The document discusses précis writing. It defines précis as a clear, compact summary that preserves the essential ideas of the original text. The document then lists qualities of a good précis such as clarity, correctness, objectivity, coherence and conciseness. It provides rules for writing a précis, including reading carefully, outlining key points, omitting unnecessary details, and expressing it in one paragraph.
This document defines précis writing as summarizing a written text in a shortened form by restating the main points in as few words as possible. It outlines that a précis should grasp the central theme, pick out the main points while omitting details, and give the points a logical sequence and coherence. The language used should be in the writer's own words to avoid direct expressions from the text, written in full sentences and indirect speech as a third person without personal opinions or quotations. The length of a précis should be about one-third the number of words in the original text, which can be achieved by avoiding illustrations, figures of speech, emphatic sentences and substituting single words for groups of words.
This document defines a precis as a 1/3 length summary that retains the essential ideas of the original text. It explains that a precis is a French word meaning summary, and the process of writing a precis involves carefully reading the passage multiple times, identifying the main theme, and writing an indirect summary in the third person past tense without adding new ideas or criticizing the original. The document advises limiting the precis to 1/3 the length of the original and using clear, factual expression without copying the original's style.
Precis writing is a technique to concisely summarize a document in fewer words while retaining the key ideas. It involves omitting examples, illustrations, adjectives, adverbs and other unnecessary details. A precis should be approximately one-third the length of the original and change the writing style to indirect narration and passive voice. Good qualities of a precis are completeness, clarity and conciseness. The document outlines the definition of a precis, rules for writing one, differences between a precis and summary, and a ten step process for creating a precis.
The document is a presentation on precis writing. It begins with an introduction to precis by Maida, defining it as a clear, compact summary that preserves the essential points of the original. Several students then discuss important qualities of a good precis such as clarity, correctness, objectivity, coherence and conciseness. Tehreem, Ayesha and others outline common rules for writing a precis, including maintaining the key meaning, using an outline, omitting unnecessary details, indirect speech, and more. The presentation concludes with an exercise on precis writing.
The document provides guidance on how to write an effective summary. It explains that a summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a text that demonstrates reading comprehension and writing ability. The document outlines a 8-step process for writing a summary: read the text, identify the main idea, take notes while rereading, organize notes, write a thesis statement, draft a short paragraph summary, review the summary, and revise as needed. It emphasizes that a summary should be concise and objective, communicating only the essential facts of the original text in the writer's own words.
A précis is a shortened summary of a passage that concisely covers all the main ideas. To write an effective précis, one must read the passage multiple times to gain a thorough understanding. Important points should be underlined and irrelevant details omitted. An outline is then formed using the essential ideas in a logical sequence. When writing the précis, one must avoid personal comments and directly quoting from the original passage. The précis should be a continuous narrative written in the third person and past tense using one's own words to accurately summarize the key themes and information from the original text in a concise manner.
The document discusses précis writing. It defines précis as a clear, compact summary that preserves the essential ideas of the original text. The document then lists qualities of a good précis such as clarity, correctness, objectivity, coherence and conciseness. It provides rules for writing a précis, including reading carefully, outlining key points, omitting unnecessary details, and expressing it in one paragraph.
This document defines précis writing as summarizing a written text in a shortened form by restating the main points in as few words as possible. It outlines that a précis should grasp the central theme, pick out the main points while omitting details, and give the points a logical sequence and coherence. The language used should be in the writer's own words to avoid direct expressions from the text, written in full sentences and indirect speech as a third person without personal opinions or quotations. The length of a précis should be about one-third the number of words in the original text, which can be achieved by avoiding illustrations, figures of speech, emphatic sentences and substituting single words for groups of words.
This document defines a precis as a 1/3 length summary that retains the essential ideas of the original text. It explains that a precis is a French word meaning summary, and the process of writing a precis involves carefully reading the passage multiple times, identifying the main theme, and writing an indirect summary in the third person past tense without adding new ideas or criticizing the original. The document advises limiting the precis to 1/3 the length of the original and using clear, factual expression without copying the original's style.
Precis writing is a technique to concisely summarize a document in fewer words while retaining the key ideas. It involves omitting examples, illustrations, adjectives, adverbs and other unnecessary details. A precis should be approximately one-third the length of the original and change the writing style to indirect narration and passive voice. Good qualities of a precis are completeness, clarity and conciseness. The document outlines the definition of a precis, rules for writing one, differences between a precis and summary, and a ten step process for creating a precis.
The document is a presentation on precis writing. It begins with an introduction to precis by Maida, defining it as a clear, compact summary that preserves the essential points of the original. Several students then discuss important qualities of a good precis such as clarity, correctness, objectivity, coherence and conciseness. Tehreem, Ayesha and others outline common rules for writing a precis, including maintaining the key meaning, using an outline, omitting unnecessary details, indirect speech, and more. The presentation concludes with an exercise on precis writing.
The document provides guidance on how to write an effective summary. It explains that a summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a text that demonstrates reading comprehension and writing ability. The document outlines a 8-step process for writing a summary: read the text, identify the main idea, take notes while rereading, organize notes, write a thesis statement, draft a short paragraph summary, review the summary, and revise as needed. It emphasizes that a summary should be concise and objective, communicating only the essential facts of the original text in the writer's own words.
A précis is a shortened summary of a passage that concisely covers all the main ideas. To write an effective précis, one must read the passage multiple times to gain a thorough understanding. Important points should be underlined and irrelevant details omitted. An outline is then formed using the essential ideas in a logical sequence. When writing the précis, one must avoid personal comments and directly quoting from the original passage. The précis should be a continuous narrative written in the third person and past tense using one's own words to accurately summarize the key themes and information from the original text in a concise manner.
A précis is a shortened summary of a passage that is approximately one-third the length of the original. It restates the main ideas and key points in the writer's own words without examples, illustrations, or elaboration. To write a good précis, one must have a clear understanding of the source text and the ability to effectively reproduce its essential contents in a concise, coherent manner while maintaining completeness, clarity and conciseness. The précis should flow as a continuous piece of writing that logically sequences the key points using a variety of language as appropriate.
The document discusses expanding short passages into longer paragraphs through adding details, examples, and explanations. It provides guidelines for expansion, such as including all original content and ensuring the expansion stands alone. Sample passages are given along with their expansions, such as expanding "A great deal of talent is lost in the world for the want of a little courage" into a paragraph about self-confidence. Methods include finding the reasoning behind conclusions, explaining metaphors, and supporting ideas to create a complete composition.
This document discusses the topic of translation. It defines translation as communicating the meaning of text from one language to another. It notes that translation has occurred for thousands of years, dating back to ancient texts like Gilgamesh being translated between languages. The document also lists eight key skills needed for translation, including excellent writing skills in the target language, advanced knowledge of both languages, strong attention to detail, use of rigorous translation processes, cultural intelligence, observation skills, computer proficiency, and time management. It emphasizes that translation requires lifelong learning of languages and cultures.
This document defines a precis as a summary that cuts down a longer text to its main ideas in a brief yet complete form. It lists the skills needed like clarity, coherence and conciseness. The methods involve reading carefully and identifying key points to write a rough draft keeping the length in mind. Guidelines state to decide the theme, avoid direct quotes, maintain proportion and include conclusions not comments. Summarizing is shortening a text without unnecessary details for presenting key information like in a CV. The steps are to outline major points after understanding the text and write a draft at 25% the original length using paraphrases when possible.
This document provides instruction on how to write a summary. It defines a summary as a shortened version of the original text that retains the essential information in your own words. A good summary is brief, understandable without referring to the original, and contains only the ideas from the original in a unified whole. The document outlines techniques for writing summaries, such as paraphrasing, identifying the central ideas, condensing information, and finding the topic sentence. It also describes the steps to write a summary, which include reading, rereading, writing section summaries, formulating a thesis statement, and editing the draft.
This document discusses skimming and scanning as reading techniques used when reading something quickly. Skimming involves rapidly reading to get the general idea, while scanning means quickly reading to find specific facts. The document provides examples of when to use each technique and steps for how to skim and scan a text. It encourages practicing these skills by having the reader skim and scan sample articles and answer questions to check their understanding.
This document discusses paraphrasing and its importance. Paraphrasing involves rewriting a text in your own words while keeping the key ideas. It is important to paraphrase to avoid plagiarism and enhance vocabulary. The steps to paraphrase include carefully reading the passage, identifying the main ideas, highlighting important parts, and putting the ideas in your own words. Guidelines for effective paraphrasing include changing the structure, finding synonyms, altering between active and passive voice, and changing word forms. Exercises are provided to practice paraphrasing skills.
The document discusses the key elements and structure of essays. It defines what an essay is, then outlines the characteristics of a good essay including unity, order, brevity, and style. It also describes the different types of essays such as narrative, descriptive, expository, reflective, discursive, and argumentative. Finally, it explains the typical parts of an essay including the introduction, supporting paragraphs, and conclusion.
This document discusses comprehension, which is the ability to understand written text. It provides information on comprehension exercises, strategies for improving comprehension like connecting to prior knowledge and asking questions, different types of comprehension strategies, assessing comprehension, the importance of teaching comprehension, and causes of difficulties with comprehension. Key points include that comprehension involves understanding both explicit details and implied meanings, it is important for developing 21st century literacy skills, and teachers can help students improve comprehension through instruction.
The document discusses the revision and editing processes in writing. Revision focuses on big picture issues like development, organization, and coherence. Editing looks at minor grammatical issues like spelling, word choice, and punctuation. Both processes are important parts of strengthening a written work from the initial draft. Revision ensures the overall structure and logic while editing polishes the smaller details.
The document provides information on four main types of writing: the basic writing process, descriptive essays, narrative essays, and persuasive essays. It outlines the key steps for each type of writing, including choosing a topic, outlining, drafting, revising, using vivid details for descriptive writing, recreating an experience over time for narratives, and providing supporting points and addressing opposing views for persuasive essays.
Types and elements of formatting a paragraphFawziEltayeb
There are five types of paragraphs: descriptive, example, process, opinion, and narrative. A typical paragraph includes a topic sentence that introduces the topic, supporting sentences that further explain the topic, and a concluding sentence that restates the main idea. Key elements of formatting a paragraph properly include margins, double spacing, indenting the first sentence, and connecting sentences together with similar topics within the same paragraph. Effective topic sentences should be clear, short, and introduce a new controlling idea about the topic without stating simple facts or specific details. Supporting sentences add information to further the topic and controlling idea, while concluding sentences remind the reader of the main point and may restate or comment on the topic.
This document provides information and guidance on writing essays. It discusses the different types of essays such as argumentative, compare and contrast, narrative, persuasive, descriptive, discursive, cause and effect, and expository. For each type, it provides the definition and some example topics. The document also outlines the steps to writing an essay, including pre-writing, organizing, drafting, revising, editing, and finalizing. It emphasizes that the essay should have a clear introduction, thesis, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Overall, the document serves as a useful guide for students on how to approach and structure various types of essays.
This document outlines different types of writing patterns and their characteristics. It discusses narrative writing, which tells a story, and identifies fiction and nonfiction narratives. It also covers descriptive writing, which uses sensory details to create vivid images, and expository writing, which relies on facts to inform or explain using a clear thesis statement, organized body, and concluding paragraph. Various forms of each type of writing are also defined.
This document provides an outline for writing essays, including the origin of the word "essay", the basic components and types of essays, and tips for getting started. It discusses the French and Japanese origins of the word, defines an essay as a short piece telling one's thoughts on a subject. The three basic types of essays are described as descriptive, argumentative, and narrative. Key parts of an essay include an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs with opinions and justifications, and a conclusion. Quality writing is emphasized as the most important aspect.
This document discusses various techniques for effectively summarizing and comprehending written texts, including précis, SQ3R, PQ4R, and the preview-question-read-summary-test method. It explains that summaries should retain the key points and tone of the original text without subjective interpretation. Comprehension techniques provide structured processes for actively engaging with texts through questioning, reciting, and reviewing content. The goal is to enhance understanding and retention of important information for assessments.
An essay is composed of at least three paragraphs that develop a single topic and main idea. It has an introduction that states the thesis and provides context, several body paragraphs that explain and support the thesis with examples or details, and a conclusion that restates the thesis and main points. The thesis is the main argument or idea that is developed over the course of the essay. Outlines help organize the major points and subtopics to be addressed in each paragraph.
Precis writing is an art that requires extracting key information from a document and conveying it concisely. An effective precis is roughly one-fourth the length of the original and preserves the original's logic, emphasis, and main examples. Writing a precis demonstrates that you have assimilated the key information and provides a record to review material for the long term. The process of writing a precis involves identifying the reader and purpose, underlining key ideas, writing a summary of each paragraph, and revising the precis.
This document provides guidance on organizing content and preparing an outline for a presentation. It recommends dividing a presentation into three parts: an introduction, main body, and conclusion. The introduction should include an opening statement to engage the audience, the purpose of the presentation, and an overview of what will be discussed. The main body can be organized chronologically, categorically, by causes and effects, or with a problem-solution structure depending on the topic. It should cover the key points in a logical sequence. The conclusion should review the main ideas and remind the audience of the purpose. It also provides steps for creating an outline, including determining the theme, gathering relevant information, identifying main points, organizing the material logically, and refining the
This document provides guidance on writing effective paragraphs, including determining the purpose, types of paragraphs, structure, and common issues to avoid. It discusses writing to persuade, inform, entertain, and share feelings. Key points covered include using a topic sentence and conclusion, supporting details, transition words, and varying sentence structure.
Precis writing is a skill that involves concisely summarizing the key ideas from a longer text in a reader's own words while preserving the original meaning, structure, and emphasis. It requires carefully analyzing a text to identify essential facts and thoughts and removing unnecessary details, illustrations, and embellishments. The goal is to distill down the original work to its core ideas and logic in as few words as possible, typically to around one-fourth the original length. Mastering precis writing strengthens skills like clear writing, analysis, and sensitivity to an author's intended meaning and viewpoint.
The document discusses three levels of reading comprehension:
1. Literal comprehension involves directly understanding facts and details stated in the text.
2. Inferential comprehension requires reading between the lines to understand implied meanings using context clues.
3. Evaluative comprehension examines how the text contributes to the overall message and relates to one's own experiences and opinions.
A précis is a shortened summary of a passage that is approximately one-third the length of the original. It restates the main ideas and key points in the writer's own words without examples, illustrations, or elaboration. To write a good précis, one must have a clear understanding of the source text and the ability to effectively reproduce its essential contents in a concise, coherent manner while maintaining completeness, clarity and conciseness. The précis should flow as a continuous piece of writing that logically sequences the key points using a variety of language as appropriate.
The document discusses expanding short passages into longer paragraphs through adding details, examples, and explanations. It provides guidelines for expansion, such as including all original content and ensuring the expansion stands alone. Sample passages are given along with their expansions, such as expanding "A great deal of talent is lost in the world for the want of a little courage" into a paragraph about self-confidence. Methods include finding the reasoning behind conclusions, explaining metaphors, and supporting ideas to create a complete composition.
This document discusses the topic of translation. It defines translation as communicating the meaning of text from one language to another. It notes that translation has occurred for thousands of years, dating back to ancient texts like Gilgamesh being translated between languages. The document also lists eight key skills needed for translation, including excellent writing skills in the target language, advanced knowledge of both languages, strong attention to detail, use of rigorous translation processes, cultural intelligence, observation skills, computer proficiency, and time management. It emphasizes that translation requires lifelong learning of languages and cultures.
This document defines a precis as a summary that cuts down a longer text to its main ideas in a brief yet complete form. It lists the skills needed like clarity, coherence and conciseness. The methods involve reading carefully and identifying key points to write a rough draft keeping the length in mind. Guidelines state to decide the theme, avoid direct quotes, maintain proportion and include conclusions not comments. Summarizing is shortening a text without unnecessary details for presenting key information like in a CV. The steps are to outline major points after understanding the text and write a draft at 25% the original length using paraphrases when possible.
This document provides instruction on how to write a summary. It defines a summary as a shortened version of the original text that retains the essential information in your own words. A good summary is brief, understandable without referring to the original, and contains only the ideas from the original in a unified whole. The document outlines techniques for writing summaries, such as paraphrasing, identifying the central ideas, condensing information, and finding the topic sentence. It also describes the steps to write a summary, which include reading, rereading, writing section summaries, formulating a thesis statement, and editing the draft.
This document discusses skimming and scanning as reading techniques used when reading something quickly. Skimming involves rapidly reading to get the general idea, while scanning means quickly reading to find specific facts. The document provides examples of when to use each technique and steps for how to skim and scan a text. It encourages practicing these skills by having the reader skim and scan sample articles and answer questions to check their understanding.
This document discusses paraphrasing and its importance. Paraphrasing involves rewriting a text in your own words while keeping the key ideas. It is important to paraphrase to avoid plagiarism and enhance vocabulary. The steps to paraphrase include carefully reading the passage, identifying the main ideas, highlighting important parts, and putting the ideas in your own words. Guidelines for effective paraphrasing include changing the structure, finding synonyms, altering between active and passive voice, and changing word forms. Exercises are provided to practice paraphrasing skills.
The document discusses the key elements and structure of essays. It defines what an essay is, then outlines the characteristics of a good essay including unity, order, brevity, and style. It also describes the different types of essays such as narrative, descriptive, expository, reflective, discursive, and argumentative. Finally, it explains the typical parts of an essay including the introduction, supporting paragraphs, and conclusion.
This document discusses comprehension, which is the ability to understand written text. It provides information on comprehension exercises, strategies for improving comprehension like connecting to prior knowledge and asking questions, different types of comprehension strategies, assessing comprehension, the importance of teaching comprehension, and causes of difficulties with comprehension. Key points include that comprehension involves understanding both explicit details and implied meanings, it is important for developing 21st century literacy skills, and teachers can help students improve comprehension through instruction.
The document discusses the revision and editing processes in writing. Revision focuses on big picture issues like development, organization, and coherence. Editing looks at minor grammatical issues like spelling, word choice, and punctuation. Both processes are important parts of strengthening a written work from the initial draft. Revision ensures the overall structure and logic while editing polishes the smaller details.
The document provides information on four main types of writing: the basic writing process, descriptive essays, narrative essays, and persuasive essays. It outlines the key steps for each type of writing, including choosing a topic, outlining, drafting, revising, using vivid details for descriptive writing, recreating an experience over time for narratives, and providing supporting points and addressing opposing views for persuasive essays.
Types and elements of formatting a paragraphFawziEltayeb
There are five types of paragraphs: descriptive, example, process, opinion, and narrative. A typical paragraph includes a topic sentence that introduces the topic, supporting sentences that further explain the topic, and a concluding sentence that restates the main idea. Key elements of formatting a paragraph properly include margins, double spacing, indenting the first sentence, and connecting sentences together with similar topics within the same paragraph. Effective topic sentences should be clear, short, and introduce a new controlling idea about the topic without stating simple facts or specific details. Supporting sentences add information to further the topic and controlling idea, while concluding sentences remind the reader of the main point and may restate or comment on the topic.
This document provides information and guidance on writing essays. It discusses the different types of essays such as argumentative, compare and contrast, narrative, persuasive, descriptive, discursive, cause and effect, and expository. For each type, it provides the definition and some example topics. The document also outlines the steps to writing an essay, including pre-writing, organizing, drafting, revising, editing, and finalizing. It emphasizes that the essay should have a clear introduction, thesis, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Overall, the document serves as a useful guide for students on how to approach and structure various types of essays.
This document outlines different types of writing patterns and their characteristics. It discusses narrative writing, which tells a story, and identifies fiction and nonfiction narratives. It also covers descriptive writing, which uses sensory details to create vivid images, and expository writing, which relies on facts to inform or explain using a clear thesis statement, organized body, and concluding paragraph. Various forms of each type of writing are also defined.
This document provides an outline for writing essays, including the origin of the word "essay", the basic components and types of essays, and tips for getting started. It discusses the French and Japanese origins of the word, defines an essay as a short piece telling one's thoughts on a subject. The three basic types of essays are described as descriptive, argumentative, and narrative. Key parts of an essay include an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs with opinions and justifications, and a conclusion. Quality writing is emphasized as the most important aspect.
This document discusses various techniques for effectively summarizing and comprehending written texts, including précis, SQ3R, PQ4R, and the preview-question-read-summary-test method. It explains that summaries should retain the key points and tone of the original text without subjective interpretation. Comprehension techniques provide structured processes for actively engaging with texts through questioning, reciting, and reviewing content. The goal is to enhance understanding and retention of important information for assessments.
An essay is composed of at least three paragraphs that develop a single topic and main idea. It has an introduction that states the thesis and provides context, several body paragraphs that explain and support the thesis with examples or details, and a conclusion that restates the thesis and main points. The thesis is the main argument or idea that is developed over the course of the essay. Outlines help organize the major points and subtopics to be addressed in each paragraph.
Precis writing is an art that requires extracting key information from a document and conveying it concisely. An effective precis is roughly one-fourth the length of the original and preserves the original's logic, emphasis, and main examples. Writing a precis demonstrates that you have assimilated the key information and provides a record to review material for the long term. The process of writing a precis involves identifying the reader and purpose, underlining key ideas, writing a summary of each paragraph, and revising the precis.
This document provides guidance on organizing content and preparing an outline for a presentation. It recommends dividing a presentation into three parts: an introduction, main body, and conclusion. The introduction should include an opening statement to engage the audience, the purpose of the presentation, and an overview of what will be discussed. The main body can be organized chronologically, categorically, by causes and effects, or with a problem-solution structure depending on the topic. It should cover the key points in a logical sequence. The conclusion should review the main ideas and remind the audience of the purpose. It also provides steps for creating an outline, including determining the theme, gathering relevant information, identifying main points, organizing the material logically, and refining the
This document provides guidance on writing effective paragraphs, including determining the purpose, types of paragraphs, structure, and common issues to avoid. It discusses writing to persuade, inform, entertain, and share feelings. Key points covered include using a topic sentence and conclusion, supporting details, transition words, and varying sentence structure.
Precis writing is a skill that involves concisely summarizing the key ideas from a longer text in a reader's own words while preserving the original meaning, structure, and emphasis. It requires carefully analyzing a text to identify essential facts and thoughts and removing unnecessary details, illustrations, and embellishments. The goal is to distill down the original work to its core ideas and logic in as few words as possible, typically to around one-fourth the original length. Mastering precis writing strengthens skills like clear writing, analysis, and sensitivity to an author's intended meaning and viewpoint.
The document discusses three levels of reading comprehension:
1. Literal comprehension involves directly understanding facts and details stated in the text.
2. Inferential comprehension requires reading between the lines to understand implied meanings using context clues.
3. Evaluative comprehension examines how the text contributes to the overall message and relates to one's own experiences and opinions.
This document provides guidance on developing reading skills. It discusses different reading purposes and strategies. Learners are encouraged to choose strategies based on their reading goal and to not worry about unknown words initially. A five step process is outlined: 1) explore the text, 2) do a general read, 3) read for specifics, 4) confirm understanding, 5) clarify unknown words. Learners are reminded that their existing knowledge and choice of strategy can help them improve reading skills.
The document discusses précis writing. It defines a précis as a clear, compact summary that preserves the essential ideas of the original text in as few words as possible. It notes that précis writing is a useful skill for students and professionals. It then discusses qualities of a good précis, including clarity, correctness, objectivity, coherence and conciseness. It provides rules for writing a précis, such as reading carefully, underlining key ideas, omitting unnecessary details, and expressing it in one's own words.
This document provides an overview of effective reading strategies. It discusses that reading is a complex cognitive process and outlines several main strategies including finding the main idea, identifying supporting details, underlining and highlighting, asking questions, making connections, noting key words, summarizing, guessing word meanings from context, inferring, predicting, and taking notes. The document also explains techniques for applying each of these strategies, such as how to recognize a main idea, identify supporting details, ask meaningful questions, make personal connections, and create an effective summary.
This document provides guidance on academic writing, summarizing, paraphrasing, and analyzing texts. It discusses the importance of actively reading texts by breaking them down, marking details, and re-reading. The key aspects of summarizing are outlined, including writing a brief overview of the main ideas and keeping it shorter than the original text. Analysis is described as forming an opinion on a text by considering how the author supports their ideas and asking critical questions. Students are assigned a paper summarizing and analyzing an article on "Desirable Difficulties" and directed to online resources for more details and submission guidelines.
1. A Roman Stoic named Marcus responds to an Epicurean post about what constitutes a good life.
2. Marcus believes that virtue, reason, and accepting what is outside one's control lead to ataraxia, or peace of mind, which allows one to live well according to Stoic philosophy.
3. He disagrees with the Epicurean view that pleasure is the highest good, arguing that some pleasures do not contribute to eudaimonia, or human flourishing.
This document provides guidelines for writing a successful essay, including:
1) The planning stage is important - brainstorm ideas and find references to support points, choosing a reasonable number of topics that can be thoroughly developed.
2) The basic essay layout is an introduction announcing topics, a development section covering each topic in a paragraph, and a conclusion rounding off ideas and addressing what was promised.
3) Edit the essay by checking clarity, coherence, language mistakes, and style suitability.
This document provides guidelines for writing an essay, including the importance of planning, pre-writing, organization, and editing. It discusses the key stages of planning, researching, analyzing sources, brainstorming ideas, developing a thesis, outlining paragraphs, and introducing, developing, and concluding the essay. Editing for clarity, coherence, language mistakes, and style is emphasized. Quotations should only be used to illustrate points, and sources must be acknowledged. The overall goal is for students to thoughtfully respond to the text using evidence from it.
The document discusses communication and effective listening. It defines communication as conveying information between a transmitter and receiver. It notes there are verbal and non-verbal forms of communication, and barriers can exist like language, listening skills, or feelings. The document also discusses active listening as a key part of communication, which involves hearing, understanding, and judging what is said rather than just passive listening. It provides tips for active listening such as focusing on the speaker, not interrupting, listening for main ideas, asking questions, and providing feedback.
The document discusses essential skills for reading comprehension. It identifies 6 key skills: 1) decoding, 2) fluency, 3) vocabulary, 4) sentence construction and cohesion, 5) working memory and attention, and 6) coherent devices that tie ideas together between sentences. Mastering these skills such as decoding sounds, fluently recognizing words, building vocabulary, and understanding how ideas are connected helps with comprehending texts and gathering information from various materials like news reports, speeches, and discussions.
Using Quotations, Paraphrases and Summaries in EssaysDonna Levy
The document provides guidance on incorporating research sources into an essay using quotations, paraphrases, or summaries. It explains that quotations use the source's exact words, paraphrases restate the idea in the writer's own words, and summaries concisely describe the main idea. The document advises determining which approach to use by asking questions about the purpose and whether the source includes distinctive language, concepts, or information that needs explanation. It warns that paraphrasing requires more than minimal word changes to avoid plagiarism.
The document discusses the organization of paragraphs. It identifies several key aspects of paragraph organization: unity, coherence, faulty starts, lack of topic sentences, and underdeveloped ideas. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each concept. Vocabulary choice is also discussed as an important factor in effective writing. Overall, the document provides guidance on constructing well-organized paragraphs and choosing words carefully to improve writing skills.
Listening is the art of hearing and understanding what someone is saying. It requires concentration to interpret the meaning of words and sentences spoken. There are different types of listening including appreciative listening, empathetic listening, comprehensive listening, critical listening, attentive listening, relationship listening, and discriminative listening. Effective listening involves making eye contact, being attentive yet relaxed, keeping an open mind, picturing what is said, not interrupting, asking clarifying questions, trying to feel what the speaker is feeling, giving feedback, and paying attention to nonverbal cues. Traits of a good listener include being non-evaluative, paraphrasing, reflecting implications and hidden feelings, inviting further contribution, and responding non-verbally.
This document provides guidance on the key stages of essay writing including planning, layout, organization, editing, and general considerations. The planning stage involves brainstorming ideas and finding evidence to support points. Essays should have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. The body should have a paragraph devoted to each main idea. Editing should check for clarity, coherence, language mistakes, and appropriate style. General tips include using present tense and acknowledging sources. The most important thing is developing your own response to the text while supporting it with evidence.
The document discusses various aspects of reading comprehension including typical reading speeds, purposes for reading, techniques to improve comprehension skills, the importance of comprehension, and types of comprehension questions. It provides tips for performing well on reading comprehension passages including strategies like previewing the text, identifying key details, and re-reading difficult sections. It also outlines direct, inferential, rephrasing, and vocabulary question types.
The document provides guidance for students taking a Paper 1 English exam, which consists of two sections:
1) A reading comprehension section with various question types to test understanding of an unseen passage.
2) A writing section requiring a descriptive piece (Section B1) and narrative/personal writing (Section B2), each with tips on style, content, and structure. Suggestions include using vivid verbs, adjectives, and sensory details for descriptive writing, and drawing on personal experiences for the narrative.
The document provides tips for writing a descriptive essay. It explains that a descriptive essay aims to use sensory details to give readers a vivid picture or experience of a person, place, or object, rather than tell its meaning. It outlines a five-step writing process: 1) prewriting to choose a topic and brainstorm details, 2) drafting using vivid language and sensory details, 3) revising to refine descriptions and ensure a clear picture, 4) editing for grammar and style, and 5) getting feedback by sharing the essay. Providing concrete sensory details through similes, metaphors and involving multiple senses helps bring the subject to life for readers.
This reflective essay summarizes the student's learning experience in their English 112 writing course over 8 weeks. They began the course not feeling like a strong writer but learned various writing methods, such as writing in CSE format for one assignment which was difficult at first due to only having experience with MLA and APA formats previously. The course required more reading than the student was used to and caused them to grow as a writer, though they recognize there is still room for improvement.
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Nandhipur power project the biggest failure of most useful resource of electricity in Pakistan with worst faces of Pakistani politicians and careless acts of personnel working there, get to know more about nandhipur power project.
Concise explanation of Panama Scandal that went viral but few of 'em know the real thing, here are the slides, drafted by Momna Muhammad Bux, the real owner of the slides.
Precised from the book "History of English language (HOEL)" By C.L Barbar. Valid for Language researches, College and University level specially for English Language and Literature students.
slides of History of English language about flux of English language. These slides were made on the basis of ''Story of English Language" Book written by "C.L Barbar"
Language Speaking Skill - Extensive Listening By Wajid Hussain KhosoWajid Hussain Khoso
Extensive listening is one of most popular way of language speaking skills, in the the last slides you will find the definition of intensive listening as well.
The document provides an overview of various past tenses in English including the past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous tenses. It defines each tense, outlines their structures, and provides examples of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences. Examples and exercises are included to illustrate proper usage of each past tense form.
This document defines the key elements of a short story, including that it is a brief work of fiction meant to be read in one sitting. It discusses that a short story contains plot, setting, characters, and theme. It elaborates on each of these elements, noting that the plot involves exposition, conflict, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution of events. It explains that the setting is the time and place where the story takes place, and characters can be primary, protagonist/antagonist, or secondary players in the story. Finally, it states that the theme is the central idea or belief that the story aims to convey.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Precise Writing
The term Précis is derived from French word means “Precise” or
“Expressed Accurately”.
It also means an “Abstract” or a “Gist” of a longer passage.
It is an exercise in “Compression
It helps to compress the idea presented in a long passage .
It is simple saying huge ideas in short words
Short possible words
3. Points to remember
It must be 1/3 of Paragraph
Different from original one
It is quite different from just paraphrasing .
A paraphrase must reproduce not only the substance of a passage but also
its details.
It may be longer than the original passage.
Where as Précis is shorter than the original passage. It only includes
main theme. Must be one third of the Original words of Passage.
4. Features of Good precis
is marked by clarity, brevity and precision.
is not just lifting of the sentences from the original. It should be written in
the precis writer's own words.
is a miniature version of the original passage.
must have a logical order and be well-knit and well connected.
must have coherence; must use linking devices such as so, therefore, and,
because further etc. and must follow the
order of ideas of the original.
must have a title.
is written in reported speech.
must not contain any details not found in the original
5. WHAT YOU SHOULD NOT DO ..!
Do not express your own opinion, wish, remark or criticism.
Do not insert any question in your précis. Its significance, if essential, may
be expressed by a statement.
Do not use abbreviations or contractions
No need to use
Examples
Illustrations
Your own thoughts
Quotations
6. General Guidelines :
The following rules are general guidelines you should follow while writing a
précis:
Closely read the passage, and identify the central idea of the passage. It is vital
to identify the general idea of the passage and incorporate it in one’s précis.
Look-out for the total number of words. If the number is not provided, quickly
calculate the number using approximations.
In order to understand the passage clearly, make sure that you read the
passage closely, and give it a couple of reads before you start writing the
précis.
Highlight the most important points in the passage, and make notes. Leave out
all non-essential information from the précis.
Provide an apt heading to your précis.
Note making is an essential task for writing précis. You should try to arrange
the points in most logical order, and ensure the order of thought is the same
as the original.
The three grammatical rules you need to follow while writing a précis are: write
it in third person, indirect form and appropriate past tens
7. Cont….
Make sure you review your rough draft, remove the chinks and ensure that
you have made no language related errors.
Before writing your précis, make sure you have a glance over the original
to make sure you have not missed anything.
Finally, a wise policy would be a count the words of your precis and put
them down in a bracket at the end
8. Example
The test of a great book is whether we want to read it only
once or more than once. Any book which we want to read the
second time even more than we wanted to read it the first
time is really a great book .Every additional reading will help
us understand it better and we will find new beautifies in it .A
book that a person of education and good taste does not care
to read more than once is very probably not worth much.
9. Solution …
here yOu go…
Title ..?
The taste of a Good Book
Precis : A good book is one to which we turn again and again to discover
new beauties but if we do not turn to again it must be a bad one .
10. How to give title
Social media
Importance/effect of social media
It must convey clear idea and connected to main idea
After solving precise because then it would be thoroughly in your mind
Select from your three four titles
12. Practice :
When we survey our lives and efforts we soon observe that almost the whole
of our actions and desires are bound up with the existence of other human
beings. We notice that whole nature resembles that of the social animals. We
eat food that others have produced, wear clothes that others have made, live
in houses that others have built. The greater part of our knowledge and beliefs
has been passed on to us by other people though the medium of a language
which others have created. Without language and mental capacities, we would
have been poor indeed comparable to higher animals.
We have, therefore, to admit that we owe our principal knowledge over
the least to the fact of living in human society. The individual if left alone from
birth would remain primitive and beast like in his thoughts and feelings to a
degree that we can hardly imagine. The individual is what he is and has the
significance that he has, not much in virtue of the individuality, but rather as a
member of a great human community, which directs his material and spiritual
existence from the cradle to grave.
13. Being social animals, human beings have their actions and desires bound
up with society. In matter of food, clothes, knowledge and belief they are
interdependent. They use language created by others. Without language
their mental power would not grow. They are superior to beast, because
they live in human society. An individual life left alone from birth would
grow utterly beast like. So human society and not individuality guides
man’s material and spiritual existence