The document discusses several key facts about planets in our solar system:
- Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet.
- Saturn is known for its prominent rings and is mostly composed of hydrogen and helium gas.
- Despite its red color, Mars is actually a cold planet full of iron oxide dust.
- Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun.
This document discusses the epidemiology, prevention, and control of helminthic infections. It describes key intestinal parasites like Ascaris lumbricoides (the roundworm), Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (the hookworms), and Trichuris trichura (the whipworm). These soil-transmitted helminths infect over 1 billion people globally and are transmitted through contaminated food, water, or soil. The document outlines their life cycles, symptoms, high-risk groups, and recommends preventative chemotherapy using donated anthelmintic drugs to treat at-risk populations periodically and reduce morbidity. The goal is to eliminate morbidity in children from these infections by 2020.
Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella bacteria and is a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide. There are over 2,500 serotypes of Salmonella but less than 100 cause infections in humans. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi cause enteric fever, resulting in systemic illness with symptoms like sustained fever. Nontyphoidal Salmonella generally cause self-limiting gastroenteritis. Diagnosis is made by isolating the bacteria from stool culture. Treatment involves rehydration and sometimes antibiotics. Prevention relies on safe food/water handling and hygiene practices.
Epidemiology ,prevention and control of helminthic infectionsPreetika Maurya
This document summarizes soil-transmitted helminthic infections (STH), which include ascariasis, hookworm infections, and whipworm. STH affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide and are transmitted through contact with infective eggs in soil. The eggs are passed in feces and can contaminate environments, especially in areas with poor sanitation. Common symptoms of STH infections include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anemia. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to reduce transmission, as well as periodic deworming treatments in endemic areas.
1) Diarrhoea is a major cause of mortality in children under 5 years old, killing over 500,000 children annually. It is caused by various pathogens including rotavirus, ETEC, Salmonella, Shigella, and Cryptosporidium.
2) Oral rehydration therapy is the primary treatment for diarrhoea and involves replacing lost fluids and electrolytes through oral rehydration salts. Intravenous fluids may be required for severe dehydration.
3) Prevention strategies include improved access to clean water and sanitation, breastfeeding, and vaccination. Diarrhoea control programs promote oral rehydration therapy and preventive measures.
The document discusses gastrointestinal diseases like diarrhea and cholera. It provides objectives of understanding the burden of diarrheal diseases and discussing WHO prevention strategies. It defines different types of diarrhea and classifications of infectious diarrhea. It discusses epidemiology of viral and bacterial diarrhea. It summarizes WHO recommendations for short and long-term control measures including oral rehydration and immunization. It also discusses cholera causes, transmission, and prevention guidelines.
This document outlines a lecture on helminthic infections. It begins with objectives of describing the global burden of helminth infections and different classes of helminths. It then introduces helminths as a diverse group of parasitic worms that infect over 1 billion people globally. Helminth infections disproportionately affect the world's poorest communities and can cause malnourishment in children. The document also classifies helminths and describes the transmission and symptoms of specific helminth infections, including ascariasis, trichuriasis, toxocariasis, and dracunculiasis. It highlights control methods like improved sanitation and mass drug administration.
Foodborne diseases pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or toxins entering the body through contaminated food. Major pathogens like Salmonella, E. coli and Campylobacter cause foodborne infections and intoxications with symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting. In developing countries, poor hygienic practices and lack of surveillance exacerbate the foodborne disease burden. Proper food safety practices and surveillance systems are needed to reduce illnesses and deaths from these preventable diseases.
This document discusses the epidemiology, prevention, and control of helminthic infections. It describes key intestinal parasites like Ascaris lumbricoides (the roundworm), Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (the hookworms), and Trichuris trichura (the whipworm). These soil-transmitted helminths infect over 1 billion people globally and are transmitted through contaminated food, water, or soil. The document outlines their life cycles, symptoms, high-risk groups, and recommends preventative chemotherapy using donated anthelmintic drugs to treat at-risk populations periodically and reduce morbidity. The goal is to eliminate morbidity in children from these infections by 2020.
Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella bacteria and is a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide. There are over 2,500 serotypes of Salmonella but less than 100 cause infections in humans. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi cause enteric fever, resulting in systemic illness with symptoms like sustained fever. Nontyphoidal Salmonella generally cause self-limiting gastroenteritis. Diagnosis is made by isolating the bacteria from stool culture. Treatment involves rehydration and sometimes antibiotics. Prevention relies on safe food/water handling and hygiene practices.
Epidemiology ,prevention and control of helminthic infectionsPreetika Maurya
This document summarizes soil-transmitted helminthic infections (STH), which include ascariasis, hookworm infections, and whipworm. STH affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide and are transmitted through contact with infective eggs in soil. The eggs are passed in feces and can contaminate environments, especially in areas with poor sanitation. Common symptoms of STH infections include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anemia. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to reduce transmission, as well as periodic deworming treatments in endemic areas.
1) Diarrhoea is a major cause of mortality in children under 5 years old, killing over 500,000 children annually. It is caused by various pathogens including rotavirus, ETEC, Salmonella, Shigella, and Cryptosporidium.
2) Oral rehydration therapy is the primary treatment for diarrhoea and involves replacing lost fluids and electrolytes through oral rehydration salts. Intravenous fluids may be required for severe dehydration.
3) Prevention strategies include improved access to clean water and sanitation, breastfeeding, and vaccination. Diarrhoea control programs promote oral rehydration therapy and preventive measures.
The document discusses gastrointestinal diseases like diarrhea and cholera. It provides objectives of understanding the burden of diarrheal diseases and discussing WHO prevention strategies. It defines different types of diarrhea and classifications of infectious diarrhea. It discusses epidemiology of viral and bacterial diarrhea. It summarizes WHO recommendations for short and long-term control measures including oral rehydration and immunization. It also discusses cholera causes, transmission, and prevention guidelines.
This document outlines a lecture on helminthic infections. It begins with objectives of describing the global burden of helminth infections and different classes of helminths. It then introduces helminths as a diverse group of parasitic worms that infect over 1 billion people globally. Helminth infections disproportionately affect the world's poorest communities and can cause malnourishment in children. The document also classifies helminths and describes the transmission and symptoms of specific helminth infections, including ascariasis, trichuriasis, toxocariasis, and dracunculiasis. It highlights control methods like improved sanitation and mass drug administration.
Foodborne diseases pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or toxins entering the body through contaminated food. Major pathogens like Salmonella, E. coli and Campylobacter cause foodborne infections and intoxications with symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting. In developing countries, poor hygienic practices and lack of surveillance exacerbate the foodborne disease burden. Proper food safety practices and surveillance systems are needed to reduce illnesses and deaths from these preventable diseases.
Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually through contaminated food or water. The disease causes a sustained fever for 3-4 weeks along with gastrointestinal symptoms. Prevention focuses on control of reservoirs through treatment and isolation of cases, improved sanitation and hygiene practices, and immunization in endemic areas.
A Review on the Concept (Challenges and Opportunities) of One Health Approach...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities of a One Health approach to controlling emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. It outlines that zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases transmitted between animals and humans. While the One Health approach promotes cross-sectoral collaboration, challenges include difficulties in collaborative work across disciplines due to differences in approaches and a lack of standardized frameworks. Socio-political challenges also exist from public beliefs and rights issues. Ethical concerns regarding secure data distribution and wildlife management further impact One Health implementation. However, solving these challenges could make One Health a powerful tool for disease protection globally.
The document discusses sand flies and sand fly-borne diseases. It provides background on sand flies, their role in transmitting diseases like leishmaniasis, and their public health importance. It then focuses on sand fly-borne diseases and climate change, the status of these diseases in Ethiopia, and methods for controlling sand fly populations.
This document discusses lessons that can be applied from controlling infectious diseases to controlling mycotoxins in the food supply. It provides background on mycotoxins like aflatoxin, which are toxic chemicals produced by fungi that contaminate crops like maize and peanuts, posing health risks. The document examines strategies that have been effective in disease control, like prenatal care, sanitation, vaccines, quarantines, antibiotics, and compares them to analogous approaches for mycotoxins - including plant breeding, good agricultural practices, biocontrol, sorting, and fungicides. It also discusses how smallpox eradication succeeded through government support, cost-effective solutions, and the differences between controlling a disease
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alri...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alribat University hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan, 2017 by Mohammed HMN in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
This document discusses the interactions between intestinal pathogens, enteropathy, and malnutrition in developing countries. It highlights that parasitic infections can impair nutritional status through blood loss, malabsorption, and increased nutrient wastage. Factors like lack of sanitation and hygiene contribute to increased exposure and susceptibility to infections. Repeated diarrhea and intestinal damage from pathogens like Cryptosporidium can lead to conditions like environmental enteric dysfunction, further exacerbating malnutrition. Access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is crucial to breaking this cycle of infection and undernutrition.
Smallpox is a contagious, disfiguring, and often deadly disease caused by the variola virus. There are two main forms of smallpox - variola major, which has a 30% fatality rate, and variola minor, which has a fatality rate below 1%. After incubation, smallpox progresses through several stages including prodrome, early rash, pustular rash, and scabs. It is most contagious during the early rash stage. Through global vaccination efforts beginning in the 1960s, the WHO declared smallpox eradicated worldwide in 1980. However, concerns remain about bioterrorism using the smallpox virus, which is classified as a
This document provides information on the zoonotic disease Murine typhus. It is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia typhi and is transmitted to humans through contact with infected fleas. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and rash. Murine typhus is endemic in many parts of the world where infected rats and their fleas live in close proximity to humans. Proper sanitation and pest control can help prevent the spread of this disease.
This document provides details of an intervention to address intestinal parasite transmission and prevention in Babo Kebele, Ethiopia. It outlines the team members, study objectives and methods, which included providing verbal health information and distributing leaflets to households from June 23-26, 2017. Over half of the 436 planned households received the health information. The intervention addressed factors that increase transmission and prevention methods. Some key challenges included only reaching a portion of the intended households and limitations on evaluating the intervention's effectiveness. Recommendations focused on improving community education outreach.
Soil-transmitted helminth infections (STH) and schistosomiasis constitute major public health challenges among school‐age children in sub-Saharan Africa. Chemotherapy with the Benzimidazole chemical family is one of the most effective strategies to lower the rates of morbidity and mortality. But now a day anthelmintic resistance in the treatment and control of human helminthes has been reported in different areas in Ethiopia. The objective of this study, therefore, is to assess the efficacy of albendazole (400 mg, manufactured by Khandeiwal Laboratories Pvt. Ltd) currently in use against soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children in many areas of Ethiopia. A total of 180 elementary school children were chosen using random sampling technique. Each student was instructed to submit fresh stool specimen. Formal ether concentration technique and Kato-Katz method were done at the study sites and Aksum University, laboratory of Department of Biology and Biotechnology. Among the total study children, 170 submitted fresh stool samples giving a response rate of 96.77%. The overall prevalence of helminth infection was 66.7 % (Adiet), 67.9% (Adwa) and 51.7% (Aksum). In all the study sites albendazole was effective against most soil-transmitted helminthes, with cure rate > 85%, and egg reduction rate >90%. However, it was less effective against Trichuris trichiura with cure rate 58.5% and 57.9% at Adiet and Adwa, respectively. Therefore, due attention should be given with regard to treating helminth positive individuals together with intense environmental sanitation to curb the burden of helminth infection and alternative chemotherapy against Trichuris trichiura should be supplied to the study areas.
This document discusses zoonotic and vector borne diseases. It begins with an introduction to zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can spread between animals and humans. These diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi. The document then discusses the main mechanisms of infection such as direct contact, indirect contact, vector-borne transmission, foodborne transmission, and waterborne transmission. It identifies populations that are at high risk of zoonotic diseases such as children, elderly adults, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women. The document also examines the environmental and anthropogenic factors that contribute to the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. Finally, it provides examples of major zoonotic diseases and discusses Malaysia's mult
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and its role in disease prevention and control. It defines key epidemiological terms and explains that epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and application to control health problems in populations. Major historical epidemics are summarized, and principles of epidemiology like distribution, determinants, specified populations, and application are described. Methods of disease prevention and control like source removal, transmission prevention, and general outbreak investigation principles are also outlined. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic around vaccination, sanitation, healthcare workforce, hospital capacity, hygiene, and awareness are highlighted.
The document defines One Health as a collaborative approach to attaining optimal health for humans, animals, and the environment. It outlines the components of the One Health approach, including the geographical, ecological, human activities, and food/agricultural components. Complex health problems that require a One Health approach are identified as emerging/re-emerging pandemics, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, environmental hazards, food safety, and disasters. Key stakeholders in addressing these problems include patients, physicians, employers, insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms, and the government. Collaboration between these groups is important for promoting public health outcomes.
This document discusses infectious diseases and public health. It defines key terms like pandemic, outbreak, endemic, and epidemic. It describes the epidemiological triad and phases of infectious disease. It also discusses major causes of death among children like diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and acute respiratory infections. The document outlines strategies for public health intervention and controlling infectious diseases, including education, vaccination, quarantine, and providing insecticide-treated nets. It describes three levels of infectious disease prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Evaluation of Helminth Infection among Infants in Umunakanu Ama Autonomous Co...Premier Publishers
The prevalence of intestinal helminth infection in Umunakanu Ama autonomous community in Imo State was assayed by macroscopic examination followed by microscopic examination of the stool sample using both direct smear method and saturated sodium chloride floatation technique. Out of 30 samples collected and examined, 20 were positive for intestinal helminth infections. The results showed that the parasitic infestation rates were 76.67%, and the helminthes observed include Enterobius vermicularis (6.67%), Schistosoma interclatum (13.33%), Trichuris trichuria (10.00%), Strongyloides stercoralis (6.67%), Ascaris lumbricoides (16.67%) and Ancylostoma duodenale (23.33%). The 7 – 12-months age group has the highest prevalence rate which increases as the infant grow. The females had the highest prevalence rate (75%) in terms of gender evaluation, infants whose parents/guardian are farmers held the highest prevalence rate (90%). This was a result of constant exposure to soil and close contact to animals like goats, sheep, etc.
Salmonella is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella enterica. It is commonly spread through contaminated food or contact with infected animals. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and usually last 4-7 days. While most people recover without treatment, some at-risk groups can develop more severe illnesses. There are over 2,500 types of Salmonella bacteria. Proper food handling and cooking can help prevent salmonella outbreaks.
This document provides definitions and terminology related to medicine, public health, and infectious diseases. It defines key terms such as medicine, community medicine, preventive medicine, social medicine, public health, comprehensive health care, integrated health, vertical and horizontal health programs, and more. It also defines terms related to infectious diseases and epidemiology, including infection, colonization, disease, exposure, incubation period, latency, infectivity, and the differences between incidence and prevalence of diseases.
This document discusses the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amoebiasis. It is a common intestinal infection in humans that can also spread to other organs and be lethal. Around 10% of infected people develop invasive amoebiasis. The parasite has a worldwide distribution and is a major health problem in many developing areas. Transmission occurs through the ingestion of cysts from contaminated food, water, or hands. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole. Prevention relies on improved sanitation, water treatment, hygiene, and health education.
This document discusses intestinal parasitic infections caused by protozoan Entamoeba histolytica and helminths such as roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm. It notes that these infections collectively affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide, especially children in developing areas with poor sanitation. The infections are transmitted via ingestion of eggs from contaminated food, water, or soil. Symptoms range from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to potentially lethal complications like liver abscesses. Prevention relies on improved sanitation, water treatment, hygiene education, and mass deworming treatments in endemic regions.
Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually through contaminated food or water. The disease causes a sustained fever for 3-4 weeks along with gastrointestinal symptoms. Prevention focuses on control of reservoirs through treatment and isolation of cases, improved sanitation and hygiene practices, and immunization in endemic areas.
A Review on the Concept (Challenges and Opportunities) of One Health Approach...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities of a One Health approach to controlling emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. It outlines that zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases transmitted between animals and humans. While the One Health approach promotes cross-sectoral collaboration, challenges include difficulties in collaborative work across disciplines due to differences in approaches and a lack of standardized frameworks. Socio-political challenges also exist from public beliefs and rights issues. Ethical concerns regarding secure data distribution and wildlife management further impact One Health implementation. However, solving these challenges could make One Health a powerful tool for disease protection globally.
The document discusses sand flies and sand fly-borne diseases. It provides background on sand flies, their role in transmitting diseases like leishmaniasis, and their public health importance. It then focuses on sand fly-borne diseases and climate change, the status of these diseases in Ethiopia, and methods for controlling sand fly populations.
This document discusses lessons that can be applied from controlling infectious diseases to controlling mycotoxins in the food supply. It provides background on mycotoxins like aflatoxin, which are toxic chemicals produced by fungi that contaminate crops like maize and peanuts, posing health risks. The document examines strategies that have been effective in disease control, like prenatal care, sanitation, vaccines, quarantines, antibiotics, and compares them to analogous approaches for mycotoxins - including plant breeding, good agricultural practices, biocontrol, sorting, and fungicides. It also discusses how smallpox eradication succeeded through government support, cost-effective solutions, and the differences between controlling a disease
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alri...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alribat University hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan, 2017 by Mohammed HMN in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
This document discusses the interactions between intestinal pathogens, enteropathy, and malnutrition in developing countries. It highlights that parasitic infections can impair nutritional status through blood loss, malabsorption, and increased nutrient wastage. Factors like lack of sanitation and hygiene contribute to increased exposure and susceptibility to infections. Repeated diarrhea and intestinal damage from pathogens like Cryptosporidium can lead to conditions like environmental enteric dysfunction, further exacerbating malnutrition. Access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is crucial to breaking this cycle of infection and undernutrition.
Smallpox is a contagious, disfiguring, and often deadly disease caused by the variola virus. There are two main forms of smallpox - variola major, which has a 30% fatality rate, and variola minor, which has a fatality rate below 1%. After incubation, smallpox progresses through several stages including prodrome, early rash, pustular rash, and scabs. It is most contagious during the early rash stage. Through global vaccination efforts beginning in the 1960s, the WHO declared smallpox eradicated worldwide in 1980. However, concerns remain about bioterrorism using the smallpox virus, which is classified as a
This document provides information on the zoonotic disease Murine typhus. It is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia typhi and is transmitted to humans through contact with infected fleas. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and rash. Murine typhus is endemic in many parts of the world where infected rats and their fleas live in close proximity to humans. Proper sanitation and pest control can help prevent the spread of this disease.
This document provides details of an intervention to address intestinal parasite transmission and prevention in Babo Kebele, Ethiopia. It outlines the team members, study objectives and methods, which included providing verbal health information and distributing leaflets to households from June 23-26, 2017. Over half of the 436 planned households received the health information. The intervention addressed factors that increase transmission and prevention methods. Some key challenges included only reaching a portion of the intended households and limitations on evaluating the intervention's effectiveness. Recommendations focused on improving community education outreach.
Soil-transmitted helminth infections (STH) and schistosomiasis constitute major public health challenges among school‐age children in sub-Saharan Africa. Chemotherapy with the Benzimidazole chemical family is one of the most effective strategies to lower the rates of morbidity and mortality. But now a day anthelmintic resistance in the treatment and control of human helminthes has been reported in different areas in Ethiopia. The objective of this study, therefore, is to assess the efficacy of albendazole (400 mg, manufactured by Khandeiwal Laboratories Pvt. Ltd) currently in use against soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children in many areas of Ethiopia. A total of 180 elementary school children were chosen using random sampling technique. Each student was instructed to submit fresh stool specimen. Formal ether concentration technique and Kato-Katz method were done at the study sites and Aksum University, laboratory of Department of Biology and Biotechnology. Among the total study children, 170 submitted fresh stool samples giving a response rate of 96.77%. The overall prevalence of helminth infection was 66.7 % (Adiet), 67.9% (Adwa) and 51.7% (Aksum). In all the study sites albendazole was effective against most soil-transmitted helminthes, with cure rate > 85%, and egg reduction rate >90%. However, it was less effective against Trichuris trichiura with cure rate 58.5% and 57.9% at Adiet and Adwa, respectively. Therefore, due attention should be given with regard to treating helminth positive individuals together with intense environmental sanitation to curb the burden of helminth infection and alternative chemotherapy against Trichuris trichiura should be supplied to the study areas.
This document discusses zoonotic and vector borne diseases. It begins with an introduction to zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can spread between animals and humans. These diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi. The document then discusses the main mechanisms of infection such as direct contact, indirect contact, vector-borne transmission, foodborne transmission, and waterborne transmission. It identifies populations that are at high risk of zoonotic diseases such as children, elderly adults, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women. The document also examines the environmental and anthropogenic factors that contribute to the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. Finally, it provides examples of major zoonotic diseases and discusses Malaysia's mult
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and its role in disease prevention and control. It defines key epidemiological terms and explains that epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and application to control health problems in populations. Major historical epidemics are summarized, and principles of epidemiology like distribution, determinants, specified populations, and application are described. Methods of disease prevention and control like source removal, transmission prevention, and general outbreak investigation principles are also outlined. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic around vaccination, sanitation, healthcare workforce, hospital capacity, hygiene, and awareness are highlighted.
The document defines One Health as a collaborative approach to attaining optimal health for humans, animals, and the environment. It outlines the components of the One Health approach, including the geographical, ecological, human activities, and food/agricultural components. Complex health problems that require a One Health approach are identified as emerging/re-emerging pandemics, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, environmental hazards, food safety, and disasters. Key stakeholders in addressing these problems include patients, physicians, employers, insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms, and the government. Collaboration between these groups is important for promoting public health outcomes.
This document discusses infectious diseases and public health. It defines key terms like pandemic, outbreak, endemic, and epidemic. It describes the epidemiological triad and phases of infectious disease. It also discusses major causes of death among children like diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and acute respiratory infections. The document outlines strategies for public health intervention and controlling infectious diseases, including education, vaccination, quarantine, and providing insecticide-treated nets. It describes three levels of infectious disease prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Evaluation of Helminth Infection among Infants in Umunakanu Ama Autonomous Co...Premier Publishers
The prevalence of intestinal helminth infection in Umunakanu Ama autonomous community in Imo State was assayed by macroscopic examination followed by microscopic examination of the stool sample using both direct smear method and saturated sodium chloride floatation technique. Out of 30 samples collected and examined, 20 were positive for intestinal helminth infections. The results showed that the parasitic infestation rates were 76.67%, and the helminthes observed include Enterobius vermicularis (6.67%), Schistosoma interclatum (13.33%), Trichuris trichuria (10.00%), Strongyloides stercoralis (6.67%), Ascaris lumbricoides (16.67%) and Ancylostoma duodenale (23.33%). The 7 – 12-months age group has the highest prevalence rate which increases as the infant grow. The females had the highest prevalence rate (75%) in terms of gender evaluation, infants whose parents/guardian are farmers held the highest prevalence rate (90%). This was a result of constant exposure to soil and close contact to animals like goats, sheep, etc.
Salmonella is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella enterica. It is commonly spread through contaminated food or contact with infected animals. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and usually last 4-7 days. While most people recover without treatment, some at-risk groups can develop more severe illnesses. There are over 2,500 types of Salmonella bacteria. Proper food handling and cooking can help prevent salmonella outbreaks.
This document provides definitions and terminology related to medicine, public health, and infectious diseases. It defines key terms such as medicine, community medicine, preventive medicine, social medicine, public health, comprehensive health care, integrated health, vertical and horizontal health programs, and more. It also defines terms related to infectious diseases and epidemiology, including infection, colonization, disease, exposure, incubation period, latency, infectivity, and the differences between incidence and prevalence of diseases.
This document discusses the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amoebiasis. It is a common intestinal infection in humans that can also spread to other organs and be lethal. Around 10% of infected people develop invasive amoebiasis. The parasite has a worldwide distribution and is a major health problem in many developing areas. Transmission occurs through the ingestion of cysts from contaminated food, water, or hands. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole. Prevention relies on improved sanitation, water treatment, hygiene, and health education.
This document discusses intestinal parasitic infections caused by protozoan Entamoeba histolytica and helminths such as roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm. It notes that these infections collectively affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide, especially children in developing areas with poor sanitation. The infections are transmitted via ingestion of eggs from contaminated food, water, or soil. Symptoms range from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to potentially lethal complications like liver abscesses. Prevention relies on improved sanitation, water treatment, hygiene education, and mass deworming treatments in endemic regions.
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NYAKIT ASCARIASIS (KECACINGA
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MOHAMAD PRATIWA IBRAHIM
MUHAMMAD REYHAN LAHAY
_SYAKILA GITA DIANDRA
YULIA MEISYAFIRA WALA
2. Latar Belakang
Penyakit kecacingan merupakan masalah umum di seluruh dunia. Pada umumnya penularan
kecacingan ini melalui tanah, disebut dengan Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH). Menurut data WHO tahun 2020,
terdapat sekitar 1,5 milyar penduduk (24% dari populasi dunia) yang terinfeksi STH di seluruh dunia, biasanya pada
lingkungan yang paling kekurangan dalam ekonomi dan miskin. Distribusi infeksi menyebar pada daerah tropis dan
subtropis dengan jumlah paling besar adalah Afrika, Amerika, China dan Asia Tenggara.
Ascariasis merupakan penyakit kecacingan yang disebabkan oleh cacing Ascariasis lumbricoides.
Penyakit ini ditularkan melalui telur cacing pada feses manusia yang mengkontaminasi tanah pada daerah yang rendah
sanitasinya. Ascaris lumbricoides menginfeksi kira-kira 807 juta hingga 1,2 milyar penduduk berdasarkan data CDC
tahun 2020. Telur cacing yang terdapat pada feses manusia yang mengkontaminasi tanah akan ditularkan kepada
orang lain melalui sayuran atau bahan makanan yang menggunakan kotoran sebagai pupuk. Kecacingan juga dapat
disebabkan karena kebiasaan mencuci tangan yang rendah dimana makan menggunakan tangan mengandung tanah
yang terkontaminasi telur cacing.
3. A. Distribusi Kasus Penyakit Ascariasis Secara
Internasional dan Nasional
Nematoda usus merupakan kelompok yang
sangat penting bagi masyarakat Indonesia karena masih banyak
yang mengidap cacing ini sehubungan banyaknya faktor yang
menunjang untuk hidup suburnya cacing parasite ini. Faktor
penunjang ini antara lain keadaan alam sekitar iklim, sosial
ekonomi, pendidikan, kepadatan penduduk serta masih
berkembangnya kebiasaan yang kurang baik.
Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH)
merupakan salah satu infeksi yang umum di dunia. Infeksi ini
ditularkan melalui tanah yang terkontaminasi oleh feses
manusia yang terinfeksi. Data World Health Organization
menunjukkan lebih dari 1,5 miliar orang, atau 24% dari populasi
dunia terinfeksi cacing ini. Prevalensi penyakit kecacingan di
Indonesia pada umumnya masih sangat tinggi, yaitu berkisar
antara 10-85,9% terutama pada golongan penduduk kurang
mampu dengan sanitasi yang buruk.
4. A. Distribusi Kasus Penyakit Ascariasis Secara
Internasional dan Nasional
Nematoda usus merupakan kelompok yang
sangat penting bagi masyarakat Indonesia karena masih banyak
yang mengidap cacing ini sehubungan banyaknya faktor yang
menunjang untuk hidup suburnya cacing parasite ini. Faktor
penunjang ini antara lain keadaan alam sekitar iklim, sosial
ekonomi, pendidikan, kepadatan penduduk serta masih
berkembangnya kebiasaan yang kurang baik.
Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH)
merupakan salah satu infeksi yang umum di dunia. Infeksi ini
ditularkan melalui tanah yang terkontaminasi oleh feses
manusia yang terinfeksi. Data World Health Organization
menunjukkan lebih dari 1,5 miliar orang, atau 24% dari populasi
dunia terinfeksi cacing ini. Prevalensi penyakit kecacingan di
Indonesia pada umumnya masih sangat tinggi, yaitu berkisar
antara 10-85,9% terutama pada golongan penduduk kurang
mampu dengan sanitasi yang buruk.
5. B. Teori Simpul Penyakit Ascariasis
_Kejadian kecacingan pada anak
usia sekolah dasar selain disebabkan oleh
perilaku anak itu sendiri, juga bisa
disebabkan oleh perilaku orang tuanya
yang tidak sehat serta kondisi lingkungan
yang tidak sehat serta kondisi lingkungan
yang tidak sehat. Dengan demikian
kejadian kecacingan pada anak diduga
dengan sikap dan pengetahuan orang
tuanya, terutama mengenai pendidikan
dan pengetahuan tentang lingkungan.
6. Media transmmisi penularannya terjadi akibat
penularan kecacingan diantaranya melalui tangan yang kotor,
kuku yang kotor yang kemungkinan terselip telur cacing akan
tertelan ketika makan, hal ini diperparah lagi apabila tidak
terbiasa mencuci tangan memakai sabun sebelum makan. Iklim
tropis merupakan keadaan yang sangat sesuai untuk
perkembangan telur dan larva STH menjadi bentuk infektif bagi
manusia. Suhu optimum untuk pertumbuhan telur Ascariasis
lumbricoides berkisar 25oC, sedangkan telur Trichuris trichuria
suhu optimum untuk tumbuh adalah 30oC. Larva Ancylostoma
duodenale akan tumbuh optimum pada suhu berkisar 23-25oC,
sedangkan untuk Necator americaanus berkisaar antara 28-
32oC, serta
kelembaban yang tinggi akan menunjan pertumbuhan telur dan
larva sehingga pada akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi kejadian
penyakit. Sedangkan faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kejadian
penyakit infeeki kecacingan adaalah pelayanan kesehatan dan
perilaku sehat masyarakat (Simpul 2)
7.
8. Biomarker sebagai tanda
diagnosispenyakit infeksi kecacingan
adalah kecacingan dapat
mengakibaatkan menurunnya
kkondisi kesehatan, gizi, kecerdasan
dan produktivitas penderita (Simpul
3). Sehingga secara ekonomi dapat
menyebabkan banyak kerugian yang
pada akhirnya dapat menurunkan
kualitas sumber daya manusia
sehingga dapat menyebabkan antara
sehat dan sakit (Simpul 4)
9.
10. C. Riwayat Alamiah Penyakit
Riwayat alamiah penyakit
mengacu pada perkembangan penyakit
pada individu dari waktu ke waktu tanpa
intervensi, setelah terpapar agent infeksi,
ada periode perubahan patalogis subklinis
atau tidak terlihat, yang terakhir dengan
timbulnya gejala. Tahapan riwayat alamiah
penyakit terdiri dari fase rentan, fase
subklinis, fase klinis dan fase hasil akhir
penyakit (Kesehatan,Kecacatan atau
kematian).
Ascariasis
11. D. Penemuan dan Penatalaksanaan Kasus Penyakit
Ascariasis
Penatalaksanaan askariasis umumnya cukup
dengan medikamentosa, misalnya albendazole dan
mebendazole. Apabila didapatkan komplikasi, seperti obstruksi
intestinal, maka pasien perlu dirujuk untuk tata laksana bedah.
Penatalaksanaan askariasis menggunakan medikamentosa bisa
menggunakan albendazole, mebendazole, dan pirantel pamoat,
dengan dosis sebagai berikut:
• Albendazol (lini pertama) dengan dosis tunggal 400 mg
untuk pasien dewasa dan anak usia >2 tahun. Dosis dikurangi
menjadi 200 mg untuk anak usia 12-24 bulan
• Mebendazol (lini kedua) dengan dosis tunggal 500 mg atau
dengan dosis 100 mg 2 kali sehari selama 3 hari, untuk pasien
dewasa dan anak usia >2 tahun
• Pirantel pamoat dengan dosis tunggal 10-11 mg/kgBB,
maksimal 1 gram
12. -E. Cakupan Program Penyakit Ascariasis Pencegahan Dan
-Pengendalian
Penyakit Ascariasis
Program pemerintah mengenai
pemberantasan kecacingan telah dilaksanakan
sejak tahun 1995 hingga sekarang. Program
tersebut sudah dilaksanakan disetiap daerah
kabupaten/kota melalui puskesmas. Pada tahun
2001, World Health Assembly memutuskan
sebuah resolusi dan mendesak negara
anggotanya untuk melaksanakan pengendalian
kejadian kesakitan dan infeksi STH dengan cara
pemberian obat antelmintik secara luas pada
anak-anak usia sekolah di negara berkembang.
13. E. Cakupan Program Penyakit Ascariasis Pencegahan Dan
Pengendalian
Penyakit Ascariasis
Pemerintah telah berusaha melakukan upaya
pemberantasan penyakit cacingan dengan pemberian obat
massal, promosi gaya hidup sehat dan sanitasi yang bersih.
Pencegahan terhadap infeksi cacingan cukup mudah dilakukan
dengan menerapkan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS) yaitu
cuci tangan pakai sabun setelah buang air besar, sebelum makan,
menggunting kuku, dan menggunakan alas kaki, menggunakan air
bersih untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga, menjaga kebersihan dan
keamanan makanan, menggunakan jamban sehat,
mengupayakan kondisi lingkungan yang sehat. Melalui program
yang dicanangkan pemerintah dalam upaya pencegahan cacingan
di kalangan anak sekolah maka keterlibatan intitusi pendidikan
perlu memperhatikan keberadaan lingkungan sekolah terutama
pengadaan jamban sehat sesuai kebutuhan sekolah, penyediaan
air bersih, kantin sekolah dan tetap membudayakan perilaku
hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS).
14. Kesimpulan
Kecacingan merupakan masalah kesehatan yang tersebar luas
didaerah tropis dan subtropis, berdasarkan data WHO pada tahun
2021 lebih dari 1,5 miliar orang atau 24% dari populasi dunia
terinfeksi Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH). Sebagian besar
penduduk Indonesia (kurang lebih 60%) hidup di wilayah pesisir
dengan pertumbuhan rata - rata 2% pertahun. Mengacu dari
tujuan teori tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penyakit
infeksi kecacingan, tentang paradigm kesehatan lingkungan
dengan teori simpul. Lingkungan menjadi salah satu faktor
determinan kesehatan di luar faktor perilaku, pelayanan
kesehatan dan genetik. Pada trias epidemiologi menggambarkan
terjadinya penyakit atau masalah kesehatan sebagai interaksi
antara host (tuan rumah/penjamu), agen (penyebab), dan
environment (lingkungan). Penatalaksanaan askariasis umumnya
cukup dengan medikamentosa, misalnya albendazole dan
mebendazole. Pemerintah telah berusaha melakukan upaya
pemberantasan penyakit cacingan dengan pemberian obat
massal, promosi gaya hidup sehat dan sanitasi yang bersih.
Pencegahan terhadap infeksi cacingan cukup mudah dilakukan
dengan menerapkan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS)
15. Saran
Saran kepada mahasiswa agar giat
menggalakkan perilaku hidup bersih
dan sehat baik perorangan maupun
terhadap lingkungan kampus maupun
di lingkungan masyarakat dalam upaya
mencegah penyakit kecacingan. Kepada
orang tua agar tetap menjaga
kebersihan anggota keluarga baik
kebersihan perorangan maupun
kebersihan lingkungan demikian juga
saat mengolah makanan untuk anggota
keluarga khususnya anak pada tahap
usia sekolah.
17. MERCURY
It's the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest
one in our System
DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS
SATURN
It's the ringed one,
composed mostly of
hydrogen and helium
gas
MARS
Despite being red, Mars
-is actually a cold place.
It's full of iron oxide dust
VENUS
Venus has a beautiful
name
and is the second planet
from the Sun
18. FEATURES OF THE TOPIC
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It's full of
iron oxide dust, giving the planet
its reddish cast
__J
It's a gas giant and the biggest
planet in our Solar System.
Jupiter is the fourth-brightest
object in the sky
__J
Venus has a beautiful name and
is the second planet from the
Sun. It's terribly hot, even hotter
than Mercury
_ J
20. It's the closest planet to
the Sun
PRACTICAL USES
OF THIS SUBJECT
Venus has a beautiful
name
Yes, this is the ringed
one
Despite being red, Mars
is cold
25. o MERCURY
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun
o SATURN
Saturn is the ringed
planet and a gas giant
Q> MARS
Despite being red, Mars is a
cold place
26. and did you know this?
Despite being red, Mars is actually a
cold place. It's full of iron oxide
dust, which gives the planet its
reddish cast
If you want to modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and
replace it here
27. PROBLEM
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar
System. It's only a bit
larger than our Moon
28. SOLUTION
Jupiter is a gas giant and
the biggest planet in our
Solar System. It's also the
fourth-brightest object in
the sky
29. OVERVIEW DIAGRAM
PART 1 PART 2
NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY f1
FEBRUARY
^ A
MARCH
.__>
LESSON 1 LESSON 2
r—
1
Mercury is the
closest planet
Despite being
red, Mars is a
to the Sun cold place
v
V J
LESSON 3 LESSON 4
Venus is the
second
planet from
the Sun
Saturn is the
ringed planet
and a gas giant
c
LESSON 5
)
Neptune is the -
farthest planet
from the Sun
30. EXERCISE
• Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun,
but does its name have anything to do
with the liquid metal?
• Contrary to popular belief, no. The truth
is that this planet was named after the
Roman messenger god, Mercury
31.
32. ASSIGNMENT
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, and
Neptune is the farthest one. Calculate the
distance between these two planets
?
33. OTHER CONCEPTS
MERCURY
i
SATURN
i
C VENUS D
It's the smallest planet in
our Solar System and the
closest to the Sun
This is the ringed planet,
composed mostly of
hydrogen and helium
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun
C MARS
D JUPITER NEPTUNE
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It's
full of iron oxide dust
Jupiter is a gas giant and
the biggest planet in our
Solar System
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun and
the fourth-largest
34. THANKS!
Do you have any questions?
youremail@freepik.com
+91620 421838
yourcompany.com
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