1. The document provides information about a report submitted by a group of students for their Architecture Culture and History 2 course. The report details the Bank Negara Malaysia building. 2. Bank Negara Malaysia was built in 1970 and designed by Nik Mohamed Mahmood to house the functions of Malaysia's central banking system. It is located near important government buildings in Kuala Lumpur. 3. The report includes sections on the building's history, architect, site context, architectural layout, style, construction methods, and individual components analyzed by group members. It follows a typical report structure with individual and group components.

1. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2
[ ARC 60203]
Bank Negara Malaysia
Tutor: Puan. Norhayati
Members:
1. Eng Shi Yi 0317849
2. Foo Shi-Ko 0318262
3. Jeffrey Liew Jun Yi 0317951
4. Izzat Abdul Muhaymin Bin Jafri 0319437

2. Table of Contents
1. Group Components :
1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….
1.2 Fast facts of the building ………………………………………………………………..
1.3 History of the building ……………………………………………………………………
1.4 The architect ………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Individual Components:
2.1 Site context analysis (Jeffrey Liew) ……………………………………………….
2.2 Architectural layout of building (Eng Shi Yi) ………………………………….
2.3 Architecture style analysis (Eng Shi Yi) …………………………………………
2.4 Building construction, structure & materials analysis
(Izzat Muhaymin/ Jeffrey Liew) ……………………………………………………
2.5 Architectural elements & components analysis
(Foo Shi-Ko) ………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Group Components:
3.1 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Group Components:
Introduction

4. Introduction
Bank Negara Malaysia (the Central Bank of Malaysia), is a statutory body which started
operations on 26 January 1959. Bank Negara Malaysia is governed by the Central Bank of
Malaysia Act 2009. The role of Bank Negara Malaysia is to promote monetary and financial
stability. This is aimed at providing a conductive environment for the sustainable growth of the
Malaysian economy.
Bank Negara Malaysia was built to
accommodate the requirements and
functions of the nation's central banking
system in 1970 at the cost of Malayan
Dollar $9.5 million. Designed by Nik
Mohamed Mahmood of the Public Works
Department (PWD), the original complex
comprises two separate but interlinked
parts; a podium banking hall and an 18-storey tower, in later years. Two more towers
incorporating ancillary amenities including a Numismatic Museum were added.
Bank Negara Malaysia has played a significant developmental role in developing the financial
system infrastructure in advancing the financial inclusion agenda. This is to ensure all economic
sectors and segments of the society have access to financial services. In addition, Bank Negara
Malaysia also oversees the nation’s payment systems infrastructure which emphasize on the
efficiency and security of the financial systems. Prominence, grandeur and strength are some of
the apt words to describe the building that is a famous icon of the federal capital and country.

5. Fast Fact of the Building
 Name: Bank Negara Malaysia
 Location: The Bank Negara headquarters are located at Jalan Sultan Salahuddin; off
Jalan Kuching.
 Strategically located a stone' throw from the Independence Square (Dataran Merdeka),
the former nation's judiciary Sultan Abdul Samad Building and Kuala Lumpur City Hall,
the national importance of this institution is indisputable.
 Designed by Nik Mohamed Mahmood of the Public Works Department (PWD).
 Bank Negara Malaysia mainly adopted Brutalism architectural style which was popular
until the mid-1970s.
 Bank Negara Malaysia’s monetary policy stance is to maintain price stability while
remaining supportive of growth.
 Functions of the building/Analysis: Bank Negara Malaysia provides advice on
macroeconomic policies and the management of public debt. Bank Negara Malaysia is
also the sole authority in issuing the national currency and in managing the country's
international reserves.

6. History of Bank Negara Malaysia
Bank Negara Malaysia was built to accommodate the requirements and a function of the
nation’s central banking system in 1970 at the cost of Malayan Dollar $9.5 million. Designed by
Nik Mohamed mahmood of the Public Works Department (PWD), the original complex
comprises two separate but interlinked parts; a podium banking hall and an 18-storey tower. In
later years, two more towers incorporating ancillary amenities including a Numismatic Museum
were added.
Strategically located a stone’s throw from the Independence Square (Dataran Merdeka), the
former nation’s judiciary Sultan Abdul Samad building and Kuala Lumpur City Hall, the national
importance of this institution is indisputable. Prominence, grandeur and strength are some of
the apt words to describe the building that is a famous icon of the federal capital and country.

7. Architect
Bank Negara also retains representative offices in London and New York City. One of his early
successes, the Bank Negara Malaysia, whose facade is made of concrete panels arranged to
form strong horizontal lines with its bands of continuous windows was designed by Dato' Dr Nik
Mohamed Mahmood.
Dato' Dr Nik Mohamed Mahmood is a Director of Kumpulan Senireka Sdn Bhd., a large
commercial architecture firm in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Mahmood founded the firm in 1973
after he left the Public Works Department. The firm specializes in commercial highrise
buildings, and they have done some significant religious buildings. In the 1970s they were
operating in the Brutalist idiom, but they turned to Postmodernism at the end of the century
and were responsible for some prominent postmodern buildings in Malaysia, including the
Menara Axis, 2002, Istana Negara Baru and the Kompleks Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka (the original
building was designed by Y.T. Lee, the towering addition is by Mahmood's firm).

8. Nik Mahmood Mohamed has received numerous awards in his life, one of which was bestowed
on him by the Sultan of Selangor. Mahmood also did some of the nation’s most significant
official mosques and palaces which include Istana Negara, Jalan Duta and the Putra Mosque.
A new building for the Financial Services and Resources Center (FSRC) was constructed in 2004
to house the FSRC, SEACEN, IFSB and the FMAG (the museum arm of Bank Negara). Located
along Jalan Dato Onn, in front of the Tun Hussein Onn Memorial, the building was designed by
renowned Malaysian architect firm, Hijjas Kasturi Associates. Officially declared opened in
August 2011, the building is now known as Sasana Kijang.
Hijjas bin Kasturi (born 1936) is a Kuala Lumpur-based architect. Active for more than fifty
years, he has been responsible for some of the most significant buildings in South East Asia, in
the modern, postmodern, and deconstructivist styles.[not in citation given] He is considered the
father of Malaysian architecture of the second half of the twentieth century.
Since HKAS was founded in 1977, Malaysia's construction industry has witnessed dramatic
changes. The city of Kuala Lumpur has transformed from a low rise cluster of shophouses with a
few institutional buildings, punctuated by Bangkok Bank and the AIA, into a city with countless
buildings of every description and the world's tallest twin towers.

9. Individual Components:
Site Context Analysis
Jeffrey Liew Jun Yi

10. Architectural Layout of Building
Eng Shi Yi

11. Architectural Layout of Building
Legend
Purple: Private Area Red arrow: Circulation of public visitor
Pink: Semi Private Area
Spatial Relationship
Bank Negara Malaysia was actually separated into 4 main parts, which are block A, block B,
block C and block D. The spatial relationship between these spaces is adjacent space. The
adjacent space allows each space to be clearly defined and to respond, each in its own way, to
specific functional or symbolic requirements, for example Block D serves as public services and
Block C serves as security department.

12. Picture (Right) shows
the spatial relationship
between block C and
block D.
Spatial Organization
Linear pattern have the ability to emphasize the height or length of a form unify its
surfaces, and define its textural quality.

13. The spatial organization for this building is linear organization. A linear organization consists
essentially of a series of spaces. These spaces can either be directly related to one another or
be linked through a separate and distinct linear space. This type spatial organization usually
consists of repetitive spaces which are alike in size, form, and function.
Spaces that are functionally or symbolically important to the
organization can occur anywhere along the linear sequence
and have their importance articulated by their size and form.
Their significance can also be emphasized by their location. As
Bank Negara Malaysia, lower floors are for public visitors to
access and the upper floors are private spaces where only
cartain peoples can access.
Linear organizations express a direction and signify
movement, extension, and growth. To limit their growth,
linear organizations can be terminated by a dominant space or
form, by an elaborate or articulated entrance, or by merging
with another building form or the topography of its site.

14. Architecture Principles
 Symmetrically balance
 The front elevation of Bank Negara Malaysia is bilateral symmetry. It is because the
balanced arrangement of similar or equivalent elements on opposite sides
of a median axis so that only one plan can divide the whole into essentially identical
halves.
 Repetition
 Rhythm
 Windows and doors repeatedly puncture the surfaces of a building to allow light, air,
views, and people to enter the interior. Spaces often recur to accommodate similar or
repetitive functional requirements in the building program.

15. Architectural Style
Eng Shi Yi

16. Architecture style
Bank Negara Malaysia mainly adopted
brutalist architectural style. The style was
popular until the mid-1970s and first
introduced to the world by the Sultan of
Style himself, Le Corbusie.
Brutalist architecture has been criticized
for its uncommunicative and even ‘ugly’
style in many architectural and design
circle because it has also been slammed for ignoring historic architectural precedent as well has
empathy for its surrounding architectural environment. However, the main concept of
brutalism is to make the whole conception of the building plain and comprehensible.
The term originates from the French word for "raw" in the term used by Le Corbusier to
describe his choice of material béton brut (raw concrete), which is the most significant material
in brutalist movement. Concrete is used for its raw and unpretentious honesty, contrasting
dramatically with the highly refined and
ornamented buildings constructed in the
elite Beaux-Arts style. When the form
work is lifted from the poured concrete,
the rough, naturally textured surface is
the final finish. The amount of texture on
the surface is dependent upon the
amount of texture on the form work.
Brutalist architectural style refers to a dynamic geometric style that is massive, monolithic and
blocky appearance, and typically contains copious amounts of poured concrete. The smooth
texture of glass for windows and doors forms an attractive contrast. Most windows in Brutalist

17. buildings do not open and the buildings are thoroughly climate- controlled. The design of the
building is largely dependent on the shape and placement of the various room masses. Outlines
are quite intricate and exterior walkways are emphasized.
In addition, most of the brutalist buildings are
formed with repeated modular elements forming
masses representing specific functional zones,
distinctly articulated and grouped together into a
unified whole. Other than concrete, the most
significant material of brutalist architecture style,
brutalist building materials are also includes brick,
glass, steel, rough-hewn stone, and gabions.
The exposure of the building’s functions—
ranging from their structure and services to their
human use— in the exterior of the building is
consider as one of the common theme in Brutalist
design.
Originally, it was only a 18-storey tower that
constructed almost entirely of rough textured concrete in the manner of Brutalist architecture.
Respectively, there are two additional towers were constructed during the building’s expansion
in the early 1980s. The design of that two additional towers were adapted the original
rectangular Modenist tower which is designed by Nik Mohamed Mahmood. However, the new
blocks emulated the raw concrete finishes. Prominent images of stoic strength for the financial
institution are formed through the service stair cores, bold curved form and vertical windows
which composed against solid expanses of rugged fluted bush-hammered beton brut concrete.

18. Masculine rectilinear structural form
bare concrete finishes provide the
visual strength to the building. The
exterior of the building maintained
the purest form of early cubist
modernist expression, as the
horizontal concrete spandrel bands
interspersed with the tinted
windows. Due to the use of high grade reinforced concrete for the superstructure, the buildings
are structurally hardy and strong. The design of the building results a sophisticated and
harmonious blend of the old and new buildings and also the environment.
In the Boston City Hall, designed in 1962, the strikingly different and projected portions of the
building indicate the special nature of the rooms behind those walls, such as the mayor's office
or the city council chambers. From another perspective, the design of the Hunstanton
School included placing the facility's water tank, normally a hidden service feature, in a
prominent, visible tower.

19. Construction Method
Izzat Abdul Muhaymin Bin Jafri

20. Brutalism Architecture Construction
What is Brutalism Architecture? A dynamic
geometric style that is massive, monolithic
and blocky in appearance, and typically
contains copious amounts of poured
concrete referred as brutalism. This
architecture shows its simplicity due to its
bare construction where the construction
uses Beton Brut as a main component.
Beton Brut is a French term uses for Raw Concrete material where its purpose is to enhance the
architectural style. This architectural style is enhancing by exposing rough concrete through its
textures of wooden forms and also by using a large blockish design. Since this raw concrete can
be moulded into any shape, it gives an advantage for the off-form concrete construction
method that uses this material for constructing.
Foundation
The foundation that was used for this building is deep foundation-precast concrete piling.
Usually, precast concrete pile will be constructed in a casting yard first before transported to
the job site. Site need to be cleared first before any piling installation started and before piles
are positioned and located on the ground, any obstruction encountered need to be removed.
After that, each pile is being driven continuously into the ground using either hydraulic hammer
or pile hammer until the desired path and temporary cap and shim off the pile to prevent the
pile from being rebound upon the completion of piling. Finally, in order to ensure the full
contact of bearing at pile locations, all pile caps and shims are required to correct any shim that
is dislodged during piling after all piles are installed. It is common to use a deep foundation in
Malaysia due to the state of the soil.

21. Flooring System
The purpose of the floor system is to support the live loads and the dead loads where it
transfers the weight and pressure from the floor to the walls and columns.
Concrete Slabs
What is slab? A plate structure that is
reinforced to function as floor is called
slab. This plate structure is able to
disperse load in multiple direction. In
situ and prefabricated are two ways to
construct concrete slabs. In situ
concrete slabs usually are built on the
building site with formwork. While for
prefabricated concrete slabs, usually
used for instant construction where
they are built in the factory then will be
transported to the site.
Figure 2: A hydraulic pile driver
is used to driving the piles into
the ground with heavy loads.
Figure 1: Sometimes, the piles need to be extended
and to do that, another pile will be added on top of
the installed pile with the screw into the hole. After
that, the excess pile will be cut off and a pile cap will
be placed on top of the pile.
Figure 3: Concrete Slabs Illustration

22. Figure 5: Floor of Bank Negara Malaysia
Formwork
Before the concrete is poured in, the rebars are position in the formwork boundary. In order to
support and allow the concrete sets completely enveloped the reinforcement, the wooden stick
is placed at the bottom and at the side of the formwork.
Figure 4: Section showing one-way slab

23. Wall System
The wall systems in BNM use both load bearing and non-load bearing walls. To create the form
of the building, the wall follows the floor plan and because of that, wall system also follows the
floor system.
Process of Making Concrete Wall
Wooden stick is used to erect and support the timber formwork, where timber formwork is
nailed to the side shutter in order to construct a concrete wall. After that, concrete is pour into
the formwork and need to wait in order for it to harden. Lastly, the wall is formed after the
formwork is removed.
Plastering Work
The purpose of plastering work is to protect and cover shoddy construction materials and also
to produce a beautiful and smooth surface for finishing coat as well as to cover up the part of
the wall that is not smooth.
In order to provide a saturate dry substrate
condition, the wall is pre-soak before the
coating material is applied. But before that,
the surface of the wall must be cleared and
clean from dust and other element first.
Figure 6: Wall of Bank Negara Malaysia

24. The work is done after the plastering
is applied to the wall.
Beams and Columns
What is beam? Beams are horizontal load bearing member which are integrated with floor slabs
and they are very important and usually were used in most of the building because it capable to
withstanding loads from the top.
Figure 8: Section of a concrete beam
Figure 9: Section of concrete beam
Figure 7: Plastering wall

25. What is column? Columns are vertical load bearing member
which transfer loads from beams to the foundation and usually
in order to strengthen their compressive force, the
reinforcement are applied. For Bank Negara Malaysia, it used a
lot of beams and columns to support the structure.
Beam to Column Connection
Figure 10: Typical cross
section of concrete column
Figure 11: Section of concrete column Figure 13: Beam to column connection of
Bank Negara Malaysia

26. Construction Method
The rebar need to be placed in a way that will form the shape of cylinder and a thin rebar will
be tied up around it. The formwork then will be placed around the rebar to cover the shape.
After that, the formwork will be poured by the concrete and need to wait in order for it to
harden. The column is then formed after the formwork is removed.
Figure 13: The picture
(Left) shows an example of
rebar being placed in a
cylinder shape before
covering with formwork.
Figure 12: Beam to column connection in one way slab
Figure 15: This picture shows an example of
formwork that is filled with the concrete.

27. Materials
Jeffrey Liew Jun Yi

28. Concrete
Concrete has been used as the main material throughout the building. Concrete is an artificial
conglomerate stone made essentially of Portland cement, water and aggregate. Concrete gains
strength overtime and it is not weakened by moisture, mold, or pests. The most important
indicator of strength is the ratio of water used compared to the amount of cement. The lower
the ratio, the stronger the concrete. As the building is a building of higher authority, the use of
concrete gives the building a sense of formality.
External Façade made from concrete.
Gate surface outside Block D Coffered concrete ceiling

29. Precast concrete
Precast concrete are concrete cast into structural members under factory conditions and then
brought to the building site. A 20th-century development, precasting increases the strength and
finish durability of the member and decreases time and construction cost. Concrete cures
slowly; the design strength is usually reached 28 days after initial setting. Using precast
concrete eliminates the lag between the time on-site concrete is placed and the time it can
carry loads. Precast concrete components include slabs, beams, columns, walls, stairways,
modular boxes.
Beams
Beam composed of reinforced pre-cast concrete have been
developed over the year to overcome some or all of the
disadvantages of in-site reinforced concrete slab. The full
economy of one particular pre-cast beam system the design of
the beam should be within the span, width, loading and layout
limitation of units under consideration coupled with the
advantages of repetition.

30. Granite
The flooring of the stairs is granite, a highly durable material. Granite is a type of igneous stone,
which makes it very hard and nearly impossible to break it. Granite also ensure a long-term
exploitation to the surface. It is suitable for building interiors and exteriors. Granite also comes
with different variations of colors and patterns which can match with any context easil
Marble
Marble are mainly used in the interior of the building. It is found on the walls on floors mixing
which some granite for contrast. Marble is cheaper than granite and is used abundantly. Marble
are moisture resistant so it is easier to clean

31. Glass
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid
material which is often transparent and has
widespread practical, technological and decorative
usage in things like window panes. The oldest
types of glass are based on the chemical
compound silica, the primary constituent of sand.
Glass used for windows in building, homes, offers
the advantage of letting light in meanwhile compromising the privacy of the building occupants
and let in more than desired amount of heat.
Tinted glass, however, provides an easy solution
towards these problems. Tinted glass are glass that
are treated with a material such as a film or
coating that reduces the transmission of light
through it. The tinted glass can block or reflect
different amounts and types of lights depending on
the wide variety of coating available for the
consumer preferences.
Tempered glass is used as it is very resistant to
thermal temperature changes. It is best used at
areas exposed towards extreme heat. A single piece
of tempered glass manufactured by heating up
normal annealed glass and then rapidly cooling it
down is fitted as the sliding door. Tempered glass is
stronger than annealed glass and can withstand
more load before it breaks, but when it does break
it shatters into small pieces of glass instead of
leaving chunks of shards.

32. Steel
Mild steel are used as an internal structural component. Mild steel is cheaper compared to
stainless steel and it is more common engineering material but it will rust or corrode if not
galvanized or coated with a suitable protective system. Mild steel is also easier to work with
due to its ductile nature and its ability to bend compared to stainless steel, which is less ductile
and harder to bed, aside from stainless steel being more expensive.
Tiles
Mosaic tiles are used as the exterior flooring material
of the front entrance of this building. Mosaic was
widely used on religious buildings and palaces in
early Islamic art. These tiles are made by materials
featuring the lowest water absorption levels which
results in the highest level of bending strength, the
maximum tension that the material, depending on an
increasing bending action can bear before breaking. It
also has high abrasion resistance. The advantages of
these tiles are that it has impact strength and stress
resistant, wear resistant, scratching resistant, resistant
to frost and chemicals and stain resistant.

33. Béton brut
When the framework is removed, so that
the concrete surface reflects the
framework joints, wood grain, and
fasteners around which it was poured. This
is usually done deliberately retained for
architectural effect.
It is a concept defined by Le Corbusier after World War II that speaks about a stronger dialogue
between materials and artistic vision of his work, invented to designate his own particular use
of exposed concrete.
The similarities with modern buildings in the West use of beton brut by Hubert H. Humphrey
Building, designed by Marcel Breuer, headquarters of the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, Washington, D. C.
Beton brut present in National Bank Malaysia

34. Waffle Slab Ceiling
The Evergreen State College, located in
Olympia, Washington
It is easy to notice that the National Bank Malaysia and
the Evergreen State College have shared the concrete
waffle slab ceiling- a renowned feature in modernist
architecture. Both their architecture style is Brutalism.

35. Architectural Element & Component
Foo Shi-Ko

36. Wall
The original 18-storey tower is constructed
almost entirely of rough textured concrete in
the manner of Brutalist architecture.
Correspondingly, when two additional towers
were constructed during the building's
expansion in the early 1980's, their design
adapted the original rectangular Modernist
tower designed by Nik Mohamed Mahmood.
Even the raw concrete finishes are emulated in the new blocks.
Column
The use of high grade reinforced concrete for the
superstructure ensures that the buildings are structurally
hard made from concrete and steel strong enough to
support the entire facade. The resultant effect is a
sophisticated and harmonious of old and new structures.
Concrete columns seen on the
external façade of Block B
building
Detailed picture of the Column connecting to the
cantilevered ceiling.

37. Staircase
The banking hall, located at the corner of
Jalan Kuching and Jalan Sultan Salahuddin is
lifted off the ground from the roads and its
main entrance is accessible via a ceremonial
stairway. Access to the banking hall is
however cordoned off since visitors rarely
approach the building from this side.
Dato' Nik succeeded in creating a functional yet
aesthetically pleasing structure to reflect the financial
strength of the nation through anchoring the main
entrance hall between impressive concrete towers
pierced by vertical slit windows, a reminder of the
massive bunker architecture dear to Claude Parent and
projecting an impression of forbidding power and
safety.
Internal façade's staircase made from marble
giving an elegant and clean impression to the
viewers.
External façade's staircase (1)External façade's staircase (1)
External façade's staircase (2)

38. Ceiling
Coffered ceilings of a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square can be seen on the
exterior ceilings of the roof. Although their primary purpose is generally ornamental, they may
have practical purposes, such as lessening ceiling load, covering up wavy ceilings or improving
acoustics.
Roof
Although the Bank's roof is out of sight from
the elevation view, the usage of concrete
beam and column for aesthetic value and to
support the adjacent structure can be
observed in the roofing system based on the
image from Google Earth. Concrete slab
remains as the main roof framework to form a
watertight structure. The flat roof is an
element found in the brutalism architecture to
further emphasize the stability of financial
structure system of the country.
External façade's coffered ceiling
made from concrete
Internal façade's ceiling with built in
lighting and ventilation system

39. Door
Door functions as an opening which provides an accessible route from the exterior into the
interior space. The type of door that is used at the main entrance is a sliding glass door with
reflective glass material. It serves to provide a sense of security for the visitors who enter the
building. Glass materials are also one of the iconic features of Brutalism architecture.
However, wooden doors are used as the primary material accommodating the elegant white
marble floor with minimal decoration as we enter the building, which is much simpler as
compared to the exaggerated-elaboration of ornamentation used in the past.

40. Windows
Service stair cores, their bold curved
form and vertical windows composed
against solid expanses of rugged fluted
bush-hammered beton brut concrete,
are prominent images of stoic strength
for the financial institution.
The visual strength of the building is its
masculine rectilinear structural form and
bare concrete finish.
Horizontal concrete spandrel bands interspersed
with tinted carbon windows as the purest form of
early Cubist Modernist expression were faithfully
sustained.

41. Flooring
There are a total of 3 types of floorings within the confinements of the Bank which includes:
mosaic flooring, marble tiles and last but not least carpet flooring on the internal façade mainly
used for offices and corporate.
The entrance flooring of the Block A building mosaic flooring consist of random gridded
patterns. However, inside the Block D building is covered with brownish-orange carpet to
absorb noise as well as to reduce noise leakage out of the building providing a quiet space for
coworkers to fully concentrate on their work.
The external façade's flooring of Block B, C and D used different types of marble tiling each
using a monotone color to give off a feeling of serious and stern yet powerful feeling to the
viewers.

42. Gate
The gate are made of steel and are inserted and combined into the concrete walls in an
unmovable and stable barriers, closing an opening in an enclosure of private and confidential
spaces of the Bank. The combination of steel and concrete hold each other in position creating
a powerful and protected to further enhance symbol the shielded barrier of the nation's
financial state being fully guarded.

43. Group Components:
Conclusion

44. As a conclusion, Bank Negara Malaysia is a massive and grand building that is constructed to
befitting its status as the main financial institution of the country. The Bank Negara Malaysia
building has achieved the prominent images of stoic strength for the financial institution
through the raw concrete materials.
- Local architects brings in the western ideas
- Influence the local architects’ design style at that time
- Study architecture in England
- “functional yet aesthetically pleasing structure to reflect the financial strength”

45. References
http://www.styleture.com/2011/06/27/what-is-brutalist-architecture/#sthash.aFosyYUi.dpuf
http://www.kadvacorp.com/design/brutalist-architecture/
http://www.ontarioarchitecture.com/Brutalist.htm
The Living Machine / Ar Azaiddy Abdullah/ ISBN 978-967-5264-12-2
http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_about&pg=en_intro&ac=641&lang=en
http://www.hijjaskasturi.com/
http://architecture.about.com/od/construction-vocabulary/tp/Coffering.htm
http://www.ehow.com/facts_7407565_major-purpose-coffered-ceiling_.html
http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/3824361/list/8-coffered-ceilings-that-defy-tradition