XRD, XPS, SEM and EDS. The electrochemical measurements were carrying out
by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.5M H2SO4 + 1.0M CH3OH at 20 mV/s and 10 cycles.
KEYWORDS – SBA-15, methanol electro-oxidation, Micro/nano structured carbon, nanoparticles,
nanocasting
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Date of Submission: 14-06-2018 Date of acceptance: 29-06-2018
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I. INTRODUCTION
Due to the high energy density of methanol, methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) has been exhaustively
studied since 1930, starting with the works of Schreiner [1]. This electrochemical process of transformation of
chemical energy into electrical energy consists of the decomposition of methanol molecules, losing their
hydrogen’s to produce electricity, carbon dioxide and pure water [2]. Pirtskhalava et al. (1962) studied the
influence of the acid anions Cl-1
, Br-1
, I-1
, HSO4
-1
and H2PO4
-1
adsorbed on the electro-oxidation of methanol on
platinum electrodes. Thereafter, sulfuric acid was used as an acid medium in the working electrolyte [3];
subsequently the cyclic voltammetry process was applied by Breiter (1962) in the MOR in acid medium [4].
Several transition metals have been tested in MOR, Breiter in 1963 analyzed the Pt, Ir, Rh and Au in the
potential window (0.07-1.4) V while the Pd in the range (0.2-1.0) V using HClO4 as medium acid, concluding
that in these potential windows, only Pt and Pd oxidize methanol [5]. In 1967, the first systematic study on the
mechanism of electro-oxidation of methanol in an acid medium (using H2SO4) was published mentioning the
intermediate species methoxy CH2OH, formaldehyde CHOH, aldehyde CHO, carbon monoxide CO and carbon
dioxide CO2 [6-8]. Later Bagotsky discovered that formic acid HCOOH was generated during the MOR [9]. In
1979 Hampson and Willars [10] established methanol as a particularly promising compound for it be use in a
low temperature, aqueous electrolyte fuel cell, proposing the following reaction model:
3 2 2CH OH H O CO 6H 6e
(1)
Several aspects have been discovered around the mechanism of methanol electro-oxidation in acid
medium in line with advances in the science and technology of measurement equipment used with new theories
and techniques of characterization of materials such as: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [11], in-situ IR
studies [12], molecular orbital theory [13], relativistic density-functional theory [14], electrochemically
2. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2018
w w w . a j e r . o r g Page 345
modulated infrared spectroscopy [15], electro-chemical cell with ultra high vaccum system coupled [16], in-situ
X-ray absorption spectroscopy [17] and Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry [18]. Fig. 1 shows the typical CV
profile of methanol electro-oxidation process in acid medium (CH3OH + H2SO4) in potential window -0.2 V to
1.0 V using Pt as active phase.
Fig. 1. Typical Voltammogram of the MOR in acid medium (0.5M H2SO4 +1.0M CH3OH)
In these CV profile two oxidation peaks O1 and O2 can be observed attributed mainly to incomplete
oxidation of methanol and oxidation of carbonaceous intermediates species formed during forward scan [19].
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Chemicals
Methanol (CH4O, 99.9%) was supplied by J.T. Baker. Pluronic P123 (non-ionic triblock copolymer,
EO20PO70O20), tetraethoxysilane (Si(OC2H5)4, 98%), platinum (II) acetylacetonate (Pt(C5H7O2)2, 97%),
cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2∙6H2O, 99.99%), Nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2∙6H2O,
99.999%), iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O, 99.99%), nafion 117 solution, platinum on graphitized
carbon (Pt/XC-72; 10 wt% Pt loading) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 98%), sodium
hydroxide (NaOH, 99.9%), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 30% as NH3), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), nitric
acid (HNO3, 70%), acetone (C3H6O, 99.5%), ethyl alcohol (C2H6O, 99.7%) and citric acid (C6H8O7, 99.5%)
were supplied by Fermont. Refined sugar was obtained by Del Marques. Ultrapure water (15 MΩcm-1
) was
generated by ELGA Purelab Option station.
2.2 Synthesis and oxidation of MNC
The MNC sample was synthesized via nanocasting process with anhydrous pyrolysis at 800 °C using
SBA-15 as hard template according with the established in a previous work [20]. In brief, 20.0 g Pluronic P-123
were dissolved in 140 mL ultrapure water and 600 mL of 0.6 M hydrochloric acid by stirring at room
temperature for 5 h, afterwards, 43 mL of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) were added dropwise and the mixture was
stirred (700 rpm) at 45 °C for 24 h. After, the mixture was aged in oven at 90 °C for 24 h. The white powder
was obtained through filtration, washing and drying under vacuum. Finally, the sample was calcined at 550 °C
for 6 h under air to obtain the silica template. On the other hand, 10 g of refined sugar and 10 g of SBA-15 were
dissolved in 50 mL of ultrapure water by stirring at room temperature for 30 min, during this time 0.5 mL of
sulfuric acid was added. The mixture was heated in an oven at 100 °C for 6 h, and subsequently 160 °C for
another 6 h. The silica sample, containing partially polymerized and carbonized refined sugar, was carbonized in
a quartz furnace at 900 °C for 1 h under N2 flow. After pyrolysis, the silica tem-plate was removed under
vigorous stirring using the solution 1M NaOH at the room temperature for 2 h. Afterwards the black powder
was obtained through filtration, washing with ultrapure water and drying in an oven at 80 °C for 12 h. The final
product was denoted as MNC. The functionalization or oxidation process was carried out with a solution 1M
HNO3 + 1M H2SO4 by refluxing MNC at 110 °C by 5 h in order to generate surface oxides such as carboxylic (–
COOH), carbonyl (–C=O), and hydroxyl (–C–OH) groups on the support surface. Afterward, filtered and
washed with excess ultrapure water, and dried in N2 at 150 °C in a tubular furnace by 2 h [21-22].
2.3 Synthesis of Pt/MNC, Co/MNC, Fe/MNC and Ni/MNC
The Pt/MNC, Co/MNC, Fe/MNC and Ni/MNC samples (with 10 wt% metal loading) were synthesized
by a wet incipient wetness impregnation method and chemical reduction route. For Pt/MNC, 0.2563 mM
3. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2018
w w w . a j e r . o r g Page 346
Pt(C5H7O2)2 were dissolved in 20 mL of acetone and simultaneously 0.45 g of MNC (oxidized) were dissolved
in 30 mL of ultrapure water. Both are mixed under mechanical stirring at room temperature until a
homogeneous mixture. Then the dispersion was sonicated for 30 min, afterwards, 0.333 mM C6H8O7 was added
to the solution in mechanical stirring for 5 h at room temperature under Ar-H2 (90%-10%) atmosphere in order
to remove isolate oxygen. After reaction, the obtained products were filtrated, washed with ultrapure water and
then vacuum dried. The impregnated carbon sample was heated in a quartz furnace a flowing Ar-H2
environment while increasing temperature from the room temperature to 250 °C over 1 h then to 400 °C over 2
h. For Co/MNC, 0.8485 mM (Co(NO3)2∙6H2O were dissolved in 40 mL of ultrapure water 0.4 mL NH4OH were
added to the solution and mechanically stirred until a homogeneous mixture. Afterwards, the dispersion was
sonicated for 30 min in where 1.103 mM C6H8O7 were added. Then the mixture was mechanical stirring for 5 h
at room temperature under Ar-H2 (90%-10%). After reaction, the obtained products were filtrated, washed with
ultrapure water and then vacuum dried. The impregnated carbon sample was heated a flowing Ar-H2 atmosphere
while increasing temperature from the room temperature to 250 °C over 1 h then to 400 °C over 2 h. Similar
procedure were applied for Fe/MNC and Ni/MNC with appropriate amounts of salts precursors of both Fe and
Ni respectively [23-25].
2.4 Characterization of Materials
In order to determine the textural properties of SBA-15 and MNC, they were analyzed on a
Quantachrome model Autosorb-iQ ASIQA0000-2 at 77K. The specific surface area (ABET) by the Brunauer–
Emmet–Teller (BET) method was determined. Pore size distributions (PSDs) were obtained from the adsorption
branch of the nitrogen isotherm using the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda equation. The FTIR spectroscopy study of
hard template and catalytic support has been realized in mid-IR region (4000-380 cm-1
) with a
spectrophotometer Perkin Elmer model Spectrum100. To determine the binding energies associated with ionic
or covalent bonds between the atoms, the samples were analyzed with a high-resolution X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS-HR) equipment from SPECS with Al anode (1486.71 eV) as a source of X-rays. The small
angle XRD patterns of SBA-15 and MNC were obtained with a Siemens D500 X-ray diffractometer and XRD
patterns were collected on a Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The Raman
measurements were carried out using a Bruker model Raman-Senterra spectrometer with Olympus BX
microscope and Ar laser (785 nm). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images and the X-
ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) spectra were obtained using the JEOL JSM-7600F scanning electron
microscope with an EDS detector coupled from Oxford Instruments operating at 30 keV in GB-LOW mode
[26].
2.5 Electrochemical measurements
The performance of Pt/MNC, Co/MNC, Fe/MNC, Ni/MNC and commercial catalysts (Pt/XC-72) for
room temperature methanol oxidation reaction was measured in an electrochemical work station BASi-epsilon
(potentiostat/galvanostat). A conventional three-electrode cell with glassy carbon (GC) as working electrode, Pt
wire as counter electrode and Ag/AgCl (0.1M KCl) as reference electrode were used for the cyclic voltammetry
tests. A glassy carbon electrode (3 mm) was sequentially polished with 0.05 μm Al2O3 and then washed. The
catalyst ink was prepared by ultrasonically dispersing 10 mg catalyst in 1 mL of ethanol and 60μL Nafion/water
(25% Nafion) for 1 h. 10 μL of the dispersion was transferred on the GC and then dried in the air for 45 min
[27]. The electrolyte solution for methanol oxidation reaction consists of 1 M CH3OH and 0.5 M H2SO4 and the
CV’s were recorded at a scanning rate of 20 mV/s and 10 cycles for each [28].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. BET analysis
The SBA-15 and MNC samples were characterized by physisorption of N2 at 77 K. Fig. 2 shows the
isotherms of hard template and MNC after functionalization process.
4. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2018
w w w . a j e r . o r g Page 347
Fig. 2. N2 adsorptions isotherms of MNC and SBA-15
It can be seeing for both samples type IV isotherms in where SBA-15 show H1 hysteresis loop while
MNC have a hysteresis type IV [29]. According with BJH analysis the pore size distribution for SBA-15 and
MNC are centred at around 6.5 and 3.8 nm respectively. The BET method applied shows that the ABET for SBA-
15 and MNC were 832 m2
/g and 995 m2
/g respectively. Is notable that the ABET of MNC was less than the
obtained before functionalization process (1150 m2
/g) due to the oxygenated groups formed on pore surface.
This analysis reveals the mesostructure of SBA-15 and MNC.
3.2. FTIR analysis
In order to observe the evolution the synthesis of MNC as well as to confirm the presence of surface
oxygenated groups, a FTIR in mid-IR region (4000-380 cm-1
) was applied. Fig. 3 shows the FTIR spectra of
SBA-15 and MNC after functionalization process. For SBA-15 it can be visualized three absorption bands at
around 1047, 967 and 807 cm-1
corresponding to stretch vibration of Si-O-Si group, a strong band at around 486
cm-1
that correspond to Si-O group and a weak and broad band at around 3560 cm-1
attributed to the stretching
vibrations of the surface silanol groups Si-OH and the remaining adsorbed water molecules in O-H bond.
Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of MNC and SBA-15
The FTIR profile of MNC (after both oxidation and silica removal processes) shows an absorption
band at around 1832 cm-1
corresponding to stretch vibration of double bond in C=O typical to carboxylic
groups, an band at around 1538 cm-1
that correspond to stretch vibration of double bond in C=C and three weak
and broad bands at around 1399, 1060 and 971 cm-1
attributed to the stretching vibrations in the bond C-C of the
carbon network and C-O in oxygenated groups [30]. The disappearance of the bands corresponding to the
silanol group demonstrates the efficiency of the silica removal process.
5. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2018
w w w . a j e r . o r g Page 348
3.3. XPS analysis
Figure 4 shows the X-ray photoelectron spectra of the oxidation states and spectral lines of metallic
species Pt, Co, Ni and Fe into the Pt/MNC, Co/MNC, Ni/MNC and Fe/MNC.
Fig. 4. XPS spectra of the metallic species a) Pt; b) Co; c) Ni and d) Fe
The deconvolution of XPS spectrum of Pt (Fig. 4a) reveals three peaks attributed to the element states
Pt(0)
(71.2 eV, 4f7/2) and Pt(II)
(74.6 eV, 4f7/2) corresponding to Pt and PtO respectively [31-32]; for the Co, four
peaks appear (Fig. 4b) attributed to oxidation state Co(II)
[(780.5 eV, 2p3/2), (787.5 eV, 2p3/2 sat), (796.4 eV,
2p1/2) and (803.7 eV, 2p1/2)] that correspond to CoO and Co(OH)2 [33-34]; the XPS spectrum of Ni shows four
peaks (Fig. 4c) that corresponding to oxidation state Ni(II)
[(861.7 eV, 2p3/2 sat)] and Ni(III)
[(855.6 eV, 2p3/2),
(873.1 eV, 2p1/2) and (879.7 eV, 2p1/2 sat)] attributed to compounds such as NiOOH and Ni(OH)2 [35-36];
finally the deconvolution of Fe XPS spectrum (Fig. 4d) shows four peaks attributed to Fe(III)
[(711.4 eV, 2p3/2),
(715.4 eV, 2p3/2), (724.3 eV, 2p1/2) and (731.8 eV, 2p1/2)] that correspond to the compounds FeOOH and
probably Fe2O3 [37-39]. The possible existence of NiOOH, FeOOH, Co(OH)2, Ni(OH)2, PtO and Fe2O3 it can
be explain by the presence of the both oxygen and hydrogen in the citric acid structure and the water used in the
synthesis processes.
3.4. XRD analysis
In order to analyze the mesostructure of the SBA-15 and MNC samples, X-ray diffraction technique in
the small angle range 0.5-6° in 2θ scale was applied. Fig. 5 shows small-angle patterns of these samples. For
SBA-15, it can be observe three diffraction peaks at around 1.01, 1.67 and 1.9° which correspond to diffraction
planes (100), (110) and (200) respectively, attributed to a highly ordered hexagonal (p6mm) mesostructure and
to the periodicity of the pores array [40]. Is evident that for MNC the planes (110) and (200) not appear,
suggesting that the links between carbon nanofibers (or carbon nanopipes) are loosed, due to a higher
temperature used in the anhydrous pyrolisis process (900 °C), however the presence of plane (100), indicate that
the carbon nanofibers are kept join maybe due to thin layers of graphene that covers them [41].
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Fig. 5. Small-angle XRD patterns of SBA-15 and MNC
In order to obtain more information about the MNC structure, wide-angle X-ray diffraction technique
was applied in the range 10-90° in 2θ scale. Figure 6 shows the XRD pattern of MNC. For MNC, one strong but
broad peak at around 23.7° and two weak peaks at around 43° and 79.1° which correspond to the planes (002),
(10) and (11) respectively; a shift of (002) reflection toward lower diffraction angles (in comparison with
graphite at 2θ = 26.3°) is observed [42].
Fig. 6. Wide-angle XRD profile of MNC
The existence and the shift of (002) reflection is an indicative that the MNC sample have an
intermediate structure between amorphous coal and graphite, commonly called turbostratic carbon [43-44]
which suggesting that the MNC consist in graphene sheets with large curvature, carbon nanofibers and carbon
nanopipes with certain graphitization degree. On the other hand, Fig. 7 shows XRD pattern of Pt/MNC,
Co/MNC, Ni/MNC and Fe/MNC in wide angle in the range 10-90° in 2θ scale.
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Fig. 7. XRD patterns of Co/MNC, Fe/MNC, Ni/MNC and Pt/MNC.
For the cobalt in Co/MNC, three diffraction peaks are detected at around 44.3, 51.6 and 75.7°
corresponding to the planes (111), (200) and (220) of face centered cubic (fcc) of Co (JCPDS-015-0806)
furthermore, five peaks at around 36.8, 42.4, 61.9, 73.6 and 77.6° attributed to the planes (111), (200), (220),
(311) and (222) of the fcc crystalline structure of CoO (JCPDS-048-1719). In the XRD pattern of Fe/MNC,
seven diffraction peaks are detected at around 18.6, 30.2, 35.3, 56.6, 62.4, 66.7, 66.7 and 73.9° attributed to the
planes (111), (200), (311), (333), (440), (442) and (533) of the fcc crystalline structure of Fe3O4 (JCPDS-082-
1533). For the nickel in Ni/MNC, three diffraction peaks are detected at around 44.4, 51.7 and 76.4°
corresponding to the planes (111), (200) and (220) of the fcc structure of Ni (JCPDS-065-8665) furthermore,
five peaks at around 37.8, 43.2, 62, 75.1 and 78.9° attributed to the planes (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222)
of the fcc crystalline structure of NiO (JCPDS-004-0835). For platinum in Pt/MNC, the typical five diffraction
peaks are detected at around 39.7, 46.2, 67.4, 81.2 and 85.8° attributed to the planes (111), (200), (220), (311)
and (222) of the fcc crystalline structure of Pt (JCPDS-071-3756). In all materials one diffraction peak at around
11.77° corresponding to (002) reflection of C is detected. The average particle size of Pt/MNC, Co/MNC,
Ni/MNC and Fe/MNC was roughly calculated according to Debye-Scherrer Equation [45]:
XRD
2
0.9
D
cos
(2)
where, DXRD is the average particle size, λ is the X-ray wave-length (0.15406 nm), β2θ is the full width at half
maximum, and θ is the angle at peak maximum. The estimated values of crystallite size shows in Table 1.
Table 1. Estimated crystallite size values of Pt/MNC, Co/MNC, Ni/MNC and Fe/MNC
Sample DXRD (nm)
Pt/MNC 15.6
Co/MNC 12.2
Ni/MNC 18.3
Fe/MNC 9.7
3.5. Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is one of the most used techniques to analyze the vibrational behaviour of both sp2
and sp3
hybridizations in carbon materials. The Raman spectra of the most carbon materials show two main
bands: a G band at around 1575 cm-1
associated with the E2g phonon at the Γ point in the first Brillouin Zone of
graphite and D band at around 1360 cm-1
related with disorder in carbon network attributed to a decrease in
symmetry near microcrystallite edges. The intensity ratio ID/IG is commonly used to measure the disorder degree
of carbon structures [46-47]. Fig. 8a shows the Raman spectrum of MNN before functionalization process in
8. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2018
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which it can see the G band at around 1598 cm-1
and D band at around 1356 cm-1
; the ratio ID/IG was 0.86
suggesting certain disorder degree in the carbon hexagonal network and confirming the graphitization degree
achieved by high temperature in the anhydrous pyrolisis process (900 °C).
Figure 8: Raman spectra of a) MNC before oxidation process and b) Pt/MNC, Co/MNC, Ni/MNC and
Fe/MNC.
The Raman spectra of Pt/MNC, Co/MNC, Ni/MNC and Fe/MNC in Fig. 8b are illustrated, in which for
all cases a G band at around 1594 cm-1
is detected as well as a D band at around 1310 cm-1
of higher intensity
compared to its corresponding G band. In these order, the ID/IG ratio were 1.11, 1.03, 1.24 and 1.12; the increase
of D band of these materials with respect to D band of MNC can be explain by the presence of oxygenated
groups and the strong metal bond on surface of MNC which produce an alteration in the vibrational behaviour
of the carbon hexagonal network [48].
3.6. STEM and EDS analysis
In order to determine both morphology and microstructure of the samples, the scanning electron
microscopy technique was applied. The SEM images of SBA-15 and MNC in Fig. 9 are illustrated.
Fig. 9. SEM images of a) SBA-15 and b) MNC
The SEM analysis of SBA-15 (Fig. 9a) reveals that has a rope-like morphology whose pseudo-cylinder
elements are approximately 400 nm in diameter, while that for MNC this same morphology is retained due to
nanocasting process. A detailed analysis reveals that MNC has thin graphene layers overlaying carbon
nanofibers with 7 nm in diameter (Fig. 9b). The SEM images of Pt/MNC, Co/MNC, Ni/MNC and Fe/MNC at
9. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2018
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60,000 X of magnification and 2.0 keV in GB-LOW mode (Fig. 10) shows metallic nanoparticles highly
dispersed on MNC with spherical and irregularly shaped morphologies and whose diameter oscillated in the
range (8-20) nm.
Fig. 10. SEM images of a) Pt/MNC; b) Co/MNC; c) Ni/MNC and d) Fe/MNC.
To determine the average chemical composition of samples (Table 2), energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy was applied at 20 keV, whose EDS spectra in Figure 11 are illustrated. For SBA-15 it can see the
presence of Si and O typical components of the mesoporous silica materials while for MNC (after
functionalization process) demonstrate the existence of oxygen in hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl groups; these
results is in accordance with FTIR analysis. On the other hand, for Pt/MNC, Co/MNC, Ni/MNC and Fe/MNC
their EDS spectrum shows the corresponding elements Pt, Co, Ni and Fe.
Table 2. Average elemental composition of all samples
Sample
EDS wt %
C Si O Pt Co Ni Fe
SBA-15 - 61.07 38.93 - - - -
MNC 85.44 0.05 14.51 - - - -
Pt/MNC 75.76 0.01 13.37 10.86 - - -
Co/MNC 76.94 0.01 13.40 - 9.65 - -
Ni/MNC 75.46 0.05 14.26 - - 10.23 -
Fe/MNC 74.66 0.08 14.25 - - - 11.01
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Figure 11: EDS spectra of all samples.
3.6. Electrochemical measurements
The cyclic voltammetry technique was applied using as electrolyte 0.5 M H2SO4 + 1.0 M CH3OH, 10
cycles and a potential window of -2.0 V to 1.0 V; the density current was normalized to metal loading. Figure 12
shows the CV profiles of Co/MNC, Ni/MNC and Fe/MNC in acid medium, which present two current peaks
corresponding to oxidation-reduction electro-chemical processes and cannot be attributed to methanol oxidation
reaction as can be seen in Fig. 1.
Fig. 12. CV profiles of Co/MNC, Ni/MNC and Fe/MNC in 0.5 M H2SO4 + 1.0 M CH3OH
The oxidation-reduction semi-reactions can be the following [49]:
1
2
Co 2OH Co OH 2e
(3)
2 3
Fe OH OH Fe OH e
(4)
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2 2
2 3 3 2S O 6OH 2SO 3H O 4e
(5)
2 3 2H SO 4H 4e S 3H O
(6)
2
S 2e S
(7)
In addition, these voltammograms show the tendency to a square shape, which suggests that these
materials possess capacitive ability given the presence of a double layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface
[50]. On the other hand, the CV profile of Pt/MNC (Fig. 13) shows the two typical oxidation peaks of the
methanol oxidation reaction such like show Fig. 1, and in contrast to the voltammogram of the commercial
catalyst Pt/XC-72, the Pt/MNC sample exhibit a best tolerance towards accumulated carbon intermediate
species; this tolerance commonly is measured trough ICO index that to related the current at forward scan and
current at backward scan. Is notable that Pt/MNC has a best performance of both current density generation and
ICO index with respect to Pt/XC-72 due mainly to a greater ability of Pt to adsorb hydroxyl groups and the
synergetic effect with MNC for oxidize the accumulated carbonaceous species [11,51].
Fig. 13. Cyclic voltammograms of methanol electro-oxidation on Pt/MNC and Pt/XC-72
IV. CONCLUSION
According with the CV results Pt/MNC catalyst exhibit a best performance in methanol oxidation
reaction that commercial catalyst Pt/XC-72 with 10% wt loading whereas the materials Co/MNC, Ni/MNC and
Fe/MNC have a tendency towards capacitive abilities and they did not have catalytic activity in methanol
oxidation process in the potential window -2.0 V to 1.0 V.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
David Macias Ferrer gratefully acknowledges a scholarship from to National Council for Science and
Technology (387542/269139) and would like to thanks for financial assistance from the National Technological
Institute of Mexico/ Technological Institute of Cd. Madero (5261.14-P) Center for Research in Secondary
Petrochemistry, Bays Avenue, Tecnia Industrial Park, Altamira, Tamaulipas, México.
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